RESUMEN

Salmonella is a major bacterial concern for public health globally. Although there are limited documentation on the prevalence of Salmonella species in Cambodia's food chain, some reports indicate that salmonellosis is a severe gastrointestinal infection in its population and especially in children. To investigate the presence of Salmonella spp., 285 food samples (75 meat, 50 seafood, and 160 leafy green vegetable samples) were randomly collected from various local markets in Phnom Penh capital and nearby farms in Cambodia. Concurrently, field observations were conducted to collect data on food hygiene and practices among the relevant actors. All food samples were analyzed using bacterial culture and plate counts, and the findings were confirmed serially with biochemical, serological, and PCR tests. The observational data on food hygiene and practices from farm to market revealed that the spread of Salmonella in the food-value chain from farm to market could pose health risks to consumers. The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 48.4% (138/285), while the prevalence in meat, seafood, and vegetables was 71% (53/75), 64% (32/50), and 33% (53/160), respectively. Mean Salmonella plate count ranged from 1.2 to 7.40 log10 CFU/g, and there was no significant difference in bacterial counts between meat, seafood, and vegetable samples (p > 0.05). The most common serogroups among the isolated Salmonella spp. were B and C. These results suggest that a large proportion of meat, seafood, and vegetable products sold at local markets in Phnom Penh are contaminated with Salmonella spp. This is likely linked to inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices, including handling, storage, and preservation conditions. Observations on farms suggested that the prevalence of Salmonella in vegetables sold at the market could be linked to contamination relating to agricultural practices. Thus, controlling the spread of foodborne salmonellosis through the food-value chain from farms and retailers to consumers is warranted to enhance food safety in Cambodia.

Asunto(s)

Granjas , Contaminación de Alimentos , Carne , Salmonella , Alimentos Marinos , Verduras , Cambodia/epidemiología , Verduras/microbiología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/clasificación , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Alimentos Marinos/microbiología , Carne/microbiología , Animales , Microbiología de Alimentos , Humanos , Higiene

RESUMEN

A novel colorimetric aptasensor assay based on the excellent magnetic responsiveness and oxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) was developed. Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) absorbed with aptamer and blocked by BSA served as capture probe for selective isolation and enrichment of Listeria monocytogenes one of the most common and dangerous foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The aptamer absorbed on Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) was further used as signal probe that specifically binds with target bacteria conjugation of capture probe for colorimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes, taking advantages of its oxidase-like activity. The linear range of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes was from 102 to 107 CFU mL-1, with the limit of detection as low as 14 CFU mL-1. The approach also showed good feasibility for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and meat samples. The spiked recoveries were in the range 81-114% with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.28 to 5.19%. Thus, this work provides an efficient, convenient, and practical tool for selective isolation and colorimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food.

Asunto(s)

Aptámeros de Nucleótidos , Técnicas Biosensibles , Colorimetría , Microbiología de Alimentos , Límite de Detección , Listeria monocytogenes , Leche , Listeria monocytogenes/aislamiento & purificación , Colorimetría/métodos , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Leche/microbiología , Leche/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Animales , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Oxidorreductasas/química , Carne/microbiología , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química

RESUMEN

Salmonella-related foodborne illness is a significant public health concern, with the primary source of human infection being animal-based food products, particularly chicken meat. Lebanon is currently experiencing a dual crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic and an unprecedented economic crisis, which has resulted in substantial challenges to the public health system and food safety. This study aims to assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella in raw poultry meat sold in North Lebanon during this dual crisis. A cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2021 and April 2022 across six different districts in North Lebanon. A total of 288 whole, unprocessed chickens were examined. The isolation and identification of Salmonella isolates were done based on cultural and biochemical properties. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic assays for Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection. The prevalence of Salmonella in raw poultry meat purchased in North Lebanon reached 18.05 % (52/288). The dry season and chilled chicken were significantly associated with an increased risk of Salmonella contamination (P < 0.05). Additionally, 34.61 % of the isolates were potential ESBL producers, and 57.69 % exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). This study highlights the existence of MDR in chicken meat in North Lebanon, posing a potential health risk if undercooked chicken meat is consumed. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of preventive strategies and hygienic procedures throughout the food chain to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. contamination in chicken meats and its potential transmission to humans.

