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OBJECTIVE: To test feasibility and safety of administering sildenafil in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy (NE), developing brain injury despite therapeutic hypothermia (TH). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase Ib clinical trial between 2016 and 2019 in neonates with moderate or severe NE, displaying brain injury on day-2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) despite TH. Neonates were randomized (2:1) to 7-day sildenafil or placebo (2 mg/kg/dose enterally every 12 hours, 14 doses). Outcomes included feasibility and safety (primary outcomes), pharmacokinetics (secondary), and day-30 neuroimaging and 18-month neurodevelopment assessments (exploratory). RESULTS: Of the 24 enrolled neonates, 8 were randomized to sildenafil and 3 to placebo. A mild decrease in blood pressure was reported in 2 of the 8 neonates after initial dose, but not with subsequent doses. Sildenafil plasma steady-state concentration was rapidly reached, but decreased after TH discontinuation. Twelve percent of neonates (1/8) neonates died in the sildenafil group and 0% (0/3) in the placebo group. Among surviving neonates, partial recovery of injury, fewer cystic lesions, and less brain volume loss on day-30 magnetic resonance imaging were noted in 71% (5/7) of the sildenafil group and in 0% (0/3) of the placebo group. The rate of death or survival to 18 months with severe neurodevelopmental impairment was 57% (4/7) in the sildenafil group and 100% (3/3) in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil was safe and well-absorbed in neonates with NE treated with TH. Optimal dosing needs to be established. Evaluation of a larger number of neonates through subsequent phases II and III trials is required to establish efficacy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT02812433.

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BACKGROUND: Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are the first line treatment for erectile dysfunction; however, several articles and case reports have shown central nervous system effects, that can cause seizures in susceptible patients. This study aims to describe the changes caused by the use of Sildenafil and Tadalafil through the analysis of abnormalities expressed in the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of rats and evaluate the seizure threshold response and treatment of seizures with anticonvulsants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used 108 rats (Wistar). Before surgery for electrode placement in dura mater, the animals were randomly separated into 3 experiments for electrocorticogram analysis. Experiment 1: ECoG response to using PD5i (Sildenafil 20mg/kg and Tadalafil 2.6mg/kg p.o.). Experiment 2: ECoG response to the use of PD5i in association with Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ-30 mg/kg i.p.), a convulsive model. Experiment 3: ECoG response to anticonvulsant treatment (Phenytoin, Phenobarbital and Diazepam) of seizures induced by association IPDE5 + PTZ. All recordings were made thirty minutes after administration of the medication and analyzed for ten minutes, only once. We considered statistical significance level of *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p < 0.001. RESULTS: After administration of Sildenafil and Tadalafil, there were increases in the power of recordings in the frequency bands in oscillations in alpha (p = 0.0920) and beta (p = 0.602) when compared to the control group (p<0.001). After the use of Sildenafil and Tadalafil associated with PTZ, greater potency was observed in the recordings during seizures (p<0.001), however, the Sildenafil group showed greater potency when compared to Tadalafil (p<0.05). Phenobarbital and Diazepam showed a better response in controlling discharges triggered by the association between proconvulsant drugs. CONCLUSIONS: PDE5i altered the ECoG recordings in the rats' motor cortexes, demonstrating cerebral asynchrony and potentiating the action of PTZ. These findings demonstrate that PDE5i can lower the seizure threshold.

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual relations, and aging is one of the main risk factors involved. The D-(+)-Galactose aging model is a consolidated methodology for studies of cardiovascular aging; however, its potential for use with ED remain unexplored. The present study proposed to characterize a new experimental model for ED, using the D-(+)-Galactose aging model. For the experiments, the animals were randomly divided into three groups receiving: vehicle (CTL), D-galactose 150 mg/kg (DGAL), and D-(+)-galactose 150 mg/Kg + sildenafil 1.5 mg/Kg (DGAL+SD1.5) being administered daily for a period of eight weeks. All of the experimental protocols were previously approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals at the Federal University of Paraíba n° 9706070319. During the treatment, we analyzed physical, molecular, and physiological aspects related to the aging process and implicated in the development of ED. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that D-(+)-Galactose-induced aging represents a suitable experimental model for ED assessment. This was evidenced by an observed hyper-contractility in corpora cavernosa, significant endothelial dysfunction, increased ROS levels, an increase in cavernous tissue senescence, and the loss of essential penile erectile components.

