RESUMEN

Husks of rice (RH), coffee (CH), and cholupa (CLH) were used to produce natural adsorbents. The natural adsorbents were used to remove pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ciprofloxacin, and acetaminophen in a mixture of distilled water. However, CH stood out for its efficiency in removing ciprofloxacin (74%) due to the higher concentration of acidic groups, as indicated by the Boehm method. In addition, CH removed 86% of ciprofloxacin individually. Therefore, CH was selected and used to remove other fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and Norfloxacin. Although electrostatic interactions favored removals, better removal was observed for ciprofloxacin due to its smaller molecular volume. Then, ciprofloxacin was selected, and the effect of pH, matrix, and adsorbent doses were evaluated. In this way, using a pH of 6.2 in urine with a dose of 1.5 g L-1, it is possible to adsorb CIP concentrations in the range (0.0050-0.42 mmol L-1). Subsequently, the high R2 values and low percentages of APE and Δq indicated better fits for pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting a two-stage adsorption. At the same time, the Langmuir isotherm recommends a monolayer adsorption with a Qm of 25.2 mg g-1. In addition, a cost of 0.373 USD/g CIP was estimated for the process, where the material can be reused up to 4 times with a CIP removal in the urine of 51%. Consequently, thermodynamics analysis showed an exothermic and spontaneous process with high disorder. Furthermore, changes in FTIR analysis after adsorption suggest that CH in removing CIP in urine involves electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. In addition, the life cycle analysis presents, for the 11 categories evaluated, a lower environmental impact of the CIP removal in urine with CH than for the preparation of adsorbent, confirming that the adsorption process is more environmentally friendly than materials synthesis or other alternatives of treatments. Furthermore, future directions of the study based on real applications were proposed.

Asunto(s)

Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Adsorción , Cinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ciprofloxacina/química , Ciprofloxacina/orina , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/orina

RESUMEN

Contamination with traces of pharmaceutical compounds, such as ciprofloxacin, has prompted interest in their removal via low-cost, efficient biomass-based adsorption. In this study, classical models, a mechanistic model, and a neural network model were evaluated for predicting ciprofloxacin breakthrough curves in both laboratory- and pilot scales. For the laboratory-scale (d = 2.2 cm, Co = 5 mg/L, Q = 7 mL/min, T = 18 °C) and pilot-scale (D = 4.4 cm, Co = 5 mg/L, Q = 28 mL/min, T = 18 °C) setups, the experimental adsorption capacities were 2.19 and 2.53 mg/g, respectively. The mechanistic model reproduced the breakthrough data with high accuracy on both scales (R2 > 0.4 and X2 < 0.15), and its fit was higher than conventional analytical models, namely the Clark, Modified Dose-Response, and Bohart-Adams models. The neural network model showed the highest level of agreement between predicted and experimental data with values of R2 = 0.993, X2 = 0.0032 (pilot-scale) and R2 = 0.986, X2 = 0.0022 (laboratory-scale). This study demonstrates that machine learning algorithms exhibit great potential for predicting the liquid adsorption of emerging pollutants in fixed bed.

Asunto(s)

Celulosa , Ciprofloxacina , Aprendizaje Automático , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Ciprofloxacina/química , Adsorción , Celulosa/química , Saccharum/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua

RESUMEN

This study explores the utilization of adsorption and advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) using a green functionalized carbon nanotube (MWCNT-OH/COOH-E) as adsorbent and catalyst material. The stability and catalytic activity of the solid material were proved by FT-IR and TG/DTG, which also helped to elucidate the reaction mechanisms. In adsorption kinetic studies, both antibiotics showed similar behavior, with an equilibrium at 30 min and 60% removal. The adsorption kinetic data of both antibiotics were well described by the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model. Different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used, and the photolytic degradation was not satisfactory, whereas heterogeneous photocatalysis showed high degradation (⁓ 70%), both processes with 30 min of reaction. Nevertheless, ozonation and catalytic ozonation have resulted in the highest efficiencies, 90%, and 70%, respectively, after 30-min reaction. For AOP data modeling, the first-order model better described CIP and OFL in photocatalytic and ozonation process. Intermediates were detected by MS-MS analysis, such as P313, P330, and P277 for ciprofloxacin and P391 and P332 for ofloxacin. The toxicity test demonstrated that a lower acute toxicity was observed for the photocatalysis method samples, with only 3.1 and 1.5 TU for CIP and OFL, respectively, thus being a promising method for its degradation, due to its lower risk of inducing the proliferation of bacterial resistance in an aquatic environment. Ultimately, the analysis of MWCNT reusability showed good performance for 2 cycles and regeneration of MWCNT with ozone confirmed its effectiveness up to 3 cycles.

Asunto(s)

Ciprofloxacina , Nanotubos de Carbono , Ofloxacino , Oxidación-Reducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ciprofloxacina/química , Ofloxacino/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Adsorción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Cinética , Ozono/química , Antibacterianos/química , Catálisis

RESUMEN

The goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of antibiotic degradation applying different chemical treatment methods and their combinations. Thus, improvement in the efficiency of these methods when combined was quantified. The methods tested to degrade/mineralize the antibiotics amoxicillin (AMX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) under different pH conditions (4, 7 and 10) were ultra-violet irradiation (UV254 nm), ultrasound (US), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ozone (O3) alone and in combination. The results showed that individual methods were only partially efficient in the degradation/mineralization of antibiotics, except for ozonation at alkaline pH. In the combined methods, the best performance was obtained with US/UV/H2O2/O3 (pH 10, 20-min treatment), where the degradation rates for the antibiotics were 99.8% for CIP and 99.9% for AMX. For the mineralization efficiency the values obtained were 71.3% for CIP and 79.2% for AMX. The results of this study could contribute to the development and improvement of wastewater treatment aimed at avoiding the presence of residual antibiotics in the environment.

Asunto(s)

Ozono , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Amoxicilina , Ciprofloxacina/química , Antibacterianos/química

RESUMEN

Two carbon composite materials were prepared by mixing avocado biochar and methyl polysiloxane (MK). Firstly, MK was dissolved in ethanol, and then the biochar was added at different times. In sample 1 (R1), the time of adding biochar was immediately after dissolving MK in ethanol, and in sample 2 (R2), after 48 h of MK dissolved in ethanol. The samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements obtaining specific surface areas (SBET) of 115 m2 g-1 (R1) and 580 m2 g-1 (R2). The adsorbents were further characterized using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, adsorption of vapors of n-heptane and water, thermal analysis, Bohem titration, pHpzc, and C H N elemental analysis. R1 and R2 adsorbents were employed as adsorbents to remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin from the waters. The t1/2 and t0.95 based on the interpolation of Avrami fractional-order were 20.52 and 246.4 min (R1) and 14.00 and 157.6 min (R2), respectively. Maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) based on the Liu isotherm were 10.77 (R1) and 63.80 mg g-1 (R2) for ciprofloxacin. The thermodynamic studies showed a spontaneous and exothermic process for both samples, and the value of ΔH° is compatible with physical adsorption.

Asunto(s)

Persea , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Adsorción , Antibacterianos/química , Carbono , Carbón Orgánico/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Etanol , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Nitrógeno/análisis , Siloxanos , Termodinámica , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis

RESUMEN

The influence of fish burger preparation and frying on residual levels of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was evaluated. For this purpose, a high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the quantitation of ENR and CIP residues in tilapia products (fillet, raw fish burger and fried fish burger) was developed and validated based on European and Brazilian guidelines. Sample preparation was accomplished by extraction with acidified acetonitrile followed by clean-up with hexane. Chromatographic analysis was performed on a C18 column using isocratic elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (85:15 v:v). The analytical method showed suitable performance to quantify the residual levels of ENR and CIP in the studied matrices. No reduction in the residual levels of ENR and CIP was observed during fish burger preparation and only a 10% reduction occurred as a consequence of frying, indicating that both compounds were stable to the preparation of the fish burger and to frying conditions.