Asunto(s)

COVID-19 , Pollos , Salmonella , Animales , Líbano/epidemiología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Carne/microbiología , Recesión Económica , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , SARS-CoV-2 , Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología

RESUMEN

The discovery of Replication Competent Circular DNA molecules in mammalian cells and tissues is being linked to debilitating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and colorectal cancer (CRC). These circular DNA molecules, otherwise known as bovine meat and milk factors (BMMFs) and Slow Progressive Hidden INfections of variable (X) latency (SPHINX), bear significant (80%) sequence similarity with the plasmids of Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Nanostructures, such as bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) serve as vehicles for transporting biomolecular cargo and have the potential to facilitate interkingdom lateral mobility of DNA. Strengthening the proposed hypothesis, this study demonstrates that OMVs derived from A. baumannii DS002 carrying four plasmids and genome (pTS236) of phage, AbDs1, successfully reached different parts of the body, including the central nervous system, following the injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled OMVs into experimental mice. Out of the four OMV-associated plasmids, three (pTS4586, pTS9900, and pTS134338) were identified within the lumen, and the fourth one (pTS11291) was found on the surface of OMVs. In addition to the indigenous plasmids, the phage-encoded protein, Orf96, anchored on the surface of the OMVs by establishing a strong interaction with the OMV-associated porin, OmpA. Intriguingly, a subset of labeled OMVs, when incubated with Neuro2A cells, translocated across the membrane and reached to the cytoplasmic space of the cells. Collectively, the experimental evidence presented herein underscores the promising potential of OMVs as vehicles for delivering molecular cargo containing plasmids and phage genomes to diverse mammalian tissues and cells. IMPORTANCE: Several independent studies have demonstrated the existence of replication competent circular DNA molecules of bacterial and viral origin in mammalian cells and tissues. However, studies about their origin and lateral mobility to mammalian cells are scarce. Our work describes the existence of circular DNA, similar to that of DNA molecules identified in mammalian cells, OMVs derived from soil isolate of A. baumannii DS002. Furthermore, the work also provides visual evidence that demonstrates the passage of labeled OMVs to different organs of experimental mice within hours after intravenously administering OMVs into experimental mice. Some of the labeled OMVs have even crossed the membrane of Neuro2A, suggesting the existence of interkingdom horizontal mobility between bacteria and mammals.

Asunto(s)

Acinetobacter baumannii , ADN Circular , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Plásmidos , Animales , Ratones , Plásmidos/genética , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Acinetobacter baumannii/metabolismo , Bovinos , ADN Circular/genética , ADN Circular/metabolismo , Membrana Externa Bacteriana/metabolismo , Femenino , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/fisiología , Carne/microbiología , Leche/microbiología , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/microbiología , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , ADN Bacteriano/genética

