RESUMEN
Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are the lesions that affect the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone of the talus. Symptoms develop between 6 and 12 months after the index trauma and are associated with degradation of quality of life. Two-thirds of the lesions (73%) are located on the medial part of the talus, 28% of the lesions are posteromedial, and 31% of the lesions are centromedial. Currently, OLT of up to 100 mm2 can behave in a more indolent condition, and above that area, the defect tends to transmit more shearing forces to adjacent cartilage and is more symptomatic.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular , Calidad de Vida , Astrágalo , Humanos , Astrágalo/lesiones , Astrágalo/patología , Cartílago Articular/patología , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Osteocondritis/cirugíaRESUMEN
Abstract Articular cartilage injuries are common and lead to early joint deterioration and osteoarthritis. Articular cartilage repair techniques aim at forming a cartilaginous neo-tissue to support the articular load and prevent progressive degeneration. Several techniques are available for this purpose, such as microfracture and chondrocyte transplantation. However, the procedural outcome is often fibrocartilage, which does not have the same mechanical resistance as cartilaginous tissue. Procedures with autologous osteochondral graft have a morbidity risk, and tissue availability limits their use. As such, larger lesions undergo osteochondral transplantation using fresh or frozen grafts. New techniques using minced or particulate cartilage fragments or mesenchymal stem cells are promising. This paper aims to update the procedures for treating chondral lesions of the knee.
Resumo As lesões da cartilagem articular são comuns e levam à deterioração precoce da articulação e ao desenvolvimento da osteoartrite. As técnicas de reparo da cartilagem articular visam a formação de um neo-tecido cartilaginoso capaz de suportar carga articular e evitar a progressão da degeneração. Há várias técnicas disponíveis para esse fim, como a microfratura e o transplante de condrócitos. Entretanto muitas vezes o desfecho do procedimento é a formação de fibrocartilagem, que não possui a mesma resistência mecânica do tecido cartilaginoso. Em outros procedimentos, nos quais é realizado enxerto osteocondral autólogo, há risco de morbidade associada ao procedimento, além da disponibilidade limitada de tecido. Por esse motivo, o transplante osteocondral, utilizando enxertos a fresco ou congelados tem sido utilizado para lesões de maior volume. Por fim, novas técnicas utilizando fragmentos de cartilagem picada ou particulada, assim como o uso de células tronco mesenquimais se apresentam como promissores. O objetivo desse artigo é realizar uma atualização dos procedimentos para tratamento das lesões condrais do joelho.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Fracturas por Estrés/terapia , Condrocitos , Trasplantes , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/terapiaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic literature review was to investigate the effects of the clinical application of bone marrow aspirate (BMA) and/or bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) in tendon and cartilage injuries in the foot and ankle. METHODS: A search of the Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed in January 2021. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the tool "A Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies." The outcomes analyzed included pain reduction and functional improvement with the use of BMA/BMAC in patients with tendon and cartilage injuries in the foot and ankle. RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis, involving a total of 527 subjects with osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus, cartilage lesions of the talus, and acute Achilles tendon rupture. BMAC was applied alone in 4 studies, and in 7 studies, it was compared with other techniques such as matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation, particulate juvenile articular cartilage, or microfracture. Interventions demonstrated improved function and reduced foot and ankle pain and showed no serious adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicates that BMAC provides good clinical results, with improved function and reduced pain in adults with OCL and cartilage lesions of the talus and acute Achilles tendon rupture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of level II to IV studies.