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A 69 years old male with erectile dysfunction lasting 2 years, took 50 mg of sildenafil for having sex with his wife at about 6 o'clock in the morning. One hour later his wife detected that he had an anterograde memory impairment: this was interpreted as a confusional state. The neurological examination suggested a transient global amnesia (TGA). EEG and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were non-informative and memory deficits resolved within 24 h. Therefore, a TGA was diagnosed. Since no other trigger was detectable, sildenafil was deemed responsible for its occurrence.

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Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Proconvulsant effect is a serious adverse event associated with sildenafil use. Here, we investigated the possible proconvulsant effects of sildenafil in pilocarpine (PILO)-induced seizures model, which mimics some aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also evaluated sildenafil's effects on hippocampal markers related to PILO-induced seizure, for instance, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) markers, namely nitrite, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). The influences of muscarinic receptors blockade on sildenafil proconvulsant effects and brain nitrite levels were also evaluated. Male mice were submitted to single or repeated (7 days) sildenafil administration (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, PILO was injected and mice were further evaluated for 1 h for seizure activity. Sildenafil induced a dose- and time-progressive proconvulsant effect in PILO-induced seizures. Sildenafil also potentiated the inhibitory effect of PILO in AChE activity and induced a further increase in nitrite levels and pro-oxidative markers, mainly in the hippocampus. Repeated sildenafil treatment also increased the hippocampal expression of iNOS and nNOS isoforms, while the blockade of muscarinic receptors attenuated both sildenafil-induced proconvulsant effect and brain nitrite changes. Our data firstly demonstrated the proconvulsant effect of sildenafil in PILO-model of seizures. This effect seems to be related to an increased cholinergic-nitrergic tone and pro-oxidative brain changes. Also, our findings advert to caution in using sildenafil for patients suffering from neurological conditions that reduces seizure threshold, such as epilepsy.

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ABSTRACT A 69 years old male with erectile dysfunction lasting 2 years, took 50 mg of sildenafil for having sex with his wife at about 6 o'clock in the morning. One hour later his wife detected that he had an anterograde memory impairment: this was interpreted as a confusional state. The neurological examination suggested a transient global amnesia (TGA). EEG and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were non-informative and memory deficits resolved within 24 h. Therefore, a TGA was diagnosed. Since no other trigger was detectable, sildenafil was deemed responsible for its occurrence,

Se reporta el caso de un individuo de sexo masculino de 69 años con disfunción eréctil, que ingiere 50 mg de sildenafil con objetivo de facilitar el mantener relaciones sexuales con su esposa. Una hora después, su esposa nota que su marido presenta una alteración de su memoria anterógrada, lo que fue interpretado como un estado confusional. Evaluado clínicamente su examen neurológico es sugerente de una amnesia transitoria anterógrada. El EEG y las imágenes por resonancia magnética no muestran hallazgos significativos y el déficit de memoria remite dentro de 24 h. en vista de su evolución, se diagnostica una amnesia global transitoria. Como no se identifica otro gatillante, se consideró que el cuadro fue causado por sildenafil..