RESUMEN

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria especially carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) in food animals poses a serious threat to food safety and public health. Reports about the dissemination of carbapenem-resistant bacteria along the food animal production chain are scattered and mainly focus on swine and chicken. Abuse of antibiotics in duck farms is common especially in China which has the largest duck production industry, however, the CREC transmission between farmed ducks and slaughtered meats remains unclear and the role of slaughterhouse in disseminating CREC among duck meats remains largely unknown. Herein, we collected 251 fecal samples from five typical duck farms along with 125 slaughtered meat samples (25 from each farm) in the corresponding slaughterhouse in Anhui Province, China, in December 2018. All samples were screened for CREC isolates which were analyzed for the presence of carbapenemase genes and colistin resistance gene mcr. The resistance profiles, transferability, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the CREC isolates from both ducks and meats were further characterized. This is the first report presenting the high prevalence of blaNDM-positive CREC isolates in ducks from duck farms (57.8 %) and slaughtered meats (33.6 %) in the corresponding slaughterhouse. Among the 203 blaNDM-positive CREC isolates obtained in this study, 19.2 % harbored mcr-1 and all CREC isolates showed resistance to nearly all currently available antibiotics (except tigecycline). Of note, mcr-1 was found in 17.8 % of the meat-derived CREC carrying blaNDM. Based on the PFGE analysis, clonal spread of blaNDM-positive CREC including some also carrying mcr-1 was found between farmed ducks and slaughtered duck meats even from different farms. Special attention should be paid to the clonal dissemination of meat-derived CREC within the slaughterhouse, which contributed to the high prevalence of blaNDM in slaughtered meats. Additionally, horizontal transmission mainly mediated by transferable blaNDM-5-bearing IncX3 plasmids, untypable blaNDM-1-bearing plasmids and mcr-1-bearing IncHI2 plasmids further facilitated the rapid spread of such multidrug-resistant strains. Notably, the blaNDM-bearing plasmids and mcr-1-bearing plasmids in CREC from meats were highly similar to those from animals and humans. More worryingly, the phylogenomic analysis showed that CREC isolates from both ducks and corresponding meats clustered with previously reported human CREC isolates carrying mcr-1 in different geographical areas including China. These findings further prove that the CREC and resistance plasmids in farmed ducks could transmit to meats even from different farms via the slaughterhouse and then trigger infections in humans. The high prevalence and clonal transmission of CREC isolates including those also carrying mcr-1 between ducks and meats are alarming, and urgent control measures are required to reduce the dissemination of such organisms.

Asunto(s)

Mataderos , Antibacterianos , Patos , Escherichia coli , Carne , beta-Lactamasas , Animales , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Carne/microbiología , China/epidemiología , Prevalencia , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Granjas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Filogenia , Heces/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética

RESUMEN

The risk of foodborne disease outbreaks increases when the pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms, and this presents a major threat to public health. An emerging non-thermal cold plasma (CP) technology has proven a highly effective method for decontaminating meats and their products and extended their shelf life. CP treatments have ability to reduce microbial load and, biofilm formation with minimal change of color, pH value, and lipid oxidation of various meat and meat products. The CP technique offers many advantages over conventional processing techniques due to its layout flexibility, nonthermal behavior, affordability, and ecological sustainability. The technology is still in its infancy, and continuous research efforts are needed to realize its full potential in the meat industry. This review addresses the basic principles and the impact of CP technology on biofilm formation, meat quality (including microbiological, color, pH value, texture, and lipid oxidation), and microbial inactivation pathways and also the prospects of this technology.

Asunto(s)

Biopelículas , Microbiología de Alimentos , Carne , Gases em Plasma , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , Animales , Carne/microbiología , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Bacterias , Productos de la Carne/microbiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control

RESUMEN

The aim of the study was to analyse the key microbial contaminants of plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) from retail. A total of 43 samples of PBMAs (12 frozen/31 chilled) in the "ready-to-cook" category, such as hamburgers, meatballs or breaded imitation steaks were purchased in retail stores in the Czech Republic in summer (n = 21) and autumn 2022 (n = 22). The detected indicator bacteria (total viable count, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, moulds) had relatively low values in the analysed PBMA samples and only rarely reached levels of 7 log CFU/g. E. coli, STEC and coagulase-positive staphylococci were not detected by isolation from plates in any of analysed samples. Mannitol positive Bacillus spp. were isolated from almost half of the analysed samples of the PBMA. B. cereus sensu lato was isolated from 3 samples by isolation from plates, and after enrichment in 35 samples (81 %). Clostridium perfringens could not be detected by isolation from plates, nevertheless after multiplication, it was detected in 21 % of samples. Analyses of PBMA samples revealed considerable variability in microbial quality. The presence of spore-forming bacteria with the potential to cause foodborne diseases is alarming. However, to evaluate the risks, further research focused on the possibilities of growth under different conditions of culinary treatment and preservation is needed.