Asunto(s)
Tendón Calcáneo , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos , Cartílago Articular , Astrágalo , Humanos , Adulto , Médula Ósea , Tendón Calcáneo/cirugía , Astrágalo/cirugía , Astrágalo/lesiones , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos/patología , Dolor , Rotura/patología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
To describe a case of autologous chondrocyte implantation after cell culture contamination by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the measures taken to successfully complete cell therapy in a patient with focal chondral lesion. A 45-year-old male patient, complaining of chronic pain on the knee and no history of trauma. He had a chondral lesion in the trochlear region of the femur and clinical tests compatible with pain in the anterior compartment of the knee. Conservative treatment failed to alleviate symptoms. Surgical treatment was indicated, but due to the size of the lesion, membrane-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation was the technique of choice. Cartilage biopsies were collected from the intercondylar region of the distal femur. After isolation, chondrocytes were expanded ex vivo in a trained laboratory, for three weeks, and seeded onto a commercially available collagen membrane prior to implantation in the knee. Two days before surgery, a cell culture sample tested positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The source of contamination was found to be autologous blood serum, extracted from the patient´s peripheral vein, and used to supplement the cell culture medium. After treating the patient with antibiotics, all procedures were repeated and the new final cell product, free from contaminants, was successfully implanted. We discuss the strategies available to deal with this situation, and describe the results of this particular case, which led to modifications in the autologous chondrocyte implant protocol.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular , Mycoplasma , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Tratamiento Basado en Trasplante de Células y Tejidos , Condrocitos , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Phase 1 clinical trial to determine feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a new advanced cell therapy product for treatment of knee articular cartilage injuries. METHODS: Three participants with knee focal chondral lesions were included, with no signs of osteoarthritis. Chondrocytes were obtained through knee arthroscopy, cultured in collagen membrane for 3 weeks at the laboratory, subjected to tests to release the cell therapy product, and implanted. All patients underwent a specific 3-month rehabilitation protocol, followed by assessments using functional and imaging scales. The main outcome was the incidence of severe adverse events. RESULTS: Three participants were included and completed the 2-year follow-up. There was one severe adverse event, venous thrombosis of distal leg veins, which was no associated with therapy, was treated and left no sequelae. The clinical and radiological scales showed improvement in the three cases. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results, obtained with the described methodology, allow concluding that this product of advanced cell therapy is safe and feasible. ReBEC platform registration number: RBR-6fgy76.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular , Traumatismos de la Rodilla , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Cartílago Articular/cirugía , Condrocitos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hospitales , Humanos , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/cirugía , Articulación de la Rodilla/cirugía , Trasplante AutólogoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Full-thickness articular cartilage injury of the knee is a major cause of disability. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of patients treated with differentiated to chondrocytes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) cultured on a collagen type I/III (Chondro-Gide®) scaffold. The secondary aim was to confirm the absence of adverse events. METHODS: Fifteen patients (19 knees) with symptomatic full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee were enrolled. Bone marrow was harvested from the iliac crest, BM-MSCs were prepared, and expanded cells were grown in a standard medium or in a standard culture medium containing TGF-ß. BM-MSCs differentiated to chondrocytes were seeded in a porcine collagen type I/III scaffold (Chondro-Gide®) and cultured in TGF-ß containing media. After 4 weeks, the membrane was sutured on the cartilage defect. All patients underwent plain radiographs (antero-posterior, lateral, and axial view of the patella) and MRI of the affected knee. The Oxford knee score, the Lyhsolm scale, and the VAS score were administered to all patients. At final follow-up a MRI for the study of articular cartilage was undertaken. RESULTS: The mean size of the cartilage lesions was 20 × 17 mm (range, 15 × 10 mm-30 × 30 mm). At final follow-up, the median Oxford knee score and Lyhsolm scale scores significantly improved from 29 (range 12-39; SD 7.39) to 45 (range 24-48; SD 5.6) and from 55.5 (range 25-81; SD 17.7) to 94.5 (58-100; SD 10.8), respectively. Pain, according to the VAS score, significantly improved. Sixty percent of patients reported their satisfaction as excellent, 20% as good, 14% as fair, and 1 patient as poor. CONCLUSION: The treatment of full-thickness chondral injuries of the knee with differentiated to chondrocytes BM-MSCs and Chondro-Gide® scaffold showed encouraging outcomes. Further studies involving more patients, and with longer follow-up, are required to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and the long-term results.