Asunto(s)

Cíclidos , Ciprofloxacina/química , Residuos de Medicamentos/química , Enrofloxacina/química , Productos Pesqueros/análisis , Manipulación de Alimentos , Animales , Antibacterianos/química

RESUMEN

Devices such as contact lenses and collagen shields have been used to improve the antibiotic bioavailability of eye drops formulations in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis. Nevertheless, these devices are not sustained drug delivery systems, and a combination with eye drops is necessary. In animal patients, it requires constant supervision by trained personnel to avoid device loss, which increases the cost of treatment. In this study, PVA/anionic collagen membranes containing ciprofloxacin or tobramycin were prepared using two different methodologies, and the release, physical and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The membrane containing ciprofloxacin was selected as a sustained drug delivery system with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli during 48 h. Despite to be opaque, due to its heterogeneous morphology, this membrane had the adequate mechanical strength, water content, hydrophilicity, water vapor permeability, and surface pH to interact with cornea without causing discomfort. In the surface of this membrane it was observed dispersed collagen fibrils which could serve as a substrate for corneal proteinases, contributing to the reduction in stromal damage and enhancing the epithelium regeneration. These results encourage the idea these membranes are new cost-effective and safe alternatives to treat corneal ulcers in animal patients.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Colágeno/química , Úlcera de la Córnea/tratamiento farmacológico , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Soluciones Oftálmicas/química , Alcohol Polivinílico/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Lentes de Contacto , Córnea/efectos de los fármacos , Composición de Medicamentos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Fenómenos Mecánicos , Soluciones Oftálmicas/farmacología , Permeabilidad , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Propiedades de Superficie , Tobramicina/farmacología , Agua , Humectabilidad

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Mathematical modeling in modified drug release is an important tool that allows predicting the release rate of drugs in their surrounding environment and elucidates the transport mechanisms involved in the process. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical model that allows evaluating the release profile of drugs from polymeric carriers in which the swelling phenomenon is present. METHODS: Swellable matrices based on ionic complexes of alginic acid or carboxymethylcellulose with ciprofloxacin were prepared and the effect of adding the polymer sodium salt on the swelling process and the drug release was evaluated. Experimental data from the ciprofloxacin release profiles were mathematically adjusted, considering the mechanisms involved in each stage of the release process. RESULTS: A proposed model, named "Dual Release" model, was able to properly fit the experimental data of matrices presenting the swelling phenomenon, characterized by an inflection point in their release profile. This entails applying the extended model of Korsmeyer-Peppas to estimate the percentage of drug released from the first experimental point up to the inflection point and then a model called Lumped until the final time, allowing to adequately represent the complete range of the drug release profile. Different parameters of pharmaceutical relevance were calculated using the proposed model to compare the profiles of the studied matrices. CONCLUSION: The "Dual Release" model proposed in this article can be used to predict the behavior of complex systems in which different mechanisms are involved in the release process.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Algínico/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Polielectrolitos/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ciprofloxacin (Cip) is the most commonly used quinolone in clinical practice; however large-scale use has favored the increase of multiresistant pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear to be a promising alternative in potentiating these conventional drugs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the peptide Lys-[Trp6]hy-a1 (lys-a1) on the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin against clinically relevant gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: The antimicrobial effects of Cip and lys-a1 were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The synergistic action of Cip and lys-a1 was determined by checkerboard assay. The time-kill curve was constructed for the Cip/lys-a1 combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. The antibiofilm activity of this combination was analyzed by crystal violet, colony-forming unit count and atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULTS: The data demonstrated that lys-a1 was able to inhibit planktonic growth of strains of P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae both at 125 µg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) showed a synergistic effect between Cip and lys-a1 against P. aeruginosa, decreasing the MICs of the individual antimicrobial agents by 4- and 8-fold, respectively. This effect was also observed for the death kinetics and antibiofilm activity. Analysis of the early biofilms (6 h) as well as isolated cells by AFM images evidenced the cell perturbation caused by Cip/lys-a1 treatment. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that lys-a1 has biotechnological potential as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of infections caused by clinically relevant microorganisms, especially P. aeruginosa.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/fisiología , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiología , Antibacterianos/química , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ciprofloxacina/química , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/química