Asunto(s)

Bacterias , Contaminación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , República Checa , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos/clasificación , Productos de la Carne/microbiología , Carne/microbiología , Sustitutos de la Carne

RESUMEN

Using a solvent-casting method, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film incorporated with caprylic acid (CA) was developed as an active packaging against Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium and S. enteritidis to reduce the risk of microbial contamination during distribution and storage of meat. According to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test results of the natural antimicrobial, CA was introduced at 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 % (v/v) into neat PLA. The biofilm inhibitory effect and antimicrobial efficacy of CA-PLA film against both Salmonella strains, as well as the intermolecular interactions and barrier properties of CA-PLA film, were evaluated. Biofilm formation was reduced to below the detection limit (<1.0 log CFU/cm2) for both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis when co-cultured overnight with 4.8 % CA-PLA film. The 4.8 % CA-PLA film achieved maximum log reductions of 2.58 and 1.65 CFU/g for S. typhimurium and 2.59 and 1.76 CFU/g for S. enteritidis on inoculated chicken breast and beef stored at 25 °C overnight, respectively, without any quality (color and texture) losses. CA maintained its typical chemical structure in the film, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. Furthermore, film surface morphology observations by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that CA-PLA film was smoother than neat PLA film. No significant (P > 0.05) changes were observed for water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability by the addition of CA into PLA film, suggesting that CA-PLA film is a promising strategy for active packaging to control Salmonella contamination in the meat industry.

Asunto(s)

Biopelículas , Caprilatos , Embalaje de Alimentos , Carne , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Poliésteres , Salmonella typhimurium , Caprilatos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Poliésteres/farmacología , Poliésteres/química , Carne/microbiología , Animales , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bovinos , Pollos , Salmonella enteritidis/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Microbiología de Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Polímeros/farmacología , Polímeros/química , Ácido Láctico/farmacología

RESUMEN

Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. This study aimed to find out how common Campylobacter organisms were in raw meat from large livestock in Iran, as well as to determine their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Several 550 fresh, ready-to-eat meat samples were collected from slaughterhouses, butcher shops, and restaurants in the study region. The samples were collected from cattle (n=138), goats (n=102), camels (n=56), and sheep (n=254). Campylobacter spp. were isolated and identified using normal bacteriological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping was performed using PCR to identify virulence genes. The disc diffusion technique was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. The two Campylobacter spp. were found in 84 (15.27%) of the 550 meat samples tested. Cattle and camel samples accounted for the highest (52.38%) and lowest (3.57%) frequencies of Campylobacter spp., respectively. There were significant differences in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle (2=43.04 or OR=7.68, CI=3.40-17.30, P<0.01). Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounted for 82.14% (n=69) of Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw meat. While C. jejuni was found in 39.28% of the samples (n=33), C. coli was observed in 42.85% (n=36). Other Campylobacter spp. formed 17.85 % (n=15) of the samples. The most common genotypes observed in C. jejuni bacteria collected from different types of large animal samples were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). On the other hand, virbll (7.69%) was the C. jejuni strain found with the lowest incidence in different large animal samples. The most frequent genotypes found in C. coli bacteria were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). C. coli isolates dnaJ (0%), wlaN (0%), virbll (0%), and ceuE (0%) were detected with the lowest frequency in several samples from large livestock. Campylobacter spp. isolated from different sample types and sources were 100% sensitive to aphA-3-1 and GM10. The isolates were reported to be resistant to E15 (76.93%), cmeB (69.24%), aadE1 (69.24%), CIP5 (69.24%), and AM10 (69.24%). According to this study, Campylobacter was found in food from factory farming. Consequently, the disease can be transmitted by eating raw or undercooked meat. Therefore, proper handling and preparation of meat meals, as well as hygiene measures from the slaughterhouse to the retailer, are critical in preventing Campylobacter infections.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Camelus , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Cabras , Carne , Animales , Campylobacter jejuni/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Irán/epidemiología , Campylobacter coli/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter coli/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , Ovinos , Camelus/microbiología , Carne/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Ganado/microbiología

