RESUMEN
Plant-derived compounds can be an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticide use for pest management. Essential oils (EOs) in several plant families have been found to be toxic to various pest species of insects through topical application, ingestion, and as fumigants. Previous studies revealed that, among various environmentally friendly insecticides, the EOs of Baccharis dracunculifolia and Pinus elliottii and an ethanol extract of Solanum granulosoleprosum plus Ricinus communis, were toxic to Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) when applied topically to pupae or when ingested by adults. Here, we aimed to examine the potentially toxic effects of these plant-derived compounds when these two pestiferous fruit fly species were exposed to their vapors. We also examined their fumigant effect on female fecundity and fertility and compared it with water and ethanol controls. Exposure of C. capitata and A. fraterculus sexually mature adults to volatiles and vapors of both B. dracunculifolia and P. elliottii EOs resulted in lower longevity (half-life), survivorship, and female fecundity than the water vapor control. Toxicity of C. capitata was greater for P. elliottii than for B. dracunculifolia while the reverse was true for A. fraterculus. Exposure to vapors of S. granulosoleprosum + R. communis (S + R) had no effect on longevity but reduced survivorship of adults of both species. Interestingly, exposure to vapors of S + R, 50% (v/v) and pure ethanol resulted in greater fecundity of females of both frugivorous fly species than the water control. By contrast, fertility (% egg hatch) was in all cases high (>85%) and not different than the water control. Exposure to ethanol vapors appears to have similar effects on frugivorous tephritids as those reported on saprophagous and frugivorous species of Drosophila, a novel finding that may have important practical implications.
Asunto(s)
Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Tephritidae/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Baccharis/química , Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Etanol/farmacología , Fumigación , Insecticidas/farmacología , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , Pinus/química , Ricinus/química , Solanum/químicaRESUMEN
The toxicity of essential oils from the citrus peel has been proposed as the major resistance mechanism offered by citrus to fruit fly infestation. We evaluated the insecticidal activity of the ether extracts from the lemon (Citrus limon [L.] Burm.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfadyen) peel as well as from limonene and citral against Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) immature stages. We also evaluated the toxicity of the extracts at two ripening stages. Extracts proved toxic to A. fraterculus egg and larvae. The lemon and grapefruit extracts showed the same toxicity in both fruit fly species. For A. fraterculus eggs, citral was more toxic than limonene; for larvae, they showed equal toxicity. Anastrepha fraterculus eggs were more sensitive than C. capitata eggs. In conclusion, we provide evidence of chemical resistance mechanisms that could account for the nonhost condition of lemon for A. fraterculus.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus/química , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Tephritidae/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ceratitis capitata/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/química , Insecticidas/química , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Óvulo/efectos de los fármacos , Óvulo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Tephritidae/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Tests were conducted that evaluated efficacy of wax matrix bait stations for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) adults in Guatemala. Bait stations were exposed to outdoor conditions to determine effect of weathering on longevity as indicated by bait station age. Results of laboratory tests found that bait stations with spinosad and ammonium acetate remained effective for at least 31 d compared with pesticide-free controls, although there was some loss of efficacy over time. Percentage mortality for bait station strips with 2% spinosad and 1% ammonium acetate decreased from 100 +/- 0.0% on day 0 to 70 +/- 7.1% after 31 d. Ammonia concentration had little effect on percentage mortality although there was some indication that ammonia concentration affected number of flies observed on the bait stations. Bait station strips (one per cage) were more effective than controls for 6-8 wk when tests were conducted in field cages (3 m diameter x 2 m), but only 2-3 wk when tests were conducted in large (2.5 m high and 6.0 m wide and 7.5 m long) field cages. Longevity was restored when multiple bait stations (3, 6, or 12) were deployed per cage. Bait stations containing methomyl were used for field tests of efficacy for wild flies. Dipped lure bait stations, which were made by coating two edges of commercial ammonium acetate and trimethylamine lures, killed six times more flies than corn cob bait stations dipped into a Nulure/malathion solution. They also killed more flies than pesticide-free controls for 8 wk.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Insectos/métodos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Feromonas/farmacología , Acetatos/farmacología , Animales , Bicarbonatos/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Guatemala , Control de Insectos/instrumentación , Macrólidos/farmacología , Masculino , Metomil/farmacología , Metilaminas/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Ceras/químicaRESUMEN