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Diferenciación Celular , Condrocitos/trasplante , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/cirugía , Articulación de la Rodilla , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/fisiología , Adulto , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Colágeno Tipo I , Medios de Cultivo , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Andamios del Tejido , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To use magnetic resonance imaging to assess the prevalence of foot and ankle ligament injuries and fractures associated with ankle sprain and not diagnosed by x-ray. METHODS: We included 180 consecutive patients with a history of ankle sprain, assessed at a primary care service in a 12-month period. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were recorded and described. RESULTS: Approximately 92% of patients had some type of injury shown on the magnetic resonance imaging. We found 379 ligament injuries, 9 osteochondral injuries, 19 tendinous injuries and 51 fractures. Only 14 magnetic resonance imaging tests (7.8%) did not show any sort of injury. We observed a positive relation between injuries of the lateral complex, syndesmosis and medial ligaments. However, there was a negative correlation between ankle ligament injuries and midfoot injuries. CONCLUSION: There was a high rate of injuries secondary to ankle sprains. We found correlation between lateral ligament injuries and syndesmosis and deltoid injuries. We did not observe a relation between deltoid and syndesmosis injuries or between lateral ligamentous and subtalar injuries. Similarly, no relation was found between ankle and midfoot injuries.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos del Tobillo/epidemiología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Traumatismos del Tobillo/diagnóstico por imagen , Brasil/epidemiología , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Ligamentos Laterales del Tobillo/lesiones , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective To use magnetic resonance imaging to assess the prevalence of foot and ankle ligament injuries and fractures associated with ankle sprain and not diagnosed by x-ray. Methods We included 180 consecutive patients with a history of ankle sprain, assessed at a primary care service in a 12-month period. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were recorded and described. Results Approximately 92% of patients had some type of injury shown on the magnetic resonance imaging. We found 379 ligament injuries, 9 osteochondral injuries, 19 tendinous injuries and 51 fractures. Only 14 magnetic resonance imaging tests (7.8%) did not show any sort of injury. We observed a positive relation between injuries of the lateral complex, syndesmosis and medial ligaments. However, there was a negative correlation between ankle ligament injuries and midfoot injuries. Conclusion There was a high rate of injuries secondary to ankle sprains. We found correlation between lateral ligament injuries and syndesmosis and deltoid injuries. We did not observe a relation between deltoid and syndesmosis injuries or between lateral ligamentous and subtalar injuries. Similarly, no relation was found between ankle and midfoot injuries.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar na ressonância magnética a prevalência das diferentes lesões ligamentares do tornozelo e do pé, bem como de fraturas não diagnosticáveis radiograficamente, em pacientes com queixa de entorse do tornozelo. Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 180 pacientes consecutivos, com história de entorse do tornozelo, atendidos em um serviço de Atenção Primária no período de 12 meses. Os achados dos exames de ressonância magnética foram catalogados e descritos. Resultados Aproximadamente 92% dos pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de lesão na ressonância. Dentre as injúrias observadas, estavam 379 lesões ligamentares, 9 lesões osteocondrais, 19 lesões tendíneas e 51 fraturas. Apenas 14 ressonâncias magnéticas (7,8%) não mostraram qualquer tipo de lesão. Observamos relação positiva entre lesões do complexo lateral, sindesmose e medial. No entanto, houve correlação negativa entre lesões ligamentares do tornozelo e aquelas do mediopé. Conclusão Foi alta a ocorrência de lesões secundárias à entorse. Apontamos correlação entre as lesões ligamentares laterais com as sindesmodais e do deltoide. Não notamos relação entre as lesões do deltoide e da sindesmose, e nem entre as ligamentares laterais e a subtlalar. Também não foram observadas relações entre as lesões do tornozelo e as do mediopé.