RESUMEN

Traditionally, surveillance programs for food products and food processing environments have focused on targeted pathogens and resistance genes. Recent advances in high throughput sequencing allow for more comprehensive and untargeted monitoring. This study assessed the microbiome and resistome in a poultry burger processing line using culturing techniques and whole metagenomic sequencing (WMS). Samples included meat, burgers, and expired burgers, and different work surfaces. Microbiome analysis revealed spoilage microorganisms as the main microbiota, with substantial shifts observed during the shelf-life period. Core microbiota of meat and burgers included Pseudomonas spp., Psychrobacter spp., Shewanella spp. and Brochothrix spp., while expired burgers were dominated by Latilactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. Cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures altered the microbial composition of work surfaces, which still harbored Hafnia spp. and Acinetobacter spp. after C&D. Resistome analysis showed a low overall abundance of resistance genes, suggesting that effective interventions during processing may mitigate their transmission. However, biocide resistance genes were frequently found, indicating potential biofilm formation or inefficient C&D protocols. This study demonstrates the utility of combining culturing techniques and WMS for comprehensive of the microbiome and resistome characterization in food processing lines.

Asunto(s)

Bacterias , Manipulación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Microbiota , Animales , Microbiota/genética , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Aves de Corral/microbiología , Metagenómica/métodos , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Carne/microbiología , Productos Avícolas/microbiología

RESUMEN

Campylobacter spp. are leading bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Infections are largely underreported, and the burden of outbreaks may be underestimated. Current strategies of testing as few as one isolate per sample can affect attribution of cases to epidemiologically important sources with high Campylobacter diversity, such as chicken meat. Multiple culture method combinations were utilized to recover and sequence Campylobacter from 45 retail chicken samples purchased across Norwich, UK, selecting up to 48 isolates per sample. Simulations based on resampling were used to assess the impact of Campylobacter sequence type (ST) diversity on outbreak detection. Campylobacter was recovered from 39 samples (87%), although only one sample was positive through all broth, temperature, and plate combinations. Three species were identified (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari), and 33% of samples contained two species. Positive samples contained 1-8 STs. Simulation revealed that up to 87 isolates per sample would be required to detect 95% of the observed ST diversity, and 26 isolates would be required for the average probability of detecting a random theoretical outbreak ST to reach 95%. An optimized culture approach and selecting multiple isolates per sample are essential for more complete Campylobacter recovery to support outbreak investigation and source attribution.

Asunto(s)

Campylobacter , Pollos , Pollos/microbiología , Animales , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/clasificación , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter coli/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter coli/genética , Microbiología de Alimentos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Carne/microbiología , Variación Genética , Campylobacter lari/genética , Campylobacter lari/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Background: Meat contamination occurs in various ways, the most important of which are live animals before slaughter and the slaughter process (de-hiding and evisceration). For this, many substances were used that have an antimicrobial effect and can disinfect the surfaces of the carcass and extend its shelf life. Aim: This research aimed to study the efficiency of using some organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide) to reduce the microbial load (indicator microorganisms) on the surfaces of beef carcasses and some edible organs in the Mosul slaughterhouse. Methods: Two hundred sixty-four swabs (192 carcasses + 72 edible organ samples) were collected over the course of three months from the Mosul slaughterhouse in Nineveh Governorate between September 2023, and December 2023 (132 treated with organic acids and 132 not treated). The petrifilm method was used to detect indicator microorganisms in the samples. Results: Our results showed that the contamination rate in beef carcasses with generic Escherichia coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae before treatment was 0.81, 1.22, 1.48, and 1.38 mean log colony forming unit (CFU/cm2), respectively. While the contamination rate in samples treated with organic acids for generic E. coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae was -0.1, 0.31, 0.45, and 0.41 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the level of contamination with indicator microorganisms in edible organs treated with organic acids was lower compared to untreated samples. Even though there was contamination with indicator microorganisms in the liver, heart, and kidney, there was no "significant" difference between them. Whereas there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between lactic acid and beefxide solution in terms of reducing the rate of contamination of the indicator microorganisms in carcasses and the edible organs samples. Regarding the type of swabs used in the study, the results showed the effectiveness of sponge swabs, as the rate of microbial recovery (indicator microorganisms) was higher (p < 0.01) compared to cotton swabs. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the efficiency of using organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide solution) in reducing the microbial load to a level that does not cause diseases.

