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A source of functional food can be utilized from a source that might otherwise be considered waste. This study investigates the hypocholesterolemic effect of defatted dabai pulp (DDP) from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the metabolic alterations associated with the therapeutic effects of DDP using 1H NMR urinary metabolomic analysis. Male-specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hypercholesterolemia. Later, the rats were administered with a 2% DDP treatment diet for another 30 days. Supplementation with the 2% DDP treatment diet significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (α-TNF)) and significantly increased the level of antioxidant profile (total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPX), and catalase (CAT)) compared with the positive control group (PG) group (p < 0.05). The presence of high dietary fibre (28.73 ± 1.82 g/100 g) and phenolic compounds (syringic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid) are potential factors contributing to the beneficial effect. Assessment of 1H NMR urinary metabolomics revealed that supplementation of 2% of DDP can partially recover the dysfunction in the metabolism induced by hypercholesterolemia via choline metabolism. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis of urine from hypercholesterolemic rats in this study uncovered the therapeutic effect of DDP to combat hypercholesterolemia.

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PURPOSE: Surgical stone treatment induces oxidative stress in kidney tissue. We hypothesized that tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (tPCNL) may induce less oxidative stress than classic percutaneous nephrolithotomy (cPCNL) with nephrostomy tube. METHODS: Seventy-two consecutive patients with kidney stones qualified for PCNL were enrolled in the study. Patients were assigned to one of two groups (first group 33 patients-cPCNL and second group 39 patients-tPCNL). Four urine samples were collected in four consecutive days, starting the day before operation. Four oxidative stress markers were analyzed in each sample: catalase (CAT), protein sulfhydryl group (SH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). RESULTS: Baseline mean levels of CAT (IU/l), SH (µmol/l), TAC (mmol/l) and SOD (NU/ml) were 19.4 versus 11.7; 18 versus 58.7; 2.02 versus 1.99; 20.5 versus 22.6 in cPCNL and tPCNL group, respectively. On day two, the levels were 89 versus 104.9; 334.7 versus 518.9; 1.87 versus 1.79; 33.7 versus 41.4, respectively. On the third day, the levels were: 67.4 versus 28.3; 206.8 versus 306.9; 2.01 versus 2.06; 38.2 versus 36.6, respectively. On the fourth day, the concentrations were 47.4 versus 18.5; 129.3 versus 208.7; 2 versus 2.06; 35 versus 45.2, respectively. Significant differences were observed only for CAT and TAC concentrations in days 3 (p = 0.04 and 0.04) and 4 (p = 0.02 and < 0.001) in favor of tPCNL. CONCLUSIONS: CAT, SH and SOD significantly rise after operation. TAC represents the inversion of other parameters. CAT is significantly lower, and TAC is significantly higher in tPCNL postoperatively favoring this method.

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BACKGROUND: Bacterial infection of the urinary tract is a common disorder in dogs and cats. Although microscopic examination of urine sediment is routinely used to screen for infection, this test can lack sensitivity or require expertise. A reliable in-clinic screening test would be a useful adjunct for the identification of dogs and cats with bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). HYPOTHESIS: That a catalase-based urine test (Accutest Uriscreen™) is a more sensitive screening test for UTI in dogs and cats than urine microscopic sediment examination. ANIMALS: One hundred and sixty client-owned dogs and cats. METHODS: Surplus urine from animals presented to a veterinary teaching hospital was used in this prospective observational study. A routine urinalysis, aerobic bacterial culture, and the Uriscreen test were performed on cystocentesis samples. Sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for Uriscreen and microscopic sediment examination using culture results as the gold standard. RESULTS: Bacterial culture was positive in 27/165 (16.4%) samples. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for the Uriscreen were 89%, 71%, 3.0, and 0.15, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for urine sediment microscopic examination were 78%, 90%, 7.8, and 0.24, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The Uriscreen is a more sensitive screening test for UTI in dogs and cats than sediment examination; however, the urine sediment examination was more specific. A negative Uriscreen result helps exclude UTI; however, urine bacterial culture is still necessary to exclude or confirm UTI in all cases.