RESUMEN

Sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antimicrobial agents can lead to genetic changes in bacteria, modulating the expression of genes related to bacterial stress and leading to drug resistance. Herein we describe the impact of sub-MIC of ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin on three uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Disk-diffusion assays with different antimicrobial agents were tested to detect phenotype alterations, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze the expression of ompF and recA genes. Significant reduction on the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin was detected on disk diffusion test. The qRT-PCR results revealed a 1.2-4.7 increase in recA expression in all E. coli studied, while the ompF expression varied. Because RecA was pointed as an important component to the development of drug resistance, molecular docking studies were performed with three experimentally known inhibitors of this enzyme. These studies aimed to understand the inhibitory binding mode of such compounds. The results confirmed the ADP/ATP binding site as a potential site of inhibitor recognition and a binding mode based on π-stacking interactions with Tyr103 and hydrogen bonds with Tyr264. These findings can be useful for guiding the search and design of new antimicrobial agents, mainly concerning the treatment of infections with resistant bacterial strains.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos Urinarios/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Genes Bacterianos , Nitrofurantoína/farmacología , Rec A Recombinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinfecciosos Urinarios/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Nitrofurantoína/química , Rec A Recombinasas/genética , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/genética

RESUMEN

The present work reports the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) by different advanced oxidative process systems (UV; Anodic Oxidation; H2O2; H2O2/UV; H2O2/Fe2+ and H2O2/UV/Fe2+) in an electrochemical cell using gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. CIP degradation and mineralization were evaluated by high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic carbon (TOC) techniques. Of all the systems investigated, the photoelectro-Fenton system presented the best degradation efficiency; this system promoted highly significant mineralization percentages of 54.8% and 84.6% in 90 and 360 min, and relatively lower energy consumption rates of 4110.0 and 9808.2 kWh kg-1 TOC, respectively. In 6 h period of experiment, the main degradation products of ciprofloxacin were identified, and the aliphatic acids obtained helped confirm the rupture of the aromatic ring. The application of the photoelectro-Fenton process with in situ eletroctrogeneration of H2O2 using GDE has proved to be suitably promising for the treatment of organic pollutants.

Asunto(s)

Ciprofloxacina/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Hierro/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Antibacterianos/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía Liquida , Electrodos , Oxidación-Reducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis

RESUMEN

This study evaluated the biocompatibility of degradable polydioxanone (PDS) electrospun drug delivery systems (hereafter referred as matrices) containing metronidazole (MET) or ciprofloxacin (CIP) after subcutaneous implantation in rats. Sixty adult male rats were randomized into six groups: SHAM (sham surgery); PDS (antibiotic-free matrix); 1MET (one 25 wt% MET matrix); 1CIP (one 25 wt% CIP matrix); 2MET (two 25 wt% MET matrices); and 2CIP (two 25 wt% CIP matrices). At 3 and 30 days, animals were assessed for inflammatory cell response (ICR), collagen fibers degradation, and oxidative profile (reactive oxygen species [ROS]; lipid peroxidation [LP]; and protein carbonyl [PC]). At 3 days, percentages of no/discrete ICR were 100, 93.3, 86.7, 76.7, 50, and 66.6 for SHAM, PDS, 1MET, 1CIP, 2MET, and 2CIP, respectively. At 30 days, percentages of no/discrete ICR were 100% for SHAM, PDS, 1MET, and 1CIP and 93.3% for 2MET and 2CIP. Between 3 and 30 days, SHAM, 1CIP, and 2CIP produced collagen, while 1MET and 2MET were unchanged. At 30 days, the collagen fiber means percentages for SHAM, PDS, 1MET, 1CIP, 2MET, and 2CIP were 63.7, 60.7, 56.6, 62.6, 51.8, and 61.7, respectively. Antibiotic-eluting matrices showed similar or better oxidative behavior when compared to PDS, except for CIP-eluting matrices, which showed higher levels of PC compared to SHAM or PDS at 30 days. Collectively, our findings indicate that antibiotic-eluting matrices may be an attractive biocompatible drug delivery system to fight periodontopathogens. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 2019.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Metronidazol/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Nanofibras/química , Polidioxanona/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Liberación de Fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Metronidazol/farmacología , Oxidación-Reducción , Implantación de Prótesis , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Andamios del Tejido