Asunto(s)

Mataderos , Ácido Láctico , Animales , Bovinos , Ácido Láctico/farmacología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Carne Roja/microbiología , Carne/microbiología

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to characterize the pulp of Rheum ribes L. and to determine the effect of the pulp enriched with eugenol (1 %) or thymol (1 %) on the microbiological and physico-chemical quality of chicken breast fillets. Chicken breast fillets, inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (~6.0 log10), were marinated for 24 h in a mixture prepared from a combination of Rheum ribes L. pulp with eugenol or thymol. The quality parameters were analyzed for 15 days at +4 °C. The Rheum ribes L. pulp was found to have high antioxidant activity, high total phenolic content and contained 22 different phenolic substances, among which rutin ranked first. The pulp contained high levels of p-xylene and o-xylene as volatile substances and citric acid as an organic acid. The combination of Pulp + Eugenol + Thymol (PET) reduced the number of pathogens in chicken breast fillets by 2.03 to 3.50 log10 on day 0 and by 2.25 to 4.21 log10 on day 15, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The marinating treatment significantly lowered the pH values of fillet samples on the first day of the study, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). During storage, TVB-N levels showed slower increase in the treatment groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the marinating process led to significant changes in physicochemical parameters such as water holding capacity, color, texture, cooking loss, and drip loss compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the pulp of Rheum ribes L., which has a high antioxidant capacity and contains various bioactive compounds. Furthermore, S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were inhibited considerably by marinating Rheum ribes L. pulp with a combination of eugenol and thymol.

Asunto(s)

Pollos , Eugenol , Rheum , Timol , Animales , Timol/farmacología , Eugenol/farmacología , Rheum/química , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carne/microbiología , Escherichia coli O157/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli O157/crecimiento & desarrollo , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Real-time monitoring of food consumer quality remains challenging due to diverse bio-chemical processes taking place in the food matrices, and hence it requires accurate analytical methods. Thresholds to determine spoiled food are often difficult to set. The existing analytical methods are too complicated for rapid in situ screening of foodstuff. RESULTS: We have studied the dynamics of meat spoilage by electronic nose (e-nose) for digitizing the smell associated with volatile spoilage markers of meat, comparing the results with changes in the microbiome composition of the spoiling meat samples. We apply the time series analysis to follow dynamic changes in the gas profile extracted from the e-nose responses and to identify the change-point window of the meat state. The obtained e-nose features correlate with changes in the microbiome composition such as increase in the proportion of Brochothrix and Pseudomonas spp. and disappearance of Mycoplasma spp., and with representative gas sensors towards hydrogen, ammonia, and alcohol vapors with R2 values of 0.98, 0.93, and 0.91, respectively. Integration of e-nose and computer vision into a single analytical panel improved the meat state identification accuracy up to 0.85, allowing for more reliable meat state assessment. SIGNIFICANCE: Accurate identification of the change-point in the meat state achieved by digitalizing volatile spoilage markers from the e-nose unit holds promises for application of smart miniaturized devices in food industry.

Asunto(s)

Bacterias , Nariz Electrónica , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Carne/microbiología , Carne/análisis , Microbiota , Animales , Calidad de los Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos

RESUMEN

ABSTRACTDespite no carbapenem use in food animals, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) perseveres within food animals, rising significant concerns regarding public health risks originating from these non-clinical reservoirs. To investigate the potential link between CRKP in food animals and its infections in humans, we conducted a cross-sectional study encompassing human clinical, meat products, and farm animals, in Qingdao city, Shandong province, China. We observed a relatively higher presence of CRKP among hospital inpatients (7.3%) compared to that in the meat products (2.7%) and farm animals (pig, 4.6%; chicken, 0.63%). Multilocus sequence typing and core-genome phylogenetic analyses confirm there is no evidence of farm animals and meat products in the clinical acquisition of K. pneumoniae isolates and carbapenem-resistant genes. However, potential transmission of K. pneumoniae of ST659 and IncX3 plasmid harbouring blaNDM-5 gene from pigs to pork and farm workers was observed. Our findings suggest a limited role of farm animals and meat products in the human clinical acquisition of K. pneumoniae, and the transmission of K. pneumoniae is more common within settings, than between them.