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Traumatismos del Tobillo/epidemiología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil/epidemiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Prevalencia , Traumatismos del Tobillo/diagnóstico por imagen , Ligamentos Laterales del Tobillo/lesiones , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Las estructuras intraarticulares, como el cartílago, el ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) y los meniscos tienen un potencial de cicatrización limitado una vez que se lesionan. Un mayor conocimiento de las ciencias básicas y el advenimiento de las terapias biológicas han creado un gran interés en la utilización de diferentes estrategias de aumentación, cuyo objetivo es facilitar el proceso de cicatrización de dichas estructuras de la rodilla. Nuestro propósito es presentar una revisión de los conceptos actuales sobre las terapias biológicas en artroscopía de rodilla.Se realizó una revisión de la literatura que incluyó búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, Embase y Cochrane, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: terapias biológicas, lesión del LCA, lesión meniscal, lesión del cartílago articular, PRP, BMAC, Bio-Ortopedia y Ortobiológicos.Se ha reportado que la utilización de técnicas biológicas de aumentación, incluidas el plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP), la médula ósea concentrada (BMAC) y otras terapias celulares para lesiones del cartílago articular, del LCA y de los meniscos podría facilitar el proceso de cicatrización con resultados clínicos prometedores.Podemos concluir que, efectivamente, existe un creciente interés en la utilización de terapias biológicas en las lesiones de rodilla con resultados clínicos heterogéneos, pero promisorios. Se necesitan estudios adicionales, randomizados, prospectivos, controlados y comparativos para determinar la eficacia real de las diferentes estrategias de aumento biológico en el entorno clínico
Intra-articular structures such as articular cartilage, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and menisci have limited healing potential after injury. The greater knowledge of the basic sciences and the advent of biological therapies have created a great interest in the use of different augmentation strategies, whose objective is to facilitate the healing process of these knee structures.To present a current concept review on the use of biological therapies in knee arthroscopy.A literature review was performed that included searches of the PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases using the following keywords: Biological therapies, ACL tears, meniscal tears, articular cartilage injury, PRP, BMAC, Bio-Orthopaedics and Orthobiologics.It has been reported that the use of biological augmentation techniques, including Platelet rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and other cellular therapies for injuries to articular cartilage, ACL, and menisci, could facilitate the healing process with promising clinical results.There is a growing interest in the use of biological therapies in knee injuries with heterogeneous but promising clinical results. Additional, randomized, prospective, controlled, and comparative studies are needed to determine the true efficacy of different biological augmentation strategies in the clinical setting
Asunto(s)
Artroscopía , Terapia Biológica , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Plasma Rico en Plaquetas , Lesiones de Menisco Tibial , Traumatismos de la RodillaRESUMEN
Una significativa cantidad de adultos jóvenes activos sufre lesiones condrales focales. Estas lesiones, si no se tratan, pueden progresar hacia la artrosis, que es una de las principales enfermedades musculoesqueléticas debilitantes y de gran carga económica que afectan a toda sociedad. Pese a los tratamientos quirúrgicos disponibles para la reparación de defectos condrales focales sintomáticos que mejoran la calidad de vida a mediano plazo, hay un mayor riesgo de progresión hacia la artrosis prematura. Los tratamientos biológicos (células madre, bioingeniería tisular) han avanzado a grandes pasos en los últimos años. La bioingeniería es un área que ha progresado en la regeneración de cartílago articular y que potencialmente podría progresar en el terreno de tratamientos articulares, promoviendo la regeneración y evitando la degeneración. Las células madre y los hidrogeles pueden proveer un tejido símil biológico de comportamiento dinámico-funcional equivalente que induce la regeneración tisular al ser degradado y reemplazado gradualmente. El abordaje consiste en colocar un hidrogel precursor o un biomaterial tridimensional impreso dentro del defecto condral por ocupar para inducir la regeneración. Esta revisión se focaliza en el uso actual y futuro de hidrogeles y bioimpresión tridimensional para la regeneración de cartílago articular en el tratamiento de lesiones condrales focales y proporciona datos preliminares de dos estudios piloto en animales. Nivel de Evidencia: V
A significant number of young active adults are affected by focal chondral lesions. These lesions, if left untreated, will progress to osteoarthritis (OA). OA is one of the main debilitating musculoskeletal diseases and leads to a high economic and social burden. Despite surgical cartilage repair for focal chondral lesions, which improve patient-reported outcomes at short- and mid-term, there is a risk of early OA progression. Biological treatments (i.e., stem-cell therapy, bioengineering) have made great progress in the last years. Tissue engineering is an evolving field for articular cartilage repair which could potentially be used for the treatment of focal chondral lesions, promoting regeneration and preventing joint surface degeneration. Stem cells and hydrogels may provide a functional, dynamic and biologically equivalent tissue that promotes tissue regeneration while being gradually degraded and replaced. The standard approach to tissue engineering consists in delivering cells within a hydrogel or a three-dimensional printed biomaterial scaffold into the chondral lesion to induce regeneration. This review focuses on the current and future use of hydrogels and tissue scaffold bioprinting for the treatment of focal chondral lesions, and provides preliminary data from two pilot animal studies. Level of Evidence: V
