RESUMEN
The genus Citrobacter comprises clinically important human pathogens but has been less frequently associated with wildlife infections. Citrobacter pasteurii was first identified as causing human diarrhea and remains rarely documented. In this study, a Gram-negative bacterial strain, named A318, was identified as causing diarrhea in a black lion tamarin. This strain was biochemically identified as Trabulsiella guamensis, a species of unusual nature, and was submitted to whole-genome characterization. Curiously, phylogenomic analysis showed that A318 strain belonged to the genus Citrobacter, with confirmation of the species C. pasteurii by average nucleotide identity (99.02â¯%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (93.80â¯%) analyzes. Cases of misidentification of C. pasteurii as Citrobacter youngae were detected and corrected in this study. In addition to the genome sequence of the type strain of C. pasteurii, only two others from the Australian cockle and Portuguese silver gull are publicly available. Single nucleotide polymorphism differences among all C. pasteurii indicated a highly diverse population. No acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons were found. Therefore, our findings emphasize the importance of gold-standard methods for accurate identification and underscores the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the risks posed by zoonotic and zooanthroponotic pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Citrobacter , Genoma Bacteriano , Filogenia , Animales , Citrobacter/genética , Citrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Citrobacter/clasificación , Brasil , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinaria , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Diarrea/microbiología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a global threat to public health, generating a growing interest in investigating the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environments influenced by anthropogenic activities. Wastewater treatment plants in hospital serve as significant reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, where a favorable environment is established, promoting the proliferation and transfer of resistance genes among different bacterial species. In our study, we isolated a total of 243 strains from 5 hospital wastewater sites in Mexico, belonging to 21 distinct Gram-negative bacterial species. The presence of ß-lactamase was detected in 46.9% (114/243) of the isolates, which belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. We identified a total of 169 ß-lactamase genes; blaTEM in 33.1%, blaCTX-M in 25.4%, blaKPC in 25.4%, blaNDM 8.8%, blaSHV in 5.3%, and blaOXA-48 in 1.1% distributed in 12 different bacteria species. Among the 114 of the isolates, 50.8% were found to harbor at least one carbapenemase and were discharged into the environment. The carbapenemase blaKPC was found in six Citrobacter spp. and E. coli, while blaNDM was detected in two distinct Enterobacter spp. and E. coli. Notably, blaNDM-1 was identified in a 110 Kb IncFII conjugative plasmid in E. cloacae, E. xiangfangensis, and E. coli within the same hospital wastewater. In conclusion, hospital wastewater showed the presence of Enterobacteriaceae carrying a high frequency of carbapenemase blaKPC and blaNDM. We propose that hospital wastewater serves as reservoirs for resistance mechanism within bacterial communities and creates an optimal environment for the exchange of this resistance mechanism among different bacterial strains. IMPORTANCE: The significance of this study lies in its findings regarding the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes identified in hospital wastewater in Mexico. The research underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and prevention strategies to tackle the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance, particularly evident through the elevated frequencies of carbapenemase genes such as blaKPC and blaNDM within the Enterobacteriaceae family. Moreover, the identification of these resistance genes on conjugative plasmids highlights the potential for widespread transmission via horizontal gene transfer. Understanding the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater is crucial for developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing transmission, thereby safeguarding public health and preserving the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas , Citrobacter , Enterobacter , Hospitales , Aguas Residuales , beta-Lactamasas , Aguas Residuales/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Citrobacter/genética , Citrobacter/enzimología , Citrobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Citrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacter/genética , Enterobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacter/enzimología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , MéxicoRESUMEN
A Gram-stain-negative strain, designated BR102T, isolated from a soil sample in Brazil was characterized by a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BR102T belonged to the genus Citrobacter. The recN- and whole-genome-based phylogeny, and multilocus sequence analysis based on concatenated partial fusA, leuS, pyrG and rpoB sequences strongly supported a clade encompassing strain BR102T and a strain from public database that was distinct from currently recognized species of the genus Citrobacter. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain BR102T and the closest relative Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090T were 91.8 and 48.8â%, respectively. The ability to metabolize different compounds further discriminated strain BR102T from other closely related species of the genus Citrobacter. The novel variants bla CMY-179 and qnrB97, which encoded a CMY-2-like ß-lactamase and a QnrB-type protein, respectively, were identified in strain BR102T. BR102T was resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefoxitin. The DNA G+C content of strain BR102T is 51.3âmol%. Based on these results, strain BR102T represents a novel species of the genus Citrobacter, for which the name Citrobacter meridianamericanus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BR102T (=MUM 22.55T=IMI 507229T).