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Se realiza esta evaluación a solicitud del médico cardiólogo Dr. Marcos Lorenzo Pariona Javier del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins ­ HNERM para la modificación, en Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud, de la indicación del producto farmacéutico bosentán sustentado en la clasificación actual de la hipertensión pulmonar, en donde la HAP se considera como "Grupo 1". La hipertensión pulmonar es una condición que agrupa un diverso grupo de enfermedades con fisiopatología y presentación clínica similar, definida por un valor de presión arterial pulmonar medio ≥25 mmHg en reposo evaluado durante un cateterismo cardíaco derecho. Lo característico de la enfermedad es el progresivo incremento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar, llegando a ser fatal. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es un subtipo raro de hipertensión pulmonar. A nivel mundial, en los años 2007- 2010, se estimó una prevalencia aproximada de 5 a 52 personas por cada millón de habitantes, con una incidencia entre 5 a 10 casos por millón de personas al año para la forma idiopática de la enfermedad. En el Perú, no se cuenta con estudios epidemiológicos que permitan establecer la prevalencia o incidencia de la HAP. La HAP se presenta en el 5 -10 % de pacientes con enfermedades cardiacas congénitas, cerca al 10 % de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica y cerca al 1 % de los pacientes con virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). La edad promedio de diagnóstico oscila entre los 50 ­ 65 años según estudios recientes, siendo más común en mujeres. TECNOLOGÍAS SANITARIA DE INTERÉS: Bosentán (Tracleer®, Actelion Pharmaceutics) es un producto farmacéutico que actúa como antagonista de receptores de endotelina (ERA, por sus siglas en inglés). Bosentán un antagonista especifico y competitivo para receptor de endotelina tipo ET A y ET B, teniendo una mayor afinidad para el primero en mención. (EMA 2015, FDA 2001). METODOLOGÍA: Se incluyeron documentos en inglés o español disponibles en las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus y Embase. La búsqueda sistematizada se basó en una metodología escalonada, la cual consistió en la búsqueda inicial de estudios secundarios (tipo revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos) que respondan a las preguntas PICO, seguido de la búsqueda de estudios primarios (ECA). En caso la evidencia encontrada fuera escasa, se ampliaría la búsqueda a estudios observacionales. Adicionalmente se realizó una búsqueda manual en las siguientes plataformas: Base Regional de Informes en Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) para la búsqueda de ETS realizadas en países de la región latinoamericana; y en The National lnstitute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) y Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) para ETS de esas regiones. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda manual en el Registro de ensayos clínicos del NIH (ClinicalTrials) y PROSPERO (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination-CRD) para la búsqueda de ECA en desarrollo, así como la búsqueda de guías de práctica clínica y consensos de expertos en sitios web de grupos dedicados a la investigación en el área de estudio de la tecnología de interés en el dictamen, incluyendo los sitios web de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC), Sociedad Europea de Respiratorio (ERS), Fundación del Colegio Americano de Cardiología (ACCF) y Asociación Americana del Corazón (AHA). Se realizó una búsqueda de evidencia científica en bases de datos bibliográficas y otros, acerca de uso de bosentán en pacientes con HAP en clase funcional II, III, IV que hayan fracasado o presentaran intolerancia a la terapia con sildenafilo. RESULTADOS: Luego de una búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica publicada a agosto del 2018 se identificaron y se incluyen en el presente dictamen, dos guías de práctica clínica (GPC), una evaluación de tecnología sanitaria (ETS), además de una revisión sistemática (RS), dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) fase III y un estudio observacional. Sobre la RS y los ECA identificados, ninguno de estos estudios incluye de manera directa a la población de interés, siendo que a la fecha (agosto del 2018) no se han identificado ensayos clínicos que evalúen de manera directa el uso de bosentán en nuestra población de interés (pacientes con fracaso documentado o intolerancia a sildenafilo). Las GPC realizadas por ESC/ERS y CHEST y la ETS de CADTH recomiendan el uso de otro fármaco específico aprobado para la HAP como monoterapia o adicionado al fármaco previamente empleado en caso de fracaso a la monoterapia inicial con algún fármaco específica para la enfermedad. Para el escenario de intolerancia al sildenafilo, estos documentos no establecen recomendaciones. CONCLUSIONES: No se dispone de ECAs o RS que brinden evidencia directa para la pregunta PICO de interés, al no definir la condición de fracaso o intolerancia a sildenafilo de los participantes. McLaughlin et al., reportan una mejora en la prueba 6MWD a favor del grupo al que se le adicionó bosentán a una terapia de base con sildenafilo comparado a los que se les adicionó placebo para la misma terapia. Wilkins et al., reportan una mejora en la prueba 6MWD para ambos brazos de estudio comparados con su basal, sin encontrar diferencias entre ambos grupos al comparar la adición de sildenafilo o bosentán a pacientes previamente tratados con terapia convencional para HAP. Para la condición de intolerancia, se evaluó la RS de Chen et al., que reporta que los pacientes con HAP en el grupo de bosentán tuvieron 35.7 metros adicionales de caminata en promedio comparado con los del grupo placebo luego de 12 a 26 semanas de tratamiento en la prueba 6MWD. Existe un vacío terapéutico dentro de EsSalud para la población de interés del presente dictamen. EsSalud tiene experiencia previa del uso de bosentán, reportando mejora en la capacidad funcional de pacientes tras su uso. Productos farmacéuticos específicos para HAP como los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa 5 (que incluye a sildenafilo), análogos de la prostaciclina y otros fármacos antagonistas del receptor de endotelina (como bosentán) han sido previamente aprobados para su uso empleando la prueba 6MWD como subrogado clínico y han demostrado eficacia para la mejora de la capacidad funcional en pacientes con HAP, existiendo plausibilidad biológica para su empleó en reemplazo o como terapia adicionada en pacientes con HAP que presentan fracaso a la monoterapia. El lnstituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e lnvestigación - lETSl aprueba el uso de bosentán para el tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar, en clase funcional II, III, y IV, que sean intolerantes o que hayan presentado fracaso a la terapia con sildenafilo. La vigencia del presente dictamen es de un año, según lo establecido en el Anexo N. ° 1. Así, la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos y de nueva evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.