Studies were conducted in Honduras to determine effective sampling range of a female-targeted protein-based synthetic attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Multilure traps were baited with ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine lures (three-component attractant) and sampled over eight consecutive weeks. Field design consisted of 38 traps (over 0.5 ha) placed in a combination of standard and high-density grids to facilitate geostatistical analysis, and tests were conducted in coffee (Coffea arabica L.),mango (Mangifera indica L.),and orthanique (Citrus sinensis X Citrus reticulata). Effective sampling range, as determined from the range parameter obtained from experimental variograms that fit a spherical model, was approximately 30 m for flies captured in tests in coffee or mango and approximately 40 m for flies captured in orthanique. For comparison, a release-recapture study was conducted in mango using wild (field-collected) mixed sex C. capitata and an array of 20 baited traps spaced 10-50 m from the release point. Contour analysis was used to document spatial distribution of fly recaptures and to estimate effective sampling range, defined by the area that encompassed 90% of the recaptures. With this approach, effective range of the three-component attractant was estimated to be approximately 28 m, similar to results obtained from variogram analysis. Contour maps indicated that wind direction had a strong influence on sampling range, which was approximately 15 m greater upwind compared with downwind from the release point. Geostatistical analysis of field-captured insects in appropriately designed trapping grids may provide a supplement or alternative to release-recapture studies to estimate sampling ranges for semiochemical-based trapping systems.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas/farmacología , Animales , Café/parasitología , Dípteros , Femenino , Honduras , Control de Insectos/métodos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Masculino , Mangifera/parasitología , Proteínas/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
We studied the dispersal behavior and survival of sterile medfly males either treated or not with ginger root oil (GRO), in field conditions, in Petrolina-PE, northeast Brazil, from May 2006 to December 2007 in a sterile insect technique (SIT) program. The tsl strain Vienna 8 from the Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae), medfly, mass-rearing facility located in Juazeiro-BA, Brazil, was used. The results showed that sterile males either exposed or not to GRO exhibit similar dispersal behavior and postrelease survival. More than 60% of the sterile males, either treated or not treated with GRO, were recovered at a 25-m distance from the releasing point, approximately 20% at 50 m, and 5% in traps situated 100 m from the releasing point. Around 90% of the sterile males, exposed or not to GRO, were recovered 5 d after release of the sterile male individuals, whereas <1% were recovered after 11 d. Our results imply that ginger root oil can be used to treat sterile medfly males without interfering with their dispersal or survival in the field.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Control Biológico de Vectores , Conducta Sexual Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale , Animales , Infertilidad , Masculino , Raíces de PlantasRESUMEN
Immature stages of Ceratitis capitata were tested as a model for hematoporphyrin IX (HP IX) phototoxicity. The lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)) of HP IX in the food was determined during postembryonic development until adult emergence as 0.173 mm (95% CI: 0.138-0.209). The corresponding HP IX LC(50) during the dispersal period alone was 0.536 mm (95% CI: 0.450-0.633). HP IX toxicity was compared against Phloxine B (PhB) (0.5 mm). HP IX elicited a mortality of 90.87%, which was mainly concentrated during prepupal and early pupal stages. PhB mortality was much lower (56.88%) and occurred mainly during the adult pharate stage. A direct correlation between light-dependent HP IX mortality, evidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was established in C. capitata larvae. ROS were found to be very significant in both the brain and in the gut.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de la radiación , Hematoporfirinas/farmacología , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/efectos de la radiación , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de la radiación , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Tiobarbitúricos/análisisRESUMEN
Elaphoside-A [p-vinylphenyl (beta-D: -glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-beta-D: -allopyranoside], a Mediterranean fruit fly oviposition deterrent, was previously isolated from an Argentine collection of the fern Elaphoglossum piloselloides. In order to establish the structural requirements for the observed oviposition inhibition, we synthesized and characterized 4 known and 21 new aromatic glycosides structurally related to elaphoside-A. Their effects on the oviposition behavior of Ceratitis capitata females are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Ceratitis capitata/efectos de los fármacos , Glicósidos/farmacología , Oviposición/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ceratitis capitata/anatomía & histología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
A laboratory bioassay was developed to determine both the chemical toxicity and the phototoxicity of the xanthene dye, phloxine B (D&C Red No 28), to the immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Certitis capitata (Wiedemann). An additional goal was to find out which main tissues are affected first. A low, but significant, level of toxicity was observed when the insects were maintained in the dark: at the point of adult ecdysis, the LC50 was 11.03 mM. As expected, after 8-h exposure of late larva III to light, a high level of mortality was produced (LC50 at ecdysis: 0.45 mM) as a dose-dependent function of dye concentration. At sublethal concentrations of the dye, the surviving insects showed a number of physiological abnormalities. Phloxine B appeared to mainly affect the larval longitudinal muscles as well as the abdominal muscles of ecdysing adults, giving rise to abnormal puparia and failed adult ecdysis, respectively. Moreover, a significant phloxine B-dependent delay in the jumping of surviving larvae for dispersal was documented. This could be attributed to a delay in attaining a threshold weight for jumping and/or to abnormalities in neuromuscular coordination, thus reinforcing the idea of pleiotropic effects of the dye.