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Regeneración , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Cartílago Articular/patología , Hidrogel de Polietilenoglicol-Dimetacrilato/uso terapéutico , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Polimerizacion , BioimpresiónRESUMEN
Herein we review the state-of-the-art in tissue engineering for repair of articular cartilage. First, we describe the molecular, cellular, and histologic structure and function of endogenous cartilage, focusing on chondrocytes, collagens, extracellular matrix, and proteoglycans. We then explore in vitro cell culture on scaffolds, discussing the difficulties involved in maintaining or obtaining a chondrocytic phenotype. Next, we discuss the diverse compounds and designs used for these scaffolds, including natural and synthetic biomaterials and porous, fibrous, and multilayer architectures. We then report on the mechanical properties of different cell-loaded scaffolds, and the success of these scaffolds following in vivo implantation in small animals, in terms of generating tissue that structurally and functionally resembles native tissue. Last, we highlight future trends in this field. We conclude that despite major technical advances made over the past 15 years, and continually improving results in cartilage repair experiments in animals, the development of clinically useful implants for regeneration of articular cartilage remains a challenge
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Cartílago Articular/fisiología , Condrocitos/citología , Regeneración , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Andamios del Tejido/química , Animales , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Matriz Extracelular , Humanos , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of lesions of the labrum and articular cartilage of the hip in asymptomatic elite soccer players by performing 3T magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Eighty-four asymptomatic hips of 42 professional soccer players were evaluated. Male subjects older than 18 years were included. Cam and pincer deformity were defined as an alpha angle greater than 55 degrees and a lateral centre edge angle greater than 39 degrees, respectively. Labral injuries were classified with the Czerny classification and cartilage damage was classified with the Outerbridge classification. Specific statistical tests were used to establish the relationship between anatomical variances of the hip and the presence of chondral and labral injuries. RESULTS: FAI morphology prevalence was 25%. Abnormalities such as cam (22.5%) and labral injuries (33.8%) were found. Those cases with reported labral injury were predominantly intrasubstance damage (18.8%). Anatomical features of FAI were found to be related to lesions of the femoral cartilage (P<.001), chondrolabral damage (P=.042), or both injuries (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic labral or cartilaginous injuries of the hip were reported in 25% of the included professional soccer players. These injuries were associated with anatomical features of FAI.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular/diagnóstico por imagen , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Lesiones de la Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Lesiones de la Cadera/epidemiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Fútbol/lesiones , Traumatismos en Atletas/complicaciones , Traumatismos en Atletas/diagnóstico por imagen , Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Pinzamiento Femoroacetabular/diagnóstico por imagen , Pinzamiento Femoroacetabular/etiología , Lesiones de la Cadera/complicaciones , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introducción: En la actualidad existen diferentes métodos y técnicas de preservación articular. La utilización de una matriz de atelocolágeno combinada con microperforaciones otorga un soporte adecuado para la inducción de la condrogénesis a partir de las células mesenquimales provenientes de la médula ósea. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es describir la técnica quirúrgica y presentar los resultados de una serie de pacientes con lesiones condrales severas, tratados con microperforaciones asociado a una matriz de atelocolágeno. Material y Método: Se evaluaron los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por lesión de cartílago grado IV de más de 3 cm2 a los que se le aplicó matriz de atelocolágeno combinado con microperforaciones. El mínimo seguimiento fue de 24 meses. En pacientes con deseje o inestabilidad asociada se realizaron procedimientos combinados en el mismo acto quirúrgico. Describimos la técnica quirúrgica, resultados funcionales pre y postoperatorios con las escalas de Lysholm, IKDC y Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) del dolor fueron. Se realizó una evaluación radiográfica. Analizamos las complicaciones del procedimiento. Resultado: Fueron operados 12 pacientes. A uno se le realizó un reemplazo articular de su rodilla a los 10 meses de la cirugía y fue considerado falla con finalización del seguimiento. Once fueron evaluados clínicamente, nueve hombres y dos mujeres, con una edad promedio de 48 años y seguimiento promedio de 34 meses. Ocho procedimientos en cóndilo interno, 2 en cóndilo externo y 4 en tróclea. La mediana de la escala de IKDC pre/post operatorio fue 41/55 (p 0.016), Lysholm 35/82 (p 0.004) y EVA 9/3 (p 0.002). La evaluación radiológica no evidenció cambios degenerativos. Se registró 1 artrofibrosis post operatoria. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, el tratamiento con atelocolágeno combinado con microperforaciones mejoró la clínica de los pacientes con lesión severa del cartílago articular de rodilla. Tipo de trabajo: Serie de casos Nivel de Evidencia: IV