Asunto(s)

Carbapenémicos , Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Animales , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/transmisión , Infecciones por Klebsiella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/veterinaria , China/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Porcinos , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Enterobacteriaceae Resistentes a los Carbapenémicos/genética , Enterobacteriaceae Resistentes a los Carbapenémicos/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacteriaceae Resistentes a los Carbapenémicos/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Filogenia , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Animales Domésticos/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Carne/microbiología , Plásmidos/genética , Adulto

RESUMEN

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic bacterial disease of animals that causes substantial economic losses in underdeveloped countries such as Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to August 2021 in the Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia using a designed questionnaire to assess risk, perception, and protective behavior against bTB. For this purpose, a total of 250 randomly chosen meat handlers working at six main, purposively selected abattoirs were interviewed, and the data were analyzed using STATA v. 13 software. Of the total participants interviewed, 37.0% (57/152) of the respondents strongly agreed that contracting bTB would prevent them from coming to work, whereas 32.4% (44/136) of them stayed in bed for an extended period. Knowledge-based analysis revealed that butcher house men were more aware than abattoir workers about factors related to the spread of bTB from animals to humans (73.3%), that healthy-looking meat contains bTB-causing pathogens (67.5%), and that consumption of contaminated meat can be a source of infection in humans (65.6%). These findings revealed that abattoir and butcher house employees are at higher risk of bTB exposure and a lack of understanding about the nature and transmission of the infection. Thus, abattoir and butcher house workers should be encouraged to pursue regular medical follow-ups and should be provided with better personal protective equipment.

Asunto(s)

Mataderos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Tuberculosis Bovina , Etiopía/epidemiología , Humanos , Animales , Adulto , Masculino , Bovinos , Tuberculosis Bovina/prevención & control , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Bovina/transmisión , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Carne/microbiología , Zoonosis/prevención & control , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Adolescente

RESUMEN

Campylobacter is gram-negative bacteria considered the predominant genera isolated from poultry samples and associated with gastroenteritis. Due to the problems in conventional cultural methods of time-consuming and technically demanding requirements, a rapid and feasible method for their identification and discrimination of the closely related spp. Including Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, and Campylobacter jejuni is needed. This study analyzes the chicken and sheep meats samples (n = 125) using culture and pre-enrichment-based Quadraplex real-time PCR by targeting OrfA, CstA, HipO, and 16 S rRNA genes of C. coli, C. fetus, C. jejuni and Campylobacter spp. Respectively. The analysis of 125 chicken and sheep meat samples by culture and real-time PCR showed high concordance between the results of the two methods. The present study show high prevalence of Campylobacter species (35% and 32% from chicken and meat respectively) of which C. jejuni were the most abundant. Reaction efficiencies were between 90 and 110%, and detect as low as 8.9 fg in C. jejuni. The need for quick detection and discrimination methods in sheep and chicken meat can be met using the described Quadraplex real-time PCR methodology.