RESUMEN

Biopolymeric blends based on bacterial cellulose (BC) films modified with low molecular weight chitosan (Chi) were developed for controlled release of ciprofloxacin (Cip). Biophysical studies revealed a compatible and cooperative network between BC and Chi including deep structural changes in the BC matrix shown by spectroscopic and thermal analyses (SEM, roughness analysis, FTIR, XRD, TGA, mechanical properties and water vapor transmission rate). Incorporation of chitosan to BC matrix generated a thickening scaffold with high permeability to water vapor from 0.7 to 3.2 g mm/m2 h. Cip loaded onto the BC-Chi film showed a hyperbolic release profile with a 30% decrease in antibiotic release mediated by the presence of Chi. BC-Chi blend films containing Cip tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed a synergic effect of chitosan on Cip antimicrobial activity. Besides, in vitro studies revealed the lack of cytotoxicity of BC-Chi-Cip films in human fibroblasts.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos/química , Vendajes , Celulosa/química , Quitosano/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Línea Celular , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Calor , Humanos , Peso Molecular , Permeabilidad , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Termogravimetría

RESUMEN

The performances of distinct BDD anodes (boron doping of 100, 500 and 2500 ppm, with sp3/sp2 carbon ratios of 215, 325, and 284, respectively) in the electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin - CIP (0.5 L of 50 mg L-1 in 0.10 M Na2SO4, at 25 °C) were comparatively assessed using a recirculating flow system with a filter-press reactor. Performance was assessed by monitoring the CIP and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, oxidation intermediates, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as a function of electrolysis time. CIP removal was strongly affected by the solution pH (kept fixed), flow conditions, and current density; similar trends were obtained independently of the BDD anode used, but the BDD100 anode yielded the best results. Enhanced mass transport was achieved at a low flow rate by promoting the solution turbulence within the reactor. The fastest complete CIP removal (within 20 min) was attained at j = 30 mA cm-2, pH = 10.0, and qV = 2.5 L min-1 + bypass turbulence promotion. TOC removal was practically accomplished only after 10 h of electrolysis, with quite similar performances by the distinct BDD anodes. Five initial oxidation intermediates were identified (263 ≤ m/z ≤ 348), whereas only two terminal oxidation intermediates were detected (oxamic and formic acids). The antimicrobial activity of the electrolyzed CIP solution was almost completely removed within 10 h of electrolysis. The characteristics of the BDD anodes only had a marked effect on the CIP removal rate (best performance by the least-doped anode), contrasting with other data in the literature.

Asunto(s)

Ciprofloxacina/química , Electrólisis/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Antibacterianos/análisis , Antibacterianos/química , Boro , Carbono/análisis , Carbono/química , Ciprofloxacina/análisis , Diamante , Electrodos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Cinética , Oxidación-Reducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis

RESUMEN

This work determined the potency of hexyl-ciprofloxacin molecules that reversibly interact with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) passivated with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on Escherichia coli cells. For this, partition of modified antibiotic between different compartments of the gold colloid was determined using analytical techniques. First, concentration of hexyl-ciprofloxacin was determined in the continuous phase of the colloid. Subsequently, the colloid was exposed to a volume of organic immiscible solvent and concentration of the transferred molecules was determined in the organic phase. Comparison of the amount of hexyl-ciprofloxacin in each phase revealed that interaction between molecules and nanoparticles was reversible. Later, this work determined the potency of a population of hexyl-ciprofloxacin molecules contained in a volume of the colloid, and the potency of other population of molecules that only interact with the continuous phase of the colloid. The absolute difference between these two values was proportional to the potency of a number of molecules that interact with the nanoparticles of the colloid.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Oro/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Antibacterianos/química , Ciprofloxacina/análogos & derivados , Ciprofloxacina/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Solventes/química

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of modified triple antibiotic paste and an experimental composition using calcium hydroxide on lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-primed apical papilla cells (APC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human APC were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity of modified Triple Antibiotic Paste (mTAP - Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Cefaclor at 1:1:1) and of a paste of Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Calcium hydroxide (CMC - 1:1:2) and modified CMC (mCMC - 2:2:1) by using MTT assay. The substances were reconstituted in DMEM at 1,000 µg/mL and » serially diluted before being kept in contact with cells for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Further, cells were primed with 1 µg/mL of Enterococcus faecalis LTA for 7 days prior to the viability test with 1,000 µg/mL of each substance. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA respectively followed by Tukey's post-test. Significance levels were set at p<0.05. RESULTS: In the first assay, the higher cytotoxic rates were reached by mTAP for all experimental periods. CMC was found toxic for APC at 5 and 7 days, whereas mCMC did not affect the cell viability. Only CMC and mCMC were able to induce some cellular proliferation. In the second assay, when considering the condition with medium only, LTA-primed cells significantly proliferated in comparison to LTA-untreated ones. At this context, mTAP and CMC showed similar cytotoxicity than the observed for LTA-untreated cells, while mCMC was shown cytotoxic at 7 days only for LTA-primed APC. Comparing the medications, mTAP was more cytotoxic than CMC and mCMC. CONCLUSION: mTAP showed higher cytotoxicity than CMC and mCMC and the effect of topic antimicrobials might differ when tested against apical papilla cells under physiological or activated conditions.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Papila Dental/citología , Enterococcus faecalis/química , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Ácidos Teicoicos/toxicidad , Ápice del Diente/citología , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Antibacterianos/química , Hidróxido de Calcio/química , Hidróxido de Calcio/toxicidad , Cefaclor/química , Cefaclor/toxicidad , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Ciprofloxacina/química , Ciprofloxacina/toxicidad , Papila Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Metronidazol/química , Metronidazol/toxicidad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/toxicidad , Factores de Tiempo , Ápice del Diente/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

High specific surface area activated carbon prepared from endocarp of Jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) (ACJ) was used for ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic removal from aqueous effluents. The activated carbon (AC) was characterized via scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, and pH value at the zero-charge point. Avrami kinetic model was the one that best fit the experimental results in comparison to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The equilibrium data obeyed the Liu isotherm equation, showing a maximum adsorption capacity of 335.8 mg g-1 at 40 °C. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption of CIP was spontaneous and endothermic at all studied temperatures. Also, the free enthalpy changes (∆H° = 3.34 kJ mol-1) suggested physical adsorption between CIP and ACJ. Simulated effluents were utilized to check the potential of the ACJ for wastewater purification. The highly efficient features enable the activated carbon prepared from endocarp of Jerivá, an attractive carbon adsorbent, to remove ciprofloxacin from wastewaters.

Asunto(s)

Arecaceae/química , Carbón Orgánico/química , Ciprofloxacina/aislamiento & purificación , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Ciprofloxacina/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Nitrógeno/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Temperatura , Termodinámica , Aguas Residuales/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Purificación del Agua/métodos