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BACKGROUND: Bacteremia occurs frequently in newborn calves. The predictive value of clinical signs is low, suggesting the use of calf-side diagnostic tests. OBJECTIVES: To investigate testing of urine catalase activity (Uriscreen test) for bacteriuria and bacteremia detection. ANIMALS: Five colostrum-free calves and 3 colostrum-fed control calves. METHODS: Controlled experimental trial. Colostrum-free calves were inoculated PO with Escherichia coli O78+. A clinical score was established to define the onset of the illness. Blood and urine (cystocentesis) samplings and cultures, and Uriscreen tests, were performed 4-6 times from inoculation to death. Three control calves received the same management as 3 inoculated calves, but with colostrum and without inoculation. RESULTS: Bacteremia was demonstrated in all of the inoculated colostrum-free calves and in none of the control calves. The E. coli O78+ strain, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. were recovered from 4/5, 5/5, and 2/5 inoculated colostrum-free calves, respectively. Urine cultures were negative for the 2 groups at the start of the experiment; 5/5 colostrum-deprived inoculated calves were positive for E. coli thereafter whereas 3/3 controls remained negative. Concordance of Uriscreen tests with bacteremia and bacteriuria was 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. Kappa value of agreement between Uriscreen and bacteremia and bacteriuria was 0.73 and 0.76, respectively. Sensitivity of Uriscreen for bacteremia and bacteriuria was 80.0 and 86.6%, respectively, and specificity was 92.8 and 88.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results suggest that Uriscreen can be used for detection of bacteremia in neonatal calves in connection with a constant bacteriuria.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of urinary tract infection (UTI) on antioxidant systems and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels during pregnancy. We also investigated if these antioxidant systems and LPO levels differed in each trimester. One hundred forty-three nonpregnant women, as a control group, and 77 pregnant women were included in the study. Urine cultures were performed according to standard techniques. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and LPO levels were measured using a spectrophotometer. UTI was observed in 14 of 77 pregnant women and the isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. CAT, SOD, and LPO levels were increased in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women (P<.01). CAT, SOD activities, and LPO levels were increased from the first trimester to the third trimester in pregnancy without UTI. However, CAT and SOD activities were decreased, LPO levels were increased from the first trimester to the third trimester in pregnancy with UTI (P<.01). Pregnancy causes oxidative stress and also UTI during pregnancy may aggravate oxidative stress.

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We aimed to determine the effects of oxidative stress in urinary tract infection (UTI). One hundred sixty-four urine samples obtained from patients with the prediagnosis of acute UTI admitted to the Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, were included in this study. Urine cultures were performed according to standard techniques. Urinary isolates were identified by using API ID 32E. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and the lipid peroxidation levels known as oxidative stress markers were measured in all urine samples. Thirty-six pathogen microorganisms were identified in positive urine cultures. These microorganisms were as follows: 23 (63.8%) E coli, 5 (13.8%) P mirabilis, 4 (11.1%) K pneumoniae, 2 (5.5%) Candida spp, 1 (2.7%) S saprophyticus, and 1 (2.7%) P aeruginosa. It was observed that lipid peroxidation levels were increased while catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were decreased in positive urine cultures, compared to negative cultures. We conclude that urinary tract infection causes oxidative stress, increases lipid peroxidation level, and leads to insufficiency of antioxidant enzymes.

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BACKGROUND: Most urinary pathogens have the catalase enzyme, which has been used recently for detection of bacteriuria-candiduria, by an economic reaction in a tube containing 10% hydrogen peroxide and a catalyzer (Uriscreen). It has not been studied in patients with indwelling urinary catheter. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the catalase test (CT) in hospitalized patients with indwelling urinary catheters and to compare it against other rapid tests (nitrites and pyuria detection). METHODS: The gold standard was the culture of urine, with 10(3) colony-forming units/mL as the threshold for significant growth. The nitrite test was determined by dipstick. The pyuria was determined by dipstick and microscopic examination. RESULTS: Of 108 cultures from 57 patients, 62 were positives (57.4%). The values of accuracy of the CT were (%): sensitivity 88.5, specificity 42.6, predictive positive value 66.7, and predictive negative value 74.1. Compared against nitrites detection the CT showed higher sensitivity and specificity. Against pyuria detection, it showed higher sensitivity, but lower specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study complements medical literature as it is the first focused in patients with indwelling catheter. The clinical use of the CT is limited and not superior to pyuria detection in this setting. However, because of its high sensitivity and low cost, it could be recommended for ruling out bacteriuria-candiduria in selected patients. A negative CT may prevent the need for expensive cultures.

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BACKGROUND: To evaluate the catalase test as a screening method in urinary tract infection (UTI) versus sediment, reactive strip and Gram. METHODS: Two hundred forty-five's stain urine samples were prospectively analyzed in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio de Bogotá (Colombia). The culture was used as a reference test for the evaluation of the screening parameters in UTI patients. RESULTS: Of the 245 urine samples 45 were discarded. The remaining 200 urine samples were cultured being 100 positive and 100 negative. The former were analyzed by screening methods. The sensitivity and specificity of the catalase test was 97% and 94%, respectively with a positive predictive value of 94% and negative of 97%. The most frequently isolated microorganism was E. coli (84%), followed by Proteus sp. (6%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the catalase test in urinary tract infection is a safe, economic and rapid method providing advantages due to its high sensitivity and specificity values, its good correlation with the different parameters evaluated in this study (sediment, strip, Gram's stain), and offers optimum diagnosis in urinary tract infection in developing countries such as Colombia.

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Five hundred twenty-five random clean catch urine specimens, collected from 339 adult females, 137 adult males, and 49 pediatric patients, were screened for the presence of bacteriuria with the Uriscreen catalase test and with the Chemstrip 2 LN dipstick. Quantitative cultures were performed on all specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the catalase test, with 10(5) CFU/ml as the threshold for significant bacteriuria, were 91.3%, 72.3%, 33.7%, and 98.0%, respectively. Values for the dipstick were 83.9%, 77.9%, 43.7%, and 96.0%. When 10(4) CFU/ml was used as the threshold, the catalase test had a sensitivity of 89.2%, specificity of 70.4%, positive predictive value of 37.3%, and a negative predictive value of 97.0%. Values for the dipstick at that level were 82.3%, 77.5%, 48.6%, and 94.8%. While the catalase test was more sensitive than the dipstick, it was our opinion that high rates of false-negatives associated with these methods negated the convenience of these fast and simple urine screens.

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A new method of urine screening based on the enzymatic study of catalase (Uriscreen) was evaluated. Catalase is produced by the majority of microorganisms that cause urinary infections as well as by red cells, uroepithelial cells and PMN. In 553 consecutive urine samples we studied the sediment, the conventional culture, and the Uriscreen test. Comparative study between culture and Uriscreen revealed a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 83.3%, negative predictive value of 96.2%, and positive predictive value of 69.9%. In 86% of the samples the results obtained with both techniques were similar, whereas in 14% of the cases they failed to coincide. Among the 74 cases of disagreement, 12 were false negative (culture positive, Uriscreen negative) and 62 were false positive (culture negative, Uriscreen positive). The high sensitivity and negative predictive values obtained with the screening method indicate that this is an useful procedure for the study of negative urines since it allows to rapidly classify 60.2% of the samples.

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Treatment with catalase and SOD (superoxide dismutase) could diminish the damage due to oxygen free radical formation, but these enzymes are rapidly removed from circulation. The covalent attachment of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG) to catalase and SOD extended their plasma half-lives. Toxicity of PEG-catalase and PEG-SOD was evaluated in mice and rats prior to their use as free radical scavengers. Rodents used in acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicologic studies could tolerate large doses of PEG-catalase and PEG-SOD without developing toxic signs. The conjugates did not affect survival rate, appearance, behavior, food intake, blood chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis. In general, body weight gains, organ weights, and histomorphology were also unaffected. Massive doses of PEG-catalase caused slight weight loss, splenic hypertrophy, and generalized splenic stimulation in mice. Massive doses of PEG-SOD resulted in vacuolation in splenic macrophages in rats. PEG-catalase and PEG-SOD circulated for 3 days and 8 days, respectively, in mice following i.v. or i.m. administration.

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La descomposición del agua oxigenada por los microorganismos, se realiza a expensas de la catalasa que ésta contiene. Desde 1983, Gottatein sugirió el uso de la reacción de esta enzima para detectar bacterias. En este artículo, se muestran los resultados obtenidos al realizar un estudio comparativo de 119 análisis de orina y 507 urocultivos, y en los que se utiliza la catalasa. La técnica empleada consiste en mezclar dos milimetros de orina con un milimetro de agua oxigenada (11 volúmenes) en una jeringuilla de cristal que tenga la aguja obturada con parafina, y se sitúa el émbolo en un punto de partida y se agita; el resultado se mide a la hora en milimetros de oxigenos, que marca el desplazamiento de émbolo. A cada muestra de orina se le hacen tres determinaciones: a las 4, 24 y 48 horas. La orina se deja a temperatura ambiente. El 87,6 porciento de las orinas con bacterias, por el urocultivo, fueron positivas al medir la catalasa (AU)

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In a survey the present state of the activity determination of urinary enzymes after kidney transplantation as a diagnostic tool in the control of patients with transplanted kidney is described. A great number of enzymes has up to now been established in these patients. The most extensive data are present for the enzymes alanine-aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and lysozyme. After the transplantation of the kidney typical excretion patterns of the enzymes in the urine are observed in immediate function, retarded onset of the function, without function and acute rejection of the graft. Particularly the behaviour of the urinary enzyme excretion during acute rejection reactions can be diagnostically used. Hereby, the diagnostic reliability of determinations of the activity of urinary enzymes is, however, differently assessed by various authors. In future works in close cooperation between clinic and laboratory the diagnostic validity of the determinations shall unambiguously be characterized and the determinations of the enzyme activity in the urine should be summarized together with other parameters to an optimum combination of parameters for the follow-up investigation of patients who underwent kidney transplantation.

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In this study the author reported upon a practical new system for screening and identifying the microbial agents causing urinary tract infections. This system is composed of a combination of 3 screening procedures (pH-value + nitrite-test + catalase-test) and 8 selective culture media for the purpose of genus identification within 24 hours (Uripret-G). A total of 130 cultures was investigated. The employed microorganisms were mainly recovered from urine samples. They included the following species: Candida albicans, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus inconstans, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium. Employing coded cultures not only monoinfections but also multiinfections in urine samples were simulated. Under the circumstances of investigation it was possible with the help of the new system to reidentify the genera of all but two of the 130 employed microorganisms.

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