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Se presentó un paciente masculino de 59 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y consumo regular de sildenafil, que ingresó en el servicio de ictus por presentar convulsión aguda y cefalea. Al examen físico se detectó hemiplejia izquierda. Mediante resonancia magnética nuclear de cráneo, con gadolinio se observó lesión expansiva que captó contraste de forma heterogénea. Se planteó el diagnóstico de posible glioma cerebral de alto grado. Se realizó craneotomía frontoparietal derecha y no se visualizó lesión tumoral. Después de descartar la presencia de un glioma de alto grado se valoró el diagnóstico de infarto venoso hemorrágico. Se efectuó angioTAC y estudio de trombofilia para descartar estados protrombóticos que justificaran dicha entidad nosológica. Los estudios de hematología especial se encontraron dentro de valores normales. Se concluyó el caso como una trombosis de senos venosos asociada al consumo de sildenafil(AU)

A 59 year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and regular consumption of sildenafil entered the service because of acute stroke and headache seizure. Physical examination detected left hemiplegia. By skull nuclear gadolinium magnetic resonance, an expansive lesion is observed which caught heterogeneously contrast. Possible diagnosis of high-grade brain glioma was raised. Right frontoparietal craniotomy was performed and a tumor lesion was not visualized. After ruling out the presence of high-grade glioma, the diagnosis of hemorrhagic venous infarction was assessed. CT angiography and clotting was made to rule out prothrombotic states to justify this disease entity. Special hematology studies were within normal values. The case was concluded as a venous sinus thrombosis associated with the use of sildenafil(AU)

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Sildenafil citrate is a type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE-5), able to inhibit type-6 phosphodiesterase (PDE-6) as well, providing clinical benefits and paraeffects, some of them potentially related to the retina. The effects of the sildenafil on the retrobulbar and retinal circulation were studied in 27 adult male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed. The electric activity of the retina was evaluated before and at the end of the treatments, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted. An amplitude increase of the b wave was found in the mixed response of cones and rods after 7 days of treatment with sildenafil citrate. However, in the other evaluations and periods, the values did not differ from the basal ones. Through immunohistochemistry, no significant decrease of the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6 proteins was observed. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to admit that the sildenafil citrate did not change the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6, neither the electroretinographic activity of the retina of male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed(AU)

O citrato de sildenafil é um inibidor da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 (PDE-5), capaz de inibir também a fosfodiesterase do tipo 6 (PDE-6), proporcionando benefícios clínicos e paraefeitos, alguns deles potencialmente relacionados à retina. Foram estudados efeitos do sildenafil sobre a circulação retrobulbar e a retiniana em 27 coelhos machos adultos, da raça Nova Zelândia Branco. Avaliou-se a atividade elétrica da retina antes e ao término dos tratamentos e realizaram-se estudos à imunoistoquímica. Encontrou-se aumento da amplitude da onda b na resposta mista de cones e de bastonetes, após 7 dias de tratamento com citrato de sildenafil. Entretanto, nas demais avaliações e períodos, os valores não divergiram dos basais. Pela imunoistoquímica, não se observou diminuição significativa da expressão das proteínas PDE-5 e PDE-6. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível admitir que o citrato de sildenafil não alterou a expressão de PDE-5 e PDE-6, tampouco, a atividade eletrorretinográfica da retina de coelhos machos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco(AU)

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Sildenafil citrate is a type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE-5), able to inhibit type-6 phosphodiesterase (PDE-6) as well, providing clinical benefits and paraeffects, some of them potentially related to the retina. The effects of the sildenafil on the retrobulbar and retinal circulation were studied in 27 adult male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed. The electric activity of the retina was evaluated before and at the end of the treatments, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted. An amplitude increase of the b wave was found in the mixed response of cones and rods after 7 days of treatment with sildenafil citrate. However, in the other evaluations and periods, the values did not differ from the basal ones. Through immunohistochemistry, no significant decrease of the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6 proteins was observed. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to admit that the sildenafil citrate did not change the expression of PDE-5 and PDE-6, neither the electroretinographic activity of the retina of male rabbits of the White New Zealand breed.

O citrato de sildenafil é um inibidor da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 (PDE-5), capaz de inibir também a fosfodiesterase do tipo 6 (PDE-6), proporcionando benefícios clínicos e paraefeitos, alguns deles potencialmente relacionados à retina. Foram estudados efeitos do sildenafil sobre a circulação retrobulbar e a retiniana em 27 coelhos machos adultos, da raça Nova Zelândia Branco. Avaliou-se a atividade elétrica da retina antes e ao término dos tratamentos e realizaram-se estudos à imunoistoquímica. Encontrou-se aumento da amplitude da onda b na resposta mista de cones e de bastonetes, após 7 dias de tratamento com citrato de sildenafil. Entretanto, nas demais avaliações e períodos, os valores não divergiram dos basais. Pela imunoistoquímica, não se observou diminuição significativa da expressão das proteínas PDE-5 e PDE-6. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível admitir que o citrato de sildenafil não alterou a expressão de PDE-5 e PDE-6, tampouco, a atividade eletrorretinográfica da retina de coelhos machos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco.

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No presente relato de caso, os autores ressaltam aspectos gerais, neuro-oftalmológicos e psicodinâmicos de um paciente que apresentou neurite óptica isquêmica não arterítica devida ao uso de dose inédita da sildenafila.

In this case report, the authors emphasize general, neuro-ophthalmological and psychodynamic aspects, of a patient who developed non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy due to the use of unprecedented dose of sildenafil.

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Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sickness with high rate of mortality that consists of elevation in pressure of the vessels through which blood flows to the lung. Sildenafil is a therapeutic option for the treatment of PAH in children for the fact that it relaxes the blood vessels and thereby improves pulmonary blood flow. The aim was to analyze the clinical behavior of an extemporaneous formulation of sildenafil as a therapeutic option in children with PAH, twelve children with PAH were studied. The ages and weights of the children ranged from 5 to 15 years and from 13 to 27 kg. All patients received a capsule of 1 mg/kg of sildenafil prepared as extemporaneous formulation in the pharmacology laboratory. Blood levels of sildenafil were analyzed in order to evaluate its availability of developed formulation. Management has derived from physiopathological knowledge and clinical presentations of patients. The mean maximum concentration was 550 ng/ml which is greater than levels reported in adults. Moreover, a therapeutic monitoring of sildenafil was carried out in order to establish an adequate therapeutic range for children and to show that dosages prepared extemporaneously meet the therapeutic needs for the management of PAH. With an average follow-up of once every 2 months, it was found that the evolution of the patients was favorable and without adverse effects that could put their life at risk. The management of PAH with sildenafil prepared as extemporaneous formulation might be considered as a good therapeutic option.

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