RESUMEN

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of modified triple antibiotic paste and an experimental composition using calcium hydroxide on lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-primed apical papilla cells (APC). Material and Methods Human APC were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity of modified Triple Antibiotic Paste (mTAP - Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Cefaclor at 1:1:1) and of a paste of Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Calcium hydroxide (CMC - 1:1:2) and modified CMC (mCMC - 2:2:1) by using MTT assay. The substances were reconstituted in DMEM at 1,000 µg/mL and » serially diluted before being kept in contact with cells for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Further, cells were primed with 1 µg/mL of Enterococcus faecalis LTA for 7 days prior to the viability test with 1,000 µg/mL of each substance. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA respectively followed by Tukey's post-test. Significance levels were set at p<0.05. Results In the first assay, the higher cytotoxic rates were reached by mTAP for all experimental periods. CMC was found toxic for APC at 5 and 7 days, whereas mCMC did not affect the cell viability. Only CMC and mCMC were able to induce some cellular proliferation. In the second assay, when considering the condition with medium only, LTA-primed cells significantly proliferated in comparison to LTA-untreated ones. At this context, mTAP and CMC showed similar cytotoxicity than the observed for LTA-untreated cells, while mCMC was shown cytotoxic at 7 days only for LTA-primed APC. Comparing the medications, mTAP was more cytotoxic than CMC and mCMC. Conclusion mTAP showed higher cytotoxicity than CMC and mCMC and the effect of topic antimicrobials might differ when tested against apical papilla cells under physiological or activated conditions.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Ácidos Teicoicos/toxicidad , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Enterococcus faecalis/química , Ápice del Diente/citología , Papila Dental/citología , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/toxicidad , Factores de Tiempo , Hidróxido de Calcio/toxicidad , Hidróxido de Calcio/química , Ciprofloxacina/toxicidad , Ciprofloxacina/química , Cefaclor/toxicidad , Cefaclor/química , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Análisis de Varianza , Ápice del Diente/efectos de los fármacos , Papila Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Metronidazol/toxicidad , Metronidazol/química , Antibacterianos

RESUMEN

A range of hydrophobic first-, second-, and third-generation manganese porphyrins (MnPs) was investigated as cytochrome P450 models for degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). The experiments were carried out under mild conditions; oxidants such as iodosylbenzene (PhIO), H2O2, and meta-chloroperbenzoic acid were employed. The PhIO system yielded the best results: CIP degradation ranged between 56% and 76%. CIP degradation was not directly related to MnP generation. The second-generation MnP afforded the best result with the advantage that it required less preparation effort as compared to the third-generation MnP. Some new degradation products in MnP-mediated ciprofloxacin degradation were proposed, and the products of the reaction are not cytotoxic under the conditions evaluated.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Manganeso/química , Porfirinas/química , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Catálisis , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciprofloxacina/toxicidad , Humanos , Manganeso/toxicidad , Oxidación-Reducción , Porfirinas/toxicidad

RESUMEN

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic for treatment of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to rationally study the spray drying of ciprofloxacin in order to identify the formulation and operating conditions that lead to a product with aerodynamic properties appropriate for dry powder inhalation. A 24 - 1 fractional factorial design was applied to investigate the effect of selected variables (i.e., ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) concentration, drying air inlet temperature, feed flow rate, and atomization air flow rate) on several product and process parameters (i.e., particle size, aerodynamic diameter, moisture content, densities, porosity, powder flowability, outlet temperature, and process yield) and to determine an optimal condition. The studied factors had a significant effect on the evaluated responses (higher p value 0.0017), except for the moisture content (p value > 0.05). The optimal formulation and operating conditions were as follows: CIP concentration 10 mg/mL, drying air inlet temperature 110°C, feed volumetric flow rate 3.0 mL/min, and atomization air volumetric flow rate 473 L/h. The product obtained under this set had a particle size that guarantees access to the lung, a moisture content acceptable for dry powder inhalation, fair flowability, and high process yield. The PDRX and SEM analysis of the optimal product showed a crystalline structure and round and dimpled particles. Moreover, the product was obtained by a simple and green spray drying method.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/química , Ciprofloxacina/química , Desecación/métodos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Microesferas , Tamaño de la Partícula , Administración por Inhalación , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Ciprofloxacina/administración & dosificación , Composición de Medicamentos , Inhaladores de Polvo Seco , Temperatura , Difracción de Rayos X/métodos