Asunto(s)
Citrobacter , Genes Bacterianos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Ácidos Grasos/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Filogenia , Composición de Base , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , SueloRESUMEN
During a surveillance study conducted to assess the occurrence and genomic landscape of critical priority pathogens circulating at the human-animal-environment interface in Brazil, as part of the Grand Challenges Explorations-New Approaches to Characterize the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance program, two multidrug-resistant (MDR) Citrobacter portucalensis carrying blaCTX-M-15 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) genes, isolated from green sea turtles, were characterized. Genomic and phylogeographical analysis of C. portucalensis genomes available in public databases revealed the intercontinental dissemination of clades carrying different arrays of clinically relevant genes conferring resistance to carbapenems, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, cephamycins, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, disinfectants, and heavy metals. Our observations suggest that C. portucalensis could be emerging as critical priority bacteria of both public and One Health importance worldwide. IMPORTANCE The global spread of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens beyond the hospital setting is a critical issue within a One Health context that integrates the human-animal-environment interfaces. On the other hand, next-generation sequencing technologies along with user-friendly and high-quality bioinformatics tools have improved the identification of bacterial species, and bacterial resistance surveillance. The novel Citrobacter portucalensis species was proposed in 2017 after taxonomic reclassification and definition of the strain A60T isolated in 2008. Here, we presented genomic data showing the occurrence of multidrug-resistant C. portucalensis isolates carrying blaCTX-M-15 ESBL genes in South America. Additionally, we observed the intercontinental dissemination of clades harboring a broad resistome to clinically relevant antibiotics. Therefore, these findings highlight that C. portucalensis is a global MDR bacteria that carries intrinsic blaCMY- and qnrB-type genes and has become a critical priority pathogen due to the acquisition of clinically relevant resistance determinants, such as ESBL and carbapenemase-encoding genes.
Asunto(s)
Citrobacter , beta-Lactamasas , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Citrobacter/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , beta-Lactamasas/genéticaRESUMEN
El elefante és uno de los mamíferos terrestres más grandes, ellos son carismáticos y bastante populares en zoológicos. Una elefante asiatica hembra adulta (Elephas maximus), mantenida en cuidado humano, de aproximadamente 60 años, con un peso aproximado de tres toneladas, presentaba cojera de los miembros anteriores con pereza o desgana para moverse por el recinto y con antecedentes de pododermatitis en miembros anteriores. Se observaron lesiones en la planta de la pata anterior con presencia de secreción purulenta, tejido vivo con áreas de necrosis. Con la ayuda de hisopos estériles, se enviaron muestras de las lesiones al laboratorio para cultivo y antiobiograma. El resultado de laboratorio mostró el crecimiento bacteriano de Klebsiella sp y Citrobacter sp. El antiobiograma reveló sensibilidad a los antibióticos: amoxicilina y ácido clavulónico, cefalexina, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, neomicina y sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima.(AU)
The elephant is one of the largest land mammals, they are charismatic and quite popular in zoos. An asian elephant (Elephas maximus), adult female kept in human care, aged approximately 60 years, weighing approximately three tons, was presented limping of the forelimbs members with reluctance to move around and with a history of pododermatitis. Lesions were observed in the foot sole with the presence of purulent secretion, living tissue with areas of necrosis. With the aid of sterile swabbs, samples of the lesions were sent to the laboratory for culture and antibiogram. The laboratory result showed the bacterial growth of Klebsiella sp and Citrobacter sp. The antibiogram revealed sensitivity to the antibiotics: amoxicillin and clavulonic acid, cephalexin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.(AU)