Asunto(s)

Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Pollos , Carne , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Ovinos/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter coli/clasificación , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter jejuni/clasificación , Carne/microbiología , Campylobacter fetus/genética , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter/clasificación , Microbiología de Alimentos , ADN Bacteriano/genética

RESUMEN

Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents a significant global concern for food safety and One Health. Despite the United Arab Emirates (UAE) being a leading consumer of chicken meat globally, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the prevalence and genomic characteristics of Salmonella within the country. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a thorough analysis of Salmonella prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genomic profiles of isolates obtained from whole broiler carcasses retailed under chilled conditions in the UAE. Our findings reveal that Salmonella was detected in 41.2 % (130/315) of the sampled chilled broiler carcasses, with notable variability observed among samples sourced from six different companies. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing, among 105 isolates, highlighted high resistance rates to tetracycline (97.1 %), nalidixic acid (93.3 %), ampicillin (92.4 %), azithromycin (75.2 %), ciprofloxacin (63.8 %), and ceftriaxone (54.3 %). Furthermore, a concerning 99 % (104/105) of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 60 isolates identified five serovars, with S. infantis/Sequence Type (ST) 32 (55 %) and S. Minnesota/ST-458 (28.3 %) being the most prevalent. WGS analysis unveiled 34 genes associated with antimicrobial resistance, including mcr-1.1 (only in two isolates), conferring resistance to colistin. The two major serovars, Infantis and Minnesota, exhibited significant variation (P-values <0.001) in the distribution of major AMR genes (aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, qnrB19, qnrS1, sul1, and sul2). Notably, the gene qacEdelta, conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds commonly found in disinfectants, was universally present in all S. Infantis isolates (n = 33), compared to only one S. Minnesota isolate. Additionally, all S. Infantis isolates harbored the IncFIB (pN55391) plasmid replicon type. Major serovars exhibited distinct distributions of antimicrobial resistance genes, underscoring the importance of serovar-specific surveillance. These findings emphasize the critical need for continuous surveillance and intervention measures to address Salmonella contamination risks in poultry products, providing valuable insights for public health and regulatory strategies not only in the UAE but also globally.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Pollos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Salmonella enterica , Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Emiratos Árabes Unidos/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Salmonella enterica/genética , Salmonella enterica/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Prevalencia , Microbiología de Alimentos , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Carne/microbiología , Genoma Bacteriano , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis

RESUMEN

AIMS: Campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter spp., is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases in the world and a common cause of gastroenteritis. In the European Union, campylobacteriosis is considered the most common zoonotic disease, with over 10,000 cases in 2020 alone. This high occurrence highlights the need of more efficient surveillance methods and identification of key points. METHODS AND RESULTS: Herein, we evaluated and identified key points of Campylobacter spp. occurrence along the Spanish food chain during 2015-2020, based on the following variables: product, stage and region. We analysed a dataset provided by the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition using a machine learning algorithm (random forests). Campylobacter presence was influenced by the three selected explanatory variables, especially by product, followed by region and stage. Among the studied products, meat, especially poultry and sheep, presented the highest probability of occurrence of Campylobacter, where the bacterium was present in the initial, intermediate and final stages (e.g., wholesale, retail) of the food chain. The presence in final stages may represent direct consumer exposure to the bacteria. CONCLUSSIONS: By using the random forest method, this study contributes to the identification of Campylobacter key points and the evaluation of control efforts in the Spanish food chain.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Campylobacter , Campylobacter , Microbiología de Alimentos , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , España/epidemiología , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Humanos , Cadena Alimentaria , Carne/microbiología , Zoonosis

RESUMEN

Over 40% of all U.S. Salmonella illnesses are attributed to consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products each year. Determining which serotypes cause the most outbreak illnesses associated with specific meat and poultry types can inform prevention measures. We developed an approach to categorize serotypes using outbreak illness burden (high, moderate, low) and trajectory (increased, stable, decreased). We used data from 192 foodborne Salmonella outbreaks resulting in 7,077 illnesses, 1,330 hospitalizations, and 9 deaths associated with chicken, turkey, beef, or pork during 2012-2021. We linked each meat and poultry type to 1-3 serotypes that we categorized as high outbreak illness burden and increased trajectory during 2021. Calculation and public display of outbreak illness burden and trajectory annually could facilitate the prioritization of serotypes for prevention by federal and state health and regulatory agencies and by the meat and poultry industry.

Asunto(s)

Brotes de Enfermedades , Carne , Aves de Corral , Salmonella , Serogrupo , Animales , Humanos , Carne/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Pollos , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología