RESUMEN
Bell pepper presents rapid weight loss and is highly susceptible to gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The most employed method to control this disease is the application of synthetic fungicides such as thiabendazole (TBZ); however, its continued use causes resistance in fungi as well as environmental problems. For these reasons, natural alternatives arise as a more striking option. Currently, bell pepper fruits are coated with carnauba wax (CW) to prevent weight loss and improve appearance. Moreover, CW can be used as a carrier to incorporate essential oils, and previous studies have shown that thyme essential oil (TEO) is highly effective against B. cinerea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of CW combined with TEO on the development of gray mold and maintenance of microestructural and postharvest quality in bell pepper stored at 13°C. The minimal inhibitory concentration of TEO was 0.5%. TEO and TBZ provoked the leakage of intracellular components. TEO and CW + TEO treatments were equally effective to inhibit the development of gray mold. On the quality parameters, firmness and weight loss were ameliorated with CW and CW + TEO treatments; whereas lightness increased in these treatments. The structural analysis showed that CW + TEO treatment maintained the cell structure reducing the apparition of deformities. The results suggest that CW + TEO treatment could be used as a natural and effective antifungal retarding the appearance of gray mold and maintaining the postharvest quality of bell pepper. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: CW and TEO are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This combination can be employed on the bell pepper packaging system to extend shelf life and oppose gray mold developments. Bell pepper fruits are normally coated with lipid-base coatings such as CW before commercialization; therefore, TEO addition would represent a small investment without any changes on the packaging system infrastructure.
Asunto(s)
Botrytis , Capsicum , Conservación de Alimentos , Frutas , Aceites Volátiles , Thymus (Planta) , Ceras , Botrytis/efectos de los fármacos , Capsicum/microbiología , Capsicum/química , Thymus (Planta)/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Ceras/química , Ceras/farmacología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/microbiología , Frutas/química , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Diante das exigências crescentes das agências regulatórias do mundo todo quanto à redução/eliminação de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos industrializados, bem como da conscientização do consumidor sobre a relação entre alimentação e saúde, o desenvolvimento de alternativas mais saudáveis aos óleos parcialmente hidrogenados e a outras fontes lipídicas com alto grau de saturaçã o se faz necessário. O oleogel, um sistema composto por um óleo preso em uma rede tridimensional formada por um agente estruturante, se apresenta como uma solução promissora. Dentre os diversos agentes estruturantes, as ceras vegetais se destacam por sua excelente capacidade de gelificação de óleos. Contudo, apresentam uma desvantagem sob o aspecto sensorial, pois podem conferir cerosidade e sabor residual desagradável aos alimentos. Com o objetivo de viabilizar o uso das ceras como agentes estruturantes em oleogéis face ao seu excelente desempenho tecnológico, este projeto propõe o estudo e a aplicação de oleogéis à base de óleo de soja (SBO) estruturado com ceras de farelo de arroz (RBW) a 2 e 4 % (m/m) ou carnaúba (CBW) a 3 e 6% (m/m), isoladamente. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas e o comportamento de gelificação de cada cera foi avaliado por análises de textura por penetração de cone, estabilidade à perda de óleo por centrifugação, energia coesiva por parâmetro de solubilidade de Hansen (HSP) e comportamento de cristalização e fusão por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os resultados mostraram que ambas as ceras são capazes de formar oleogéis estruturalmente estáveis, contudo, o oleogel com 2% de RBW apresentou maior firmeza a 20 °C (190,4 gf/cm2) do que o oleogel com 6% de CBW a 5 °C (186,1 gf/cm2). Ao final de 5 dias, a capacidade de retenção de óleo do oleogel preparado com RBW foi de 100% às concentrações de 2 e 4% (m/m), contra 61 e 99,3% do oleogel elaborado com CBW às concentrações de 3 e 6% (m/m), respectivamente. Esses resultados podem ser explicados pela diferença entre as energias coesivas, ou seja, do grau de interação molecular entre o solvente e o soluto de cada oleogel. De acordo com os resultados de distância, que prevê se o gel formado será forte, fraco ou se não haverá formação de gel, o soluto CBW apresentou menor interação com o óleo (3,3 MPa1/2) do que o soluto RBW (3,7 MPa1/2). Os oleogéis foram aplicados como ingredientes em diferentes formulações de cream cheese, que foram analisados quanto a diferentes parâmetros de textura e esses resultados foram comparados a uma referência comercial. Nenhuma das amostras produzidas obteve resultados de textura estatisticamente iguais aos do cream cheese comercial (CC), o que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças de formulação e processamento dos produtos. Face aos resultados para textura e estabilidade à perda de óleo dos oleogéis de RBW, este agente estruturante apresenta ria maior potencial de aplicação, porém o oleogel CBW6 obteve alta capacidade de retenção de óleo (99,3%) e quando aplicado na formulação de cream cheese (CCBW6) apresentou resultados de firmeza e espalhabilidade mais próximos da amostra de referência, feita com gordura do leite (CMF)
Given the growing demands of regulatory agencies around the world regarding the reduction/elimination of trans fatty acids in processed foods, as well as consumer awareness about the relationship between food and health, the development of healthier alternatives to partially hydrogenated oils and others lipid sources with a high degree of saturation are necessary. Oleogel, a system composed of an oil trapped in a three-dimensional network formed by a structuring agent, presents itself as a promising solution. Among the various structuring agents, vegetable waxes stand out for their excellent oil gelling capacity. However, they have a sensory disadvantage, as they can give waxy and unpleasant aftertaste to foods. Aiming at enabling the use of waxes as structuring agents in oleogels in view of their excellent technological performance, this study proposes the evaluation and application of oleogels based on soybean oil (SBO) structured with rice bran wax (RBW) at 2 and 4% (m/m) or carnauba (CBW) at 3 and 6% (m/m). The raw materials were characterized and the gelling behavior of each wax was evaluated by analysis of texture by cone penetration, stability to oil loss by centrifugation, cohesive energy by Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) and crystallization and melting behavior. by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that both waxes are able to form structurally stable oleogels, however, oleogel with 2% RBW showed greater firmness at 20 °C (190.4 gf/cm2) than oleogel with 6% CBW at 5° C (186.1 gf/cm2). At the end of 5 days, the oil retention capacity of oleogel prepared with RBW was 100% at concentrations of 2 and 4% (m/m), against 61 and 99.3% of oleogel prepared with CBW at concentrations of 3 and 6% (m/m), respectively. These results can be explained by the difference between the cohesive energies, that is, the degree of molecular interaction between the solvent and the solute of each oleogel. According to the distance results, which predicts if the formed gel will be strong, weak or if there will be no gel formation, the CBW solute showed less interaction with the oil (3.3 MPa1/2) than the RBW solute (3 ,7 MPa1/2). Oleogels were applied as ingredients in different cream cheese formulations, which were analyzed for different texture parameters and these results were compared to a commercial reference. None of the samples produced had texture results statistically equal to those of commercial cream cheese (CC), which can be explained by the differences in formulation and processing of the products. Given the results for texture and oil binding capacity of RBW oleogels, this structuring agent would present greater application potential, but CBW6 oleogel obtained high oil biding capacity (99.3%) and when applied in cream cheese formulation (CCBW6) showed firmness and spreadability results closer to the reference sample, made with milk fat (CMF)
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica , Alimentos Industrializados , Alimentos/efectos adversos , Verduras , Ceras/farmacología , Aceite de Soja/clasificación , Calorimetría/métodos , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría/métodosRESUMEN
The use of alternative medicine products has increased tremendously in recent decades and it is estimated that approximately 80% of patients globally depend on them for some part of their primary health care. Propolis is a beekeeping product widely used in alternative medicine. It is a natural resinous product that bees collect from various plants and mix with beeswax and salivary enzymes and comprises a complex mixture of compounds. Various biomedical properties of propolis have been studied and reported in infectious and non-infectious diseases. However, the pharmacological activity and chemical composition of propolis is highly variable depending on its geographical origin, so it is important to describe and study the biomedical properties of propolis from different geographic regions. A number of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer, are the leading causes of global mortality, generating significant economic losses in many countries. In this review, we focus on compiling relevant information about propolis research related to diabetes, obesity, and cancer. The study of propolis could generate both new and accessible alternatives for the treatment of various diseases and will help to effectively evaluate the safety of its use.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Própolis/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Abejas , Productos Biológicos , Geografía , Humanos , Enfermedades no Transmisibles , Obesidad , Fitoquímicos , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Carnauba wax is widely used in food, due to its physico-chemical characteristics with a predominance of esters and inert and stable components. Even with so many possibilities for the use of carnauba wax in food, there are still a large number of researchers around the world searching for new applications and a demand for new products with new technologies to improve existing ones. Recently, many parts of research which focus on the use of this wax in conservation and food processing have been carried out, some of which highlight the role of this wax in the microencapsulation of flavours, in preparing edible films and super hydrophobic and biodegradable packaging. This paper discusses the use of carnauba wax in food, including the extraction process of the wax, its chemical and physical characteristics, safety aspects, national and international law and permitted uses, along with the presentation of the main scientific research conducted.
Asunto(s)
Ceras/análisis , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/química , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Aditivos Alimentarios/química , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Phoeniceae/química , Phoeniceae/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected tropical disease that represents a Public Health problem due to its high incidence. In the search of new alternatives for Leishmaniasis treatment diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) has shown an excellent leishmanicidal activity and the incorporation into drug carrier systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), is very promising. In the present work DETC loaded in beeswax nanoparticles containing copaiba oil were obtained by the double emulsion/melt technique. The nanoparticles were characterized and leishmanicidal activity against L. amazonensis promastigotes forms and cytotoxicity in murine macrophages were evaluated. SLNs presented size below 200 nm, spherical morphology, negative charge surface, high encapsulation efficiency, above 80%, and excellent stability. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed to evaluate the chemical structure and possible interactions between DETC and SLNs. SLNs provided a protection for DETC, decreasing its cytotoxic effects in macrophages, which led to an improvement in the selectivity against the parasites, which almost doubled from free DETC (11.4) to DETC incorporated in SLNs (18.2). These results demonstrated that SLNs had a direct effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes without affect the viability of macrophage cell, can be a promising alternative therapy for the cutaneous treatment of L. amazonensis.
Asunto(s)
Ditiocarba/farmacología , Emulsiones/química , Fabaceae/química , Leishmania/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Ceras/farmacología , Animales , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos/química , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Nanopartículas/ultraestructura , Tamaño de la Partícula , Solventes , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Electricidad EstáticaRESUMEN
Introduction: Ostene is a new synthetic bone hemostatic wax-like inert and biocompatible material that dissolves within two days after application. bone wax is a well- known topical hemostatic agent, easy to use, and its application is very simple. wound healing is a complex biological process; bone is a dynamic tissue that is continuously resorbed, renewed, and remodeled. materials and methods: twenty domestic rabbits were divided into four groups (day 1, day 3, day 7, and day 14). each rabbit was anaesthetized and three holes were drilled in the mandible: one was filled with Ostene, another with bone wax, and the other was left unfilled as control. sites of intervention were assessed by histopathology. results and Discussion: Ostene and bone wax showed osteoinductive property in bone healing with no inflammatory reaction. our study revealed new bone formation within 14 days in Ostene group. after histopathological analysis and scoring was finished, analysis by SPSS 14 software showed a significant difference between the use of Ostene and bone wax. conclusion: Ostene showed superiority over bone wax in bone healing, and it can be used in the same way as bone wax with no interference with bone healing and osteogenesis. Ostene has no side effects following application.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Conejos , Ceras/farmacología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Hemostáticos/administración & dosificación , Hemostáticos/farmacología , Osteogénesis , Hueso EsponjosoRESUMEN
Carnauba wax is extracted from the leaves of the Copernicia prunífera and contains approximately 80% of esters in its composition. The purpose of the present study was evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of p-methoxycinnamic diesters (PCO-C) extracted from Copernicia prunífera in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia in mice. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced plasma levels in PCO-C at the dose of 100mg/kg in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia. Histological studies showed that PCO-C has no hepatotoxic effect and reduces hepatic steatosis in animals that consumed hyperlipidemic ration. Thus, it was concluded that PCO-C isolated from Copernicia Prunifera was effective in reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both dyslipidemia induction models. The finding indicates that PCO-C might be beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Arecaceae/química , Dislipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Ésteres/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Animales , Colesterol/sangre , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Dislipidemias/inducido químicamente , Ésteres/química , Ésteres/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Triglicéridos/sangre , Ceras/química , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Dolichandra cynanchoides Cham. (Bignoniaceae) led to the isolation of a natural wax with anti-insect activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) and Epilachna paenulata (Coleptera). The compound was identified spectroscopically as an ester of a C27 fatty acid and a C25 alcohol, pentacosyl heptacosanoate (1). The effective doses of 1 for 50% feeding inhibition (ED50) of S. frugiperda and E. paenulata were 0.82 and 8.53 µg/cm², respectively, in a choice test, while azadirachtin showed ED50 of 0.10 and 0.59 µg/cm², respectively. In a no-choice test, both insects refused to feed on leaves treated with 1 at doses of 0.1 µg/cm² or greater inhibiting larval growth and dramatically reducing survival. The lethal doses 50 (LD50) of 1 were 0.39 and 0.68 µg/cm² for S. frugiperda and E. paenulata, respectively. These results indicate that 1 has potential for development as botanical insecticides. Similar esters might be obtainable in large quantities as many edible crops produce wax esters that are discarded during food processing. Research on these materials could lead to the detection of similar waxes with insecticidal activity.
Asunto(s)
Bignoniaceae/química , Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Ceras/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Spodoptera/efectos de los fármacos , Ceras/química , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: 'Carnauba' wax is a natural product obtained from the processing of the powder exuded from Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (Arecaceae). This material is widely used in the Brazilian folk medicine, including the treatment of rheumatism and syphilis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antiprotozoal activity of hexane and EtOH extracts from the 'carnauba' wax as well as from the isolated compounds from the bioactive extracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two different samples of 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) waxes - types 1 and 4 - were individually extracted using hexane (EH) and EtOH (EE). Aliquots of hexane (type 1 - EH-1 and EH-4) and EtOH (type 4 - EE-1 and EE-4) extracts were tested against promastigote (2-200 µg/mL in DMSO during 48 h at 24 °C) and amastigote (3-150 µg/mL in DMSO during 120 h at 37 °C) forms of Leishmania infantum as well as against trypomastigote (3-150 µg/mL in DMSO during 24 h at 37 °C) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioactive extracts EH-1 and EE-4 were subjected to a bioactivity-guided fractionation to afford three dammarane-type triterpenoids (1-3). The in vitro antiprotozoal activities of the obtained compounds were evaluated as described above. Additionally, the cytotoxicity activity of compounds 1-3 against mammalian conjunctive cells (NCTC - 2-200 µg/mL in DMSO during 48 h at 37 °C) was determined. RESULTS: From the bioactive hexane and EtOH extracts from the 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) wax, were isolated three dammarane-type triterpenoids: (24R*)-methyldammar-25-ene-3ß,20-diol (carnaubadiol, 1), (24R*)-methyldammara-20,25-dien-3-one (2) and (24R*)-methyldammara-20,25-dien-3α-ol (3). These compounds were identified based on the analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum, with IC50 values ranging from 8 to 52 µM, while compounds 1 and 3 displayed activity against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi with IC50 values of 15 and 35 µM, respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity assay demonstrated no damage to NCTC conjunctive cells up to 200 µM, except for compound 1, which demonstrated a CC50 value of 34 µM. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, it was possible to conclude that the detected antiprotozoal bioactivity of 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) wax extracts could be related to the presence of the natural dammarane triterpenoid derivatives. The results suggested that these compounds could be used as promising scaffolds for drug design studies for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Leishmania infantum/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Triterpenos/farmacología , Ceras/farmacología , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Femenino , Leishmania infantum/fisiología , Mesocricetus , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Ceras/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Botrytis cinerea attacks a broad range of host causing significant economic losses in the worldwide fruit export industry. Hitherto, many studies have focused on the penetration mechanisms used by this phytopathogen, but little is known about the early stages of infection, especially those such as adhesion and germination. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of cuticular waxes compounds from table grapes on growth, germination and gene expression of B. cinerea. To accomplish this, growth was analyzed using as substrate n-alkanes extracted from waxes of fresh fruit (table grapes, blueberries and apricots). Subsequently, the main compounds of table grape waxes, oleanolic acid (OA) and n-fatty alcohols, were mixed to generate a matrix on which conidia of B. cinerea were added to assess their effect on germination and expression of bctub, bchtr and bchex genes. B. cinerea B05.10, isolated from grapes, increased its growth on a matrix composed by table grapes n-alkanes in comparison to a matrix made with n-alkanes from apricot or blueberries. Moreover, at 2.5 h, B05.10 germination increased 17 and 33 % in presence of n-alkanes from table grape, in comparison to conditions without alkanes or with blueberries alkanes, respectively. Finally, expression of bchtr and bchex showed a significant increase during the first hour after contact with n-fatty alcohols and OA. In conclusion, B. cinerea displays selectivity towards certain compounds found in host waxes, mainly n-fatty alcohols, which could be a good candidate to control this phytopathogen in early stages of infection.
Asunto(s)
Botrytis/efectos de los fármacos , Botrytis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Esporas Fúngicas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/química , Ceras/farmacología , Botrytis/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Esporas Fúngicas/efectos de los fármacos , Esporas Fúngicas/genética , Ceras/químicaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Solid-lipid microparticles loaded with high amounts of the sunscreen UV filter benzophenone-3 were prepared by spray congealing with the objective of decreasing its skin penetration and evaluate whether the sunscreen's photoprotection were impaired by the microencapsulation process. METHODS: The microparticles were produced using the natural lipids carnauba wax or bees wax and three different concentrations of benzophenone-3 (30, 50 and 70%) using spray congealing technique. RESULTS: The microparticles presented properties suitable for topical application, such as spherical morphology, high encapsulation efficiency (95.53-102.2%), average particle sizes between 28.5 and 60.0 µm with polydispersivities from 1.2 to 2.5. In studies of in vitro skin penetration and preliminary stability, formulations of gel cream containing carnauba wax solid lipid microparticles and 70% benzophenone-3 when compared to the formulation added of bees wax solid-lipid microparticles containing 70% benzophenone-3, was stable considering the several parameters evaluated and were able to decrease the penetration of the UV filter into pig skin. Moreover, the formulations containing solid lipid microparticles with 70% benzophenone-3 increased the photoprotective capacity of benzophenone-3 under UV irradiation. CONCLUSION: The results show that spray-congealed microparticles are interesting solid forms to decrease the penetration solar filters in the skin without compromising their photoprotection.
Asunto(s)
Benzofenonas , Lípidos , Absorción Cutánea , Piel/metabolismo , Protectores Solares , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Ceras , Animales , Benzofenonas/química , Benzofenonas/farmacocinética , Benzofenonas/farmacología , Cápsulas , Línea Celular , Lípidos/química , Lípidos/farmacocinética , Lípidos/farmacología , Ratones , Protectores Solares/química , Protectores Solares/farmacocinética , Protectores Solares/farmacología , Porcinos , Ceras/química , Ceras/farmacocinética , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT This initial study is aimed to measure the performance of incorporating pyriproxyfen in natural materials with low environmental impact to obtain slow release formulations that can be used as larvicidal or autocidal ovitraps avoiding hatched Aedes aegypti (L.) eggs to emerge as adults. Hollow candles made of beeswax or paraffin:stearin 1:1 mixture containing pyriproxyfen 0.01 and 0.05% were prepared and used as holding water containers for larval bioassay. Pyriproxyfen was released quickly into the larvae-breeding water. Ae. aegypti larvae were introduced immediately after the addition of tap water to the hollow candles (t = 1 min) or after 1, 4, and 8 h. More than 40% of the larvae did not emerge as adults for t = 1 min, reaching 80-100% when the larvae were added after 1 or 4 h, respectively. The hollow candles were kept at room temperature, and water was replaced every 15 d. Bioassays performed every 30 d showed that the residual activity obtained for both matrices and both concentrations of pyriproxyfen was higher than 360 d, with 100% inhibition of adult emergence.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Piridinas/farmacología , Animales , Parafina/farmacología , Triglicéridos/farmacología , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To quantify the amount of bone formation in the calvarial region of Wistar rats after craniotomy using bone wax as a haemostatic agent. METHODS: Surgery to produce bilateral, symmetric, full-thickness cranial defects (area: 18 mm(2)) was performed in eight animals. The right side of the cranium remained open and the edges of the left side osseous defect was covered with bone wax. Calvaria were imaged immediately after surgery and 12 weeks postoperatively by computerized tomography. The areas of the bone defects were measured in three-dimensional images using Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTS: The average amount of bone formation on the left and right side respectively was 4.85 mm(2) and 8.16 mm(2). Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation on the left and right sides were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Bone wax significantly diminishes the rate of bone formation in calvarial defects in a rat model.
Asunto(s)
Hemostáticos/farmacología , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Palmitatos/farmacología , Cráneo/cirugía , Ceras/farmacología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cefalometría , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Fotomicrografía , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Cráneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cráneo/lesiones , Factores de Tiempo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To quantify the amount of bone formation in the calvarial region of Wistar rats after craniotomy using bone wax as a haemostatic agent. METHODS: Surgery to produce bilateral, symmetric, full-thickness cranial defects (area: 18 mm²) was performed in eight animals. The right side of the cranium remained open and the edges of the left side osseous defect was covered with bone wax. Calvaria were imaged immediately after surgery and 12 weeks postoperatively by computerized tomography. The areas of the bone defects were measured in three-dimensional images using Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTS: The average amount of bone formation on the left and right side respectively was 4.85 mm² and 8.16 mm². Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation on the left and right sides were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Bone wax significantly diminishes the rate of bone formation in calvarial defects in a rat model.
OBJETIVO: Quantificar a formação óssea da região da calvaria de ratos Wistar submetidos à craniotomia com a utilização de cera de osso como agente hemostático. MÉTODOS: Cirurgia para realizar um defeito ósseo craniano bilateral, simétrico (área: 18 mm²) e com espessura total foi realizado em oito animais. O lado direito do crânio permaneceu aberto e as extremidades do defeito ósseo do lado esquerdo foram recobertas com cera de osso. O crânio foi submetido à avaliação radiológica imediatamente após a cirurgia e 12 semanas após a cirurgia com a utilização de tomografia computadorizada. As áreas dos defeitos ósseos foram medidas através de imagens tridimensionais e utilizando o programa de computador Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTADOS: A quantidade média de formação óssea no lado esquerdo e direito foi respectivamente de 4.85 mm² e 8.16 mm². Diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre o lado direito e esquerdo. CONCLUSÕES: A cera de osso diminuiu significativamente a formação óssea nos defeitos ósseos em modelo animal.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Hemostáticos/farmacología , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Palmitatos/farmacología , Cráneo/cirugía , Ceras/farmacología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Cefalometría , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inflamación/patología , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Fotomicrografía , Ratas Wistar , Cráneo/lesiones , Cráneo , Factores de Tiempo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Straightening is a chemical process by which excessively curly hair is straightened in an irreversible way. Generally, products are formulated as emulsions with high pH value (9.0-12.0), which, after applied on hair, cause considerable damage, making it dry and fragile. This research work evaluated the protective effect of lauryl PEG/PPG-18/18 methicone, cyclopentasiloxane (and) PEG-12 dimethicone cross-polymer, jojoba oil, and aqua (and) cystine bis-PG propyl silanetriol, as conditioning agents, on Afro-ethnic hair locks treated with thioglycolate-based straightening emulsions by protein loss, combability, and traction to rupture. Standard Afro-ethnic hair locks were prepared following a protocol for straightening emulsion application. Considering the assays performed, the addition of conditioning agents to the straightening emulsion with ammonium thioglycolate benefited the hair fiber, thus diminishing protein loss, protecting the hair thread, and improving resistance to breakage. Jojoba oil and lauryl PEG/PPG-18/18 methicone were the conditioning agents that presented the best results. Straightening emulsions with ammonium thioglycolate containing aqua (and) cystine bis-PG propyl silanetriol and cyclopentasiloxane (and) PEG-12 dimethicone cross-polymer were the ones that provided higher breakage resistance of the thread.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra , Cosméticos/farmacología , Emolientes/farmacología , Preparaciones para el Cabello/farmacología , Cabello/efectos de los fármacos , Tioglicolatos/farmacología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Dimetilpolisiloxanos/farmacología , Emulsionantes/farmacología , Emulsiones , Glicoles/farmacología , Cabello/metabolismo , Cabello/fisiología , Humanos , Proteínas/análisis , Silanos/farmacología , Siliconas/farmacología , Ceras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Citrus/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Hexanos/farmacología , Hongos Mitospóricos/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Ceras/farmacología , Hexanos/química , Hexanos/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ceras/química , Ceras/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.