ntroduction: Different surgical approaches are currently available to treat knee chondral defects. The technique used in this article combines microfractures with the use of an injectable atelocollagen matrix (Cartifillï). The matrix covers the defect and improves the mechanical stability of the blood clot and maintains the chondrogenic progenitor cells and growth factors in the defective area. The aim of our study is to evaluate and describe the results in a series of patients treated with atelocollagen matrix and microfractures. Material and Methods: All patients treated with atelocollagen matrix due to a cartilage lesion with a minimum follow-up of 24 months were evaluated. Patients undergoing associated surgeries (osteotomies, meniscectomies, mosaicplasty, ligament reconstruction) in the same surgical procedure were included in the study. Clinical function was assessed before and after surgery with the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), the Lysholm score and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Radiographic control was requested according to availability. Results: Twelve patients met the inclusion criteria. Three women. Average age of 50 years. Eight applications in medial condyle, 2 in lateral condyle and 4 in trochlea. One post-operative arthrofibrosis was recorded. One of the patients underwent an articular replacement of his knee 10 months after the surgery with finalization of follow-up. The pre / post-operative average was 39/52 (IKDC), 37/76 (Lysholm) and 8.5 / 3.5 (VAS). Conclusion: In our series, atelocollagen matrix combined with microfractures improved the clinical symptoms of patients with severe knee articular cartilage injury. However, a better selection of patients who require this procedure should be applied in future interventions. Type of Study: Case Series. Level of Evidence: IV
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Artroscopía/métodos , Cartílago Articular/cirugía , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Colágeno/uso terapéutico , Condrocitos/trasplante , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a new histological scoring system for use in a partial-thickness cartilage repair animal model. Although previous papers have investigated the regeneration of articular cartilage, the good results achieved in small animals have not been replicated in large animal models or humans, possibly because of the frequent use of models with perforation of the subchondral bone plates. Partial-thickness lesions spare the subchondral bone, and this pattern is the most frequent in humans; therefore, new therapies should be tested using this model. However, no specific histological score exists to evaluate partial-thickness model results. METHODS: Histological sections from 30 ovine knees were reviewed to develop a new scoring system. The sections were subjected to H&E, Safranin O, and Masson's trichrome staining. RESULTS: This paper describes a new scoring tool that is divided into sections in detail: repair of tissue inside the lesion, cartilage around the lesion and degenerative changes at the base of the lesion. Scores range from 0 to 21; a higher score indicates better cartilage repair. DISCUSSION: Unlike existing tools, this new scale does not assign points for the positioning of a tidemark; we propose evaluation of the degenerative changes to the subchondral bone and calcified cartilage layer. It is necessary to remove the whole joint to access and study the evolution of the lesion as well as the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSION: This article emphasizes the importance of a partial-thickness animal model of cartilage repair and presents a new histological scoring system.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Cartílago Articular/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regeneración/fisiología , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Animales , Biopsia , Huesos/patología , Huesos/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos/patología , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos/fisiopatología , Condrocitos/patología , Condrocitos/fisiología , Miembro Posterior , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Ovinos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Articular cartilage injuries in the glenohumeral joint present a unique and difficult problem for the patient and surgeon alike. Various etiologies exist for the development of these cartilage lesions; therefore, treatment options are vast and must be chosen thoughtfully, especially in the young, active patient. Across all treatment modalities, the goal is for the patient to regain lasting function and mobility while decreasing pain.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Osteoartritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Lesiones del Hombro , Artroscopía , Humanos , Inflamación , Inestabilidad de la Articulación , Osteoartritis/terapia , Osteonecrosis , Examen Físico , Dolor de HombroRESUMEN