O elefante é um dos maiores mamíferos terrestres, eles são carismáticos e bastante populares em jardins zoológicos. Um exemplar de elefante-asiático (Elephas maximus), fêmea, adulta, mantido sob cuidados humanos, com idade aproximada de 60 anos, pesando aproximadamente três toneladas, apresentava claudicação dos membros locomotores, relutância em se movimentar e com histórico de pododermatite em membros anteriores e posteriores. Foram observadas lesões na planta da pata com presença de secreção purulenta, hipequeratose, erosões e áreas de necrose. Com auxílio de swabs estéreis, amostras das lesões foram enviadas ao laboratório para cultura e antibiograma. O resultado laboratorial apontou o crescimento bacteriano de Klebsiella sp e Citrobacter sp. O antibiograma revelou sensibilidade para os antiobióticos: amoxicilina e ácido clavulônico, cefalexina, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, neomicina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Elefantes/microbiología , Pezuñas y Garras/lesiones , Pezuñas y Garras/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/veterinaria , Citrobacter , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Animales de ZoológicoRESUMEN
El elefante és uno de los mamíferos terrestres más grandes, ellos son carismáticos y bastante populares en zoológicos. Una elefante asiatica hembra adulta (Elephas maximus), mantenida en cuidado humano, de aproximadamente 60 años, con un peso aproximado de tres toneladas, presentaba cojera de los miembros anteriores con pereza o desgana para moverse por el recinto y con antecedentes de pododermatitis en miembros anteriores. Se observaron lesiones en la planta de la pata anterior con presencia de secreción purulenta, tejido vivo con áreas de necrosis. Con la ayuda de hisopos estériles, se enviaron muestras de las lesiones al laboratorio para cultivo y antiobiograma. El resultado de laboratorio mostró el crecimiento bacteriano de Klebsiella sp y Citrobacter sp. El antiobiograma reveló sensibilidad a los antibióticos: amoxicilina y ácido clavulónico, cefalexina, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, neomicina y sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima.
The elephant is one of the largest land mammals, they are charismatic and quite popular in zoos. An asian elephant (Elephas maximus), adult female kept in human care, aged approximately 60 years, weighing approximately three tons, was presented limping of the forelimbs members with reluctance to move around and with a history of pododermatitis. Lesions were observed in the foot sole with the presence of purulent secretion, living tissue with areas of necrosis. With the aid of sterile swabbs, samples of the lesions were sent to the laboratory for culture and antibiogram. The laboratory result showed the bacterial growth of Klebsiella sp and Citrobacter sp. The antibiogram revealed sensitivity to the antibiotics: amoxicillin and clavulonic acid, cephalexin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.
O elefante é um dos maiores mamíferos terrestres, eles são carismáticos e bastante populares em jardins zoológicos. Um exemplar de elefante-asiático (Elephas maximus), fêmea, adulta, mantido sob cuidados humanos, com idade aproximada de 60 anos, pesando aproximadamente três toneladas, apresentava claudicação dos membros locomotores, relutância em se movimentar e com histórico de pododermatite em membros anteriores e posteriores. Foram observadas lesões na planta da pata com presença de secreção purulenta, hipequeratose, erosões e áreas de necrose. Com auxílio de swabs estéreis, amostras das lesões foram enviadas ao laboratório para cultura e antibiograma. O resultado laboratorial apontou o crescimento bacteriano de Klebsiella sp e Citrobacter sp. O antibiograma revelou sensibilidade para os antiobióticos: amoxicilina e ácido clavulônico, cefalexina, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, neomicina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Pezuñas y Garras/lesiones , Pezuñas y Garras/microbiología , Citrobacter , Elefantes/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/veterinaria , Animales de Zoológico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinariaRESUMEN
Foram padronizados os graus de lesões dos sacos aéreos em perus com aerossaculite, associadas com a presença de isolados de enterobactérias nesses órgãos. Um total de 110 amostras de sacos aéreos de perus machos com aerossaculite foi coletado para o estudo. Durante o processo de abate, as amostras foram coletadas por meio de swabs e submetidas a três métodos de armazenamento (imediato, congelado ou pré-incubado após congelamento) para posterior comparação das suas eficiências de isolamento. Os gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae foram identificados pelas séries bioquímicas EPM, MILi e citrato de Simmons. O crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em 43,64% das amostras. Neste estudo, quatro padrões de lesões de aerossaculite foram identificados de acordo com as características patológicas dos sacos aéreos. Os principais gêneros de enterobactérias identificadas foram: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Kluyvera, Salmonella e Klebsiella. Foi observado que os graus padronizados como 3 e 4 apresentaram maior variedade de gêneros bacterianos. O armazenamento imediato apresentou maior porcentagem de positividade, 41,82%, no entanto o pré-incubado após congelamento se apresentou mais eficaz em relação à quantidade de colônias.(AU)
The degrees of air sac lesions in turkeys with airsacculitis were standardized, associated with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these organs. A total of 110 samples of air sacs from male turkeys with airsacculitis were collected and analyzed. During the slaughtering process, the sample collection was done using swabs and submitted to three storage methods (immediate, frozen, or pre incubated after freezing) for further comparison of their isolated efficiency. The bacterial genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified biochemical series EPM, MILi and Simmons citrate. Bacterial growth occurred in 43.64% of samples. In this study, four patterns of aerossaculitis lesions were identified according to the pathological characteristics of air sacs. The frequencies of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated identified in the samples were: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganell, Kluyvera, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Otherwise, it was observed that the levels already standardized as level three and four showed higher variety of genus. The immediate storage showed higher percentage of positivity at 41.82%, however, the pre incubated after freezing showed more efficiency in relation to the quantity of colonies.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Pavos , Sacos Aéreos/microbiología , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinaria , Proteus , Salmonella , Citrobacter , Edwardsiella , Morganella , Kluyvera , Escherichia coli , KlebsiellaRESUMEN
Foram padronizados os graus de lesões dos sacos aéreos em perus com aerossaculite, associadas com a presença de isolados de enterobactérias nesses órgãos. Um total de 110 amostras de sacos aéreos de perus machos com aerossaculite foi coletado para o estudo. Durante o processo de abate, as amostras foram coletadas por meio de swabs e submetidas a três métodos de armazenamento (imediato, congelado ou pré-incubado após congelamento) para posterior comparação das suas eficiências de isolamento. Os gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae foram identificados pelas séries bioquímicas EPM, MILi e citrato de Simmons. O crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em 43,64% das amostras. Neste estudo, quatro padrões de lesões de aerossaculite foram identificados de acordo com as características patológicas dos sacos aéreos. Os principais gêneros de enterobactérias identificadas foram: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Kluyvera, Salmonella e Klebsiella. Foi observado que os graus padronizados como 3 e 4 apresentaram maior variedade de gêneros bacterianos. O armazenamento imediato apresentou maior porcentagem de positividade, 41,82%, no entanto o pré-incubado após congelamento se apresentou mais eficaz em relação à quantidade de colônias.(AU)
The degrees of air sac lesions in turkeys with airsacculitis were standardized, associated with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these organs. A total of 110 samples of air sacs from male turkeys with airsacculitis were collected and analyzed. During the slaughtering process, the sample collection was done using swabs and submitted to three storage methods (immediate, frozen, or pre incubated after freezing) for further comparison of their isolated efficiency. The bacterial genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified biochemical series EPM, MILi and Simmons citrate. Bacterial growth occurred in 43.64% of samples. In this study, four patterns of aerossaculitis lesions were identified according to the pathological characteristics of air sacs. The frequencies of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated identified in the samples were: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganell, Kluyvera, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Otherwise, it was observed that the levels already standardized as level three and four showed higher variety of genus. The immediate storage showed higher percentage of positivity at 41.82%, however, the pre incubated after freezing showed more efficiency in relation to the quantity of colonies.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Pavos , Sacos Aéreos/microbiología , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinaria , Proteus , Salmonella , Citrobacter , Edwardsiella , Morganella , Kluyvera , Escherichia coli , KlebsiellaRESUMEN
Citrobacter sp. é um microrganismo frequentemente encontrado em vagina de cadelas, mas corresponde a menos de 3% do total de microrganismos isolados em urocultura. O hipoadrenocorticismo (HA) é uma doença endócrina incomum e que leva a poliúria e hipostenúria. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma fêmea da espécie canina, da raça Teckel, 11 anos, atendida com queixa de urina de odor alterado há vários dias, além de vômito, diarreia e inapetência há três dias, e poliúria e polidipsia há 2 meses, com histórico de tratamento anterior com mitotano para hiperadrenocorticismo. O diagnóstico foi de ITU por Citrobacter sp., além de HA iatrogênico. Como destaques nos exames, relação sódio:potássio de 22,6 foi observada, sugestiva de HA, que foi confirmado por teste de estimulação com ACTH, além de urina inicialmente hipostenúrica (densidade 1,006), o que pode ser atribuído ao washout medular renal devido à hiponatremia causada pelo hipoadrenocorticismo. O tratamento foi feito com amoxicilina associada a ácido clavulânico por 20 dias, além da terapia específica para HA com prednisona e fludrocortisona, que foi continuado. A paciente recuperou-se bem, a densidade urinária aumentou após início do tratamento para HA e não houve recidiva da ITU em período de acompanhamento de 8 meses. Acredita-se que a baixa densidade urinária causada pelo HA tenha sido fator essencial para a oco
Citrobacter sp. is a normal constituent of bitches vagina, but it is related to less than 3% of total isolated microorganism in uroculture. Hypoadrenocorticism (HA) is an endocrine disease uncommonly diagnosed that leads to polyuria and hypostenuria. The aim of this work is report the case of a Teckel bitch, 11 years old, attended with complaint of altered urinary smell for several days, besides vomiting, diarrhea and inappetence for three days, and polyuria and polydispsia for two months, with previous mitotane treatment for hyperadrenocorticism. The diagnosis was Citrobacter UTI, besides iatrogenic HA. The most important exam results include sodium:potassium ratio of 22.6, suggestive of HA, that was confirmed by ACTH stimulation test. Besides, hypostenuria (urinary specific gravity USG - of 1.006) was noted, attributed to renal medular washout due to hyponatremia seen in HA. Therapy comprised amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid for 20 days, in addition to specific therapy for AH with prednisone and fludrocortisone. The patient recovery well, USG increased after the beginning of the treatment for HA and there was no UTI reinfection for a 8 month period. It is believed that low USG due to HA was essential for the occurrence of Citrobacter UTI.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Perros , Citrobacter/clasificación , Citrobacter/patogenicidad , Perros/microbiología , Insuficiencia Corticosuprarrenal Familiar/veterinariaRESUMEN
Citrobacter sp. é um microrganismo frequentemente encontrado em vagina de cadelas, mas corresponde a menos de 3% do total de microrganismos isolados em urocultura. O hipoadrenocorticismo (HA) é uma doença endócrina incomum e que leva a poliúria e hipostenúria. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma fêmea da espécie canina, da raça Teckel, 11 anos, atendida com queixa de urina de odor alterado há vários dias, além de vômito, diarreia e inapetência há três dias, e poliúria e polidipsia há 2 meses, com histórico de tratamento anterior com mitotano para hiperadrenocorticismo. O diagnóstico foi de ITU por Citrobactersp., além de HA iatrogênico. Como destaques nos exames, relação sódio:potássio de 22,6 foi observada, sugestiva de HA, que foi confirmado por teste de estimulação com ACTH, além de urina inicialmente hipostenúrica (densidade 1,006), o que pode ser atribuído ao washout medular renal devido à hiponatremia causada pelo hipoadrenocorticismo. O tratamento foi feito com amoxicilina associada a ácido clavulânico por 20 dias, além da terapia específica para HA com prednisona e fludrocortisona, que foi continuado. A paciente recuperou-se bem, a densidade urinária aumentou após início do tratamento para HA e não houve recidiva da ITU em período de acompanhamento de 8 meses. Acredita-se que a baixa densidade urinária causada pelo HA tenha sido fator essencial para a ocorrência da ITU por Citrobacter.
Citrobacter sp. is a normal constituent of bitches' vagina, but it is related to less than 3% of total isolated microorganism in uroculture. Hypoadrenocorticism (HA) is an endocrine disease uncommonly diagnosed that leads to polyuria and hypostenuria. The aim of this work is report the case of a Teckel bitch, 11 years old, attended with complaint of altered urinary smell for several days, besides vomiting, diarrhea and inappetence for three days, and polyuria and polydispsia for two months, with previous mitotane treatment for hyperadrenocorticism. The diagnosis was Citrobacter UTI, besides iatrogenic HA. The most important exam results include sodium:potassium ratio of 22.6, suggestive of HA, that was confirmed by ACTH stimulation test. Besides, hypostenuria (urinary specific gravity USG - of 1.006) was noted, attributed to renal medular washout due to hyponatremia seen in HA. Therapy comprised amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid for 20 days, in addition to specific therapy for AH with prednisone and fludrocortisone. The patient recovery well, USG increased after the beginning of the treatment for HA and there was no UTI reinfection for a 8 month period. It is believed that low USG due to HA was essential for the occurrence of Citrobacter UTI.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Infecciones Urinarias/veterinaria , Citrobacter/patogenicidad , Enfermedad de Addison/veterinaria , Perros/orina , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/veterinaria , Sistema Urinario/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studying the behavioral response of blood-sucking disease-vector insects to potentially repellent volatile compounds could shed light on the development of new control strategies. Volatiles released by human facial skin microbiota play different roles in the host-seeking behavior of triatomines. We assessed the repellency effect of such compounds of bacterial origin on Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus, two important vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. METHODS: Using an exposure device, insects were presented to human odor alone (control) and in the presence of three individual test compounds (2-mercaptoethanol, dimethyl sulfide and 2-phenylethanol, the latter only tested in R. prolixus) and the gold-standard repellent NN-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). We quantified the time the insects spent in the proximity of the host and determined if any of the compounds evaluated affected the behavior of the insects. RESULTS: We found volatiles that significantly reduced the time spent in the proximity of the host. These were 2-phenylethanol and 2-mercaptoethanol for R. prolixus, and dimethyl sulfide and 2-mercaptoethanol for T. infestans. Such an effect was also observed in both species when DEET was presented, although only at the higher doses tested. CONCLUSIONS: The new repellents modulated the behavior of two Chagas disease vectors belonging to two different triatomine tribes, and this was achieved using a dose up to three orders of magnitude lower than that needed to evoke the same effect with DEET. Future efforts in understanding the mechanism of action of repellent compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, as well as an assessment of their temporal and spatial repellent properties, could lead to the development of novel control strategies for these insect vectors, refractory to DEET.
Asunto(s)
Control de Insectos/métodos , Repelentes de Insectos/química , Rhodnius , Triatoma , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Animales , Conducta Animal , Enfermedad de Chagas , Citrobacter/química , Humanos , Insectos Vectores , Microbiota , Odorantes , Piel/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Studying the behavioral response of blood-sucking disease-vector insects to potentially repellent volatile compounds could shed light on the development of new control strategies. Volatiles released by human facial skin microbiota play diferent roles in the host-seeking behavior of triatomines. We assessed the repellency efect of such compounds of bacterial origin on Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus, two important vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Methods: Using an exposure device, insects were presented to human odor alone (control) and in the presence of three individual test compounds (2-mercaptoethanol, dimethyl sulfde and 2-phenylethanol, the latter only tested in R. prolixus) and the gold-standard repellent NN-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). We quantifed the time the insects spent in the proximity of the host and determined if any of the compounds evaluated afected the behavior of the insects. Results: We found volatiles that signifcantly reduced the time spent in the proximity of the host. These were 2-phenylethanol and 2-mercaptoethanol for R. prolixus, and dimethyl sulfde and 2-mercaptoethanol for T. infestans. Such an efect was also observed in both species when DEET was presented, although only at the higher doses tested. Conclusions: The new repellents modulated the behavior of two Chagas disease vectors belonging to two diferent triatomine tribes, and this was achieved using a dose up to three orders of magnitude lower than that needed to evoke the same efect with DEET. Future eforts in understanding the mechanism of action of repellent compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, as well as an assessment of their temporal and spatial repellent properties, could lead to the development of novel control strategies for these insect vectors, refractory to DEET.
Asunto(s)
Feromonas , Piel , Citrobacter , Enfermedad de Chagas , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , MicrobiotaRESUMEN
Citrobacter sp. é um microrganismo frequentemente encontrado em vagina de cadelas, mas corresponde a menos de 3% do total de microrganismos isolados em urocultura. O hipoadrenocorticismo (HA) é uma doença endócrina incomum e que leva a poliúria e hipostenúria. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma fêmea da espécie canina, da raça Teckel, 11 anos, atendida com queixa de urina de odor alterado há vários dias, além de vômito, diarreia e inapetência há três dias, e poliúria e polidipsia há 2 meses, com histórico de tratamento anterior com mitotano para hiperadrenocorticismo. O diagnóstico foi de ITU por Citrobacter sp., além de HA iatrogênico. Como destaques nos exames, relação sódio:potássio de 22,6 foi observada, sugestiva de HA, que foi confirmado por teste de estimulação com ACTH, além de urina inicialmente hipostenúrica (densidade 1,006), o que pode ser atribuído ao washout medular renal devido à hiponatremia causada pelo hipoadrenocorticismo. O tratamento foi feito com amoxicilina associada a ácido clavulânico por 20 dias, além da terapia específica para HA com prednisona e fludrocortisona, que foi continuado. A paciente recuperou-se bem, a densidade urinária aumentou após início do tratamento para HA e não houve recidiva da ITU em período de acompanhamento de 8 meses. Acredita-se que a baixa densidade urinária causada pelo HA tenha sido fator essencial para a oco
Citrobacter sp. is a normal constituent of bitches vagina, but it is related to less than 3% of total isolated microorganism in uroculture. Hypoadrenocorticism (HA) is an endocrine disease uncommonly diagnosed that leads to polyuria and hypostenuria. The aim of this work is report the case of a Teckel bitch, 11 years old, attended with complaint of altered urinary smell for several days, besides vomiting, diarrhea and inappetence for three days, and polyuria and polydispsia for two months, with previous mitotane treatment for hyperadrenocorticism. The diagnosis was Citrobacter UTI, besides iatrogenic HA. The most important exam results include sodium:potassium ratio of 22.6, suggestive of HA, that was confirmed by ACTH stimulation test. Besides, hypostenuria (urinary specific gravity USG - of 1.006) was noted, attributed to renal medular washout due to hyponatremia seen in HA. Therapy comprised amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid for 20 days, in addition to specific therapy for AH with prednisone and fludrocortisone. The patient recovery well, USG increased after the beginning of the treatment for HA and there was no UTI reinfection for a 8 month period. It is believed that low USG due to HA was essential for the occurrence of Citrobacter UTI.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Perros , Citrobacter/clasificación , Citrobacter/patogenicidad , Perros/microbiología , Insuficiencia Corticosuprarrenal Familiar/veterinariaRESUMEN
Background: Stomatitis is an infectious disease common in serpents and responsible for high mortality rates. It is characterized by the infection of the oral mucosa and neighboring tissues, related to the opportunistic character of bacteria presentin the normal microbiota, pathogenic in stressful situations. Few studies have described the profile of sensibility of theseagents in serpents of the Brazilian fauna. Therefore, this study has aimed at describing the isolation and identification ofthe infectious agents involved in the clinic stomatitis in a specimen of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and the profileof sensibility and resistance to antimicrobial agents.Case: The serpent has been rescued in an urban environment, without previous records and featured erosive injuries inits oral cavity, with the presence of secretion. In a clinical evaluation, it has been assessed that the specimen had erosiveinjuries in its oral cavity, with hyperemic points in its mucosa and serous secretion. Then the specimen went through acollection of the secretion from its oral cavity for microbiological analysis. Typical colonies of Enterococcus, Citrobacterand Enterobacter were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The results of these tests were able toconfirm and identify the Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter and Enterococcus species. The profile of sensibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby-Bauer.There was not any sensitive antimicrobial for the three agents. For treatment, based on the antimicrobial profile presented,was used Ciprofloxacin® associated to daily washings with solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 days. Clinical cure wasobserved at the end of this treatment.Discussion: Despite the high frequency of this disease...(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Serpientes , Estomatitis/diagnóstico , Estomatitis/fisiopatología , Estomatitis/veterinaria , Enterococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Citrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinariaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of bacterial phytase (RONOZYME HiPhos) on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. The study included 120 castrated males with initial weight of 23.21 ± 1.91 kg and 68 days of age, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and eight replicates with three animals each. The pigs were fed five corn-soybean meal-based diets: positive control (PC), supplemented with inorganic phosphorus and calcium; negative control (NC), with 0.13% reduction in available phosphorus and 0.11% in calcium; and three NC diets supplemented with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg in the feed. Compared with the NC diets without phytase, diets with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 FYT/kg inclusion increased the daily weight gain by +12% (quadratic, p<0.05) during the growing I period; +2.9, +2.9, and +10.5% (linear, p<0.01), respectively, during the growing II period; and +4.1, +5.1, and +8.2% (linear, p<0.001), respectively, over the entire experimental period. The daily feed intake increased by 0, +2.8, and +4.3% (linear, p<0.05), respectively, considering the entire experimental period; and the final live weight increased by +3.2, +4.2, and +6.1% (linear, p<0.001), respectively. The phytase treatments did not influence feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and yield, backfat thickness, loin depth and carcass lean meat. According to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP), however, the animals fed the PC diet and the three phytase levels had more carcasses classified as E (between 55-60% lean meat) when compared to carcasses of pigs fed the NC. Supplementing increasing levels of phytase to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet with inorganic P and Ca reduction improved daily weight gain and feed intake of growing pigs, and such effects were maintained until slaughter age.
Asunto(s)
6-Fitasa/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Calcio de la Dieta/metabolismo , Citrobacter/enzimología , Fósforo Dietético/metabolismo , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , 6-Fitasa/administración & dosificación , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Calcio de la Dieta/análisis , Dieta , Masculino , Carne/análisis , Fósforo Dietético/análisis , Porcinos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A multidrug resistant isolate, identified as Citrobacter amalonaticus using MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed by genomic analysis, was recovered from a pediatric patient in a hospital from Buenos Aires, Argentina. By whole-genome sequencing a total of 16 resistance genes were detected, including blaNDM-1 and mcr-1.5. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of these two genes together in a clinical isolate of the Citrobacter genus.
Asunto(s)
Citrobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Citrobacter/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Citrobacter/clasificación , Citrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Colistina/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Background: Stomatitis is an infectious disease common in serpents and responsible for high mortality rates. It is characterized by the infection of the oral mucosa and neighboring tissues, related to the opportunistic character of bacteria presentin the normal microbiota, pathogenic in stressful situations. Few studies have described the profile of sensibility of theseagents in serpents of the Brazilian fauna. Therefore, this study has aimed at describing the isolation and identification ofthe infectious agents involved in the clinic stomatitis in a specimen of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and the profileof sensibility and resistance to antimicrobial agents.Case: The serpent has been rescued in an urban environment, without previous records and featured erosive injuries inits oral cavity, with the presence of secretion. In a clinical evaluation, it has been assessed that the specimen had erosiveinjuries in its oral cavity, with hyperemic points in its mucosa and serous secretion. Then the specimen went through acollection of the secretion from its oral cavity for microbiological analysis. Typical colonies of Enterococcus, Citrobacterand Enterobacter were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The results of these tests were able toconfirm and identify the Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter and Enterococcus species. The profile of sensibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby-Bauer.There was not any sensitive antimicrobial for the three agents. For treatment, based on the antimicrobial profile presented,was used Ciprofloxacin® associated to daily washings with solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 days. Clinical cure wasobserved at the end of this treatment.Discussion: Despite the high frequency of this disease...
Asunto(s)
Animales , Citrobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Enterococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Estomatitis/diagnóstico , Estomatitis/fisiopatología , Estomatitis/veterinaria , Serpientes , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinariaRESUMEN
AIMS: This study investigated the antibacterial activity of five phytochemicals (carvacrol, citral, eugenol, linalool and thymol) alone or in combination with florfenicol or oxytetracycline against bacteria isolated from silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). We also analysed the potential of these compounds to inhibit biofilm formation and haemolysis caused by the bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacteria were tested with antimicrobials to calculate the multiple antibiotic resistances. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate a putative synergy between five phytochemicals and antimicrobials against the strains isolated. The biofilm formation inhibition assay was performed with phytochemicals and antimicrobials, and the haemolysis inhibition assay was performed with the phytochemicals. Carvacrol, eugenol and thymol were the most effective phytochemicals. Three combinations (linalool with florfenicol or oxytetracycline against Aeromonas hydrophila and citral with oxytetracycline against Citrobacter freundii) demonstrated synergy in the checkerboard assay. All phytochemicals inhibited biofilm formation and haemolysis activity. CONCLUSION: The tested phytochemicals showed satisfactory activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The phytochemicals did not present antagonistic interactions with the antimicrobials, allowing their combined use, which may contribute to a decrease in the use of conventional drugs and their residues in aquatic environment.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bagres/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Aeromonas hydrophila/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Citrobacter/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Carbapenemase-producing bacteria cause difficult-to-treat infections related to increased mortality in health care settings. Their occurrence has been reported in raw sewage, sewage-impacted rivers, and polluted coastal waters, which may indicate their spread to the community. We assessed the variety and concentration of carbapenemase producers in coastal waters with distinct pollution levels for 1 year. We describe various bacterial species producing distinct carbapenemases not only in unsuitable waters but also in waters considered suitable for primary contact.