Introducción: El trasplante osteocondral autólogo es una alternativa quirúrgica en lesiones focales del cartílago articular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una serie de 62 pacientes tratados con trasplante osteocondral autólogo de rodilla y un seguimiento promedio de ocho años. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó retrospectivamente a 62 pacientes operados entre 2001 y 2014. Se incluyeron pacientes con lesión focal de cartílago sometidos a un trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado o asociado a otros procedimientos quirúrgicos, con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años. Para las evaluaciones se emplearon las escalas de Lysholm y de Kellgren-Lawrence, y el puntaje IKDC. Se evaluó a 45 hombres y 17 mujeres (edad promedio 36 años). La localización de las lesiones era: cóndilo interno (35), cóndilo externo (12), rótula (12) y combinadas (3). A 42 pacientes se los sometió a un trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado y a 20, a uno asociado a otro procedimiento. Resultados: El valor promedio en la escala de Lysholm al momento de la evaluación fue 80,1 y el IKDC fue de 66,7. No hubo diferencias significativas en las escalas de Lysholm e IKDC entre los grupos con trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado y asociado a otro procedimiento. En 30 pacientes evaluados con radiografía, se observó una inclusión satisfactoria del taco óseo. En nuestra serie de pacientes, las evaluaciones clínicas mostraron resultados satisfactorios. Conclusión: El trasplante osteocondral autólogo para tratar lesiones osteocondrales es un procedimiento con un alto grado de satisfacción y buenos resultados funcionales en pacientes con lesiones focales del cartílago articular. Nivel de Evidencia: IV
Introduction: Osteochondral autograft transplantation is a surgical alternative for osteochondral defects of the knee. The aim of this study was to analyze a series of 62 patients treated with osteochondral autograft transplantation of the knee and an average follow-up of 8 years. Methods: A total of 62 patients treated with osteochondral autograft transplantation between 2001 and 2014 were evaluated. Patients with focal osteochondral lesions who underwent osteochondral autograft transplantation alone or associated with another procedure and a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Lysholm score, IKDC, and Kellgren- Lawrence radiographic scale were used. Forty-five men and 17 women (average age 36 years) were evaluated. Lesions were localized in medial condyle (35), lateral condyle (12), patella (12), and three were combined. Forty-two patients underwent isolated osteochondral autograft transplantation while 20 patients underwent associated surgical procedures. Results: Mean Lysholm score was 80.1 and IKDC score was 66.7. There were no significant differences in the Lysholm and IKDC scores between groups. Radiographic results demonstrated complete graft incorporation in 30 patients. Clinical evaluation revealed satisfactory results. Conclusion: Osteochondral autograft transplantation to treat osteochondral lesions is a procedure with a high clinical satisfaction and good functional results in patients with focal osteochondral lesions. Level of Evidence: IV
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Osteocondritis/cirugía , Trasplante Autólogo , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Articulación de la Rodilla/cirugía , Estudios de Seguimiento , Resultado del Tratamiento , Satisfacción del PacienteRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tibial spine avulsions (TSA) have historically been treated as isolated injuries. Data on associated injuries are limited with existing literature reporting wide ranging incidences. The purpose of this multicenter study was to (1) describe the incidence of meniscal entrapment and associated knee injuries in TSA and to (2) compare surgical and magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings for these injuries. Our hypothesis is that tibial spine injuries are not usually isolated injuries, and other meniscal, ligament, and cartilage injuries may be present. METHODS: MRI and surgical reports for patients with a diagnosis of a tibial spine fracture were retrospectively reviewed. Type of fracture was recorded as noted in the reports along with concomitant meniscal entrapment and osteochondral, ligamentous, and meniscal injury. Images and reports were reviewed by an orthopaedic surgeon at each respective institution. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were included in this study. MRI was done for 77 patients and surgery was performed in 144 cases. Meniscal entrapment was found in 39.9% of all patients. MRI diagnosed meniscus, osteochondral, and non-anterior cruciate ligament ligamentous injury was found in 31.2%, 68.8%, and 32.4% of cases, respectively. Surgically diagnosed meniscus, chondral, and non-anterior cruciate ligament ligamentous injury was found in 34.7%, 33.3%, and 5.6% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TSA fractures are associated with significant risk for concomitant knee injuries including meniscal tear, bone contusion, and chondral injury. Incidence of meniscal entrapment found during surgery was high, in spite of low incidence of positive findings by MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-retrospective case series.
Asunto(s)
Lesiones del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/epidemiología , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/epidemiología , Fracturas de la Tibia/epidemiología , Lesiones de Menisco Tibial/epidemiología , Adolescente , Lesiones del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirugía , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Fracturas Intraarticulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas Intraarticulares/epidemiología , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/cirugía , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Fracturas de la Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Lesiones de Menisco Tibial/diagnóstico por imagen , Lesiones de Menisco Tibial/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a new histological scoring system for use in a partial-thickness cartilage repair animal model. Although previous papers have investigated the regeneration of articular cartilage, the good results achieved in small animals have not been replicated in large animal models or humans, possibly because of the frequent use of models with perforation of the subchondral bone plates. Partial-thickness lesions spare the subchondral bone, and this pattern is the most frequent in humans; therefore, new therapies should be tested using this model. However, no specific histological score exists to evaluate partial-thickness model results. METHODS: Histological sections from 30 ovine knees were reviewed to develop a new scoring system. The sections were subjected to H&E, Safranin O, and Masson's trichrome staining. RESULTS: This paper describes a new scoring tool that is divided into sections in detail: repair of tissue inside the lesion, cartilage around the lesion and degenerative changes at the base of the lesion. Scores range from 0 to 21; a higher score indicates better cartilage repair. DISCUSSION: Unlike existing tools, this new scale does not assign points for the positioning of a tidemark; we propose evaluation of the degenerative changes to the subchondral bone and calcified cartilage layer. It is necessary to remove the whole joint to access and study the evolution of the lesion as well as the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSION: This article emphasizes the importance of a partial-thickness animal model of cartilage repair and presents a new histological scoring system.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Regeneración/fisiología , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Cartílago Articular/patología , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Estándares de Referencia , Factores de Tiempo , Biopsia , Huesos/fisiología , Huesos/patología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Cartílagos/patología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Condrocitos/fisiología , Condrocitos/patología , Miembro PosteriorRESUMEN
Background: Osteochondral knee failures are among the most common causes of disability among the elderly human population and animal athletes. The xenogeneic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells is a questionable therapeutic alternative that, despite the low expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex type II by these cells, still has relevant uncertainties about the safety and clinical efficacy. The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether the xenogeneic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells induces hyaline cartilage formation, without histopathological evidence of rejection, in osteochondral failures of goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Five female goats were used, submitted to three surgical osteocondral failures in the right knee, treated with xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells of dental pulp, xenogenic platelet-rich plasma and hemostatic sponge of hydrolyzed collagen, respectively. The lesions were evaluated after 60 days of treatment, aiming to identify the presence of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage and the subchondral bone pattern (regenerated or disorganized). Transplantation of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells induced predominant formation of hyaline cartilage (P 0.05). Macroscopically, the lesions of the stem cell treated group showed formation of firm repair tissue, opaque staining, integrated with adjacent cartilage and with the failure filling almost completely. The groups treated with PRP and hemostatic sponge of hydrolyzed collagen presented, on average, partial filling of the lesion, with irregular shape and darkened coloration.[...]
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Cartílago Articular/lesiones , Cartílago Hialino , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/inducido químicamente , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/terapia , Cabras , Dasyproctidae , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Trasplante Heterólogo/métodosRESUMEN
Background: Osteochondral knee failures are among the most common causes of disability among the elderly human population and animal athletes. The xenogeneic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells is a questionable therapeutic alternative that, despite the low expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex type II by these cells, still has relevant uncertainties about the safety and clinical efficacy. The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether the xenogeneic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells induces hyaline cartilage formation, without histopathological evidence of rejection, in osteochondral failures of goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Five female goats were used, submitted to three surgical osteocondral failures in the right knee, treated with xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells of dental pulp, xenogenic platelet-rich plasma and hemostatic sponge of hydrolyzed collagen, respectively. The lesions were evaluated after 60 days of treatment, aiming to identify the presence of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage and the subchondral bone pattern (regenerated or disorganized). Transplantation of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells induced predominant formation of hyaline cartilage (P < 0.05), with no histopathological evidence of inflammation when compared to the other treatments. Therapies with xenogeneic platelet-rich plasma and hemostatic sponge of hydrolyzed collagen induced greater formation of fibrocartilaginous cartilage, with no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). Macroscopically, the lesions of the stem cell treated group showed formation of firm repair tissue, opaque staining, integrated with adjacent cartilage and with the failure filling almost completely. The groups treated with PRP and hemostatic sponge of hydrolyzed collagen presented, on average, partial filling of the lesion, with irregular shape and darkened coloration.[...](AU)