RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To understand the burden of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) among children living in low-income countries who present to the hospital with febrile illness and to determine the role of handheld echocardiography (HHE) in uncovering subclinical carditis as a major manifestation of ARF. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study carried at the Pediatric Hospital in Al Obeid, North Kordofan, Sudan, from September 2022 to January 2023 and including febrile children 3 through 18 years of age with or without clinical features of ARF and without another cause for their fever (not excluding malaria). History, examination, blood investigations, and HHE were done. ARF was diagnosed according to the Jones criteria. Clinical ARF was diagnosed if there was a major clinical Jones criterion and silent ARF if the only major Jones criteria was subclinical carditis. RESULTS: The study cohort included 400 children with a mean age of 9 years. Clinical ARF was diagnosed in 95 patients (95/400, 24%), most of whom presented with a joint major manifestation (88/95, 93%). Among the 281 children who did not present with a clinical manifestation of ARF, HHE revealed rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in 44 patients (44/281, 16%); 31 of them fulfilled criteria for silent ARF (31/281, 11%). HHE increased the detection of ARF by 24%. HHE revealed mild RHD in 41 of 66 (62%) and moderate or severe RHD in 25 of 66 (38%) patients. Both sensitivity and specificity of HHE compared with standard echocardiography were 88%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant burden of ARF among febrile children in Sudan. HHE increased the sensitivity of diagnosis, with 11% of children having subclinical carditis as their only major manifestation (ie, silent ARF). RHD-prevention policies need to prioritize decentralization of echocardiography to improve ARF detection.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Fiebre Reumática , Cardiopatía Reumática , Humanos , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Femenino , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Fiebre Reumática/complicaciones , Fiebre Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Preescolar , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Sudán , Adolescente , Fiebre/etiología , Enfermedades EndémicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Secondary antibiotic prophylaxis reduces progression of latent rheumatic heart disease (RHD) but not all children benefit. Improved risk stratification could refine recommendations following positive screening. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a previously developed echocardiographic risk score to predict mid-term outcomes among children with latent RHD. METHODS: We included children who completed the GOAL, a randomized trial of secondary antibiotic prophylaxis among children with latent RHD in Uganda. Outcomes were determined by a 4-member adjudication panel. We applied the point-based score, consisting of 5 variables (mitral valve (MV) anterior leaflet thickening (3 points), MV excessive leaflet tip motion (3 points), MV regurgitation jet length ≥ 2 cm (6 points), aortic valve focal thickening (4 points) and any aortic regurgitation (5 points)), to panel results. Unfavorable outcome was defined as progression of diagnostic category (borderline to definite, mild definite to moderate/severe definite), worsening valve involvement or remaining with mild definite RHD. RESULTS: 799 patients (625 borderline and 174 definite RHD) were included, with median follow-up of 24 months. At total 116 patients (14.5%) had unfavorable outcome per study criteria, 57.8% not under prophylaxis. The score was strongly associated with unfavorable outcome (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.16-1.37, p < 0.001). Unfavorable outcome rates in low (≤6 points), intermediate (7-9 points) and high-risk (≥10 points) children at follow-up were 11.8%, 30.4%, and 42.2%, (p < 0.001) respectively (C-statistic = 0.64 (95% CI 0.59-0.69)). CONCLUSIONS: The simple risk score provided an accurate prediction of RHD status at 2-years, showing a good performance in a population with milder RHD phenotypes.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral , Cardiopatía Reumática , Niño , Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Prevalencia , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
The lifetime risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) is 1 in 3 adults, resulting in a prevalence of 2-4%. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a frequent aetiology of valvular heart disease in lowand middle-income countries. Between 21% and 80% of patients with mitral valve disease, especially with stenosis, may have AF. Both these conditions, AF and RHD, present a state of persistent inflammation. In turn, inflammation is a frequent cause of anisocytosis, which can be evidenced through the parameter RDW (red bold cell distribution width). Factors associated with increased RDW are also known as risk factors associated with a higher incidence of AF. RDW may have an independent role in the pathogenesis of AF and the increased propensity of both thromboembolic and bleeding events. Another marker involved in the incidence of AF is the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. This is also a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation and is associated with a higher rate of AF recurrence. This review will evaluate these biomarkers and their association with cardiovascular events in patients with AF and RHD. The hypotheses and current debates about the relationship of biomarkers with the severity of chronic valve dysfunction, with acute rheumatic carditis in the paediatric population, and with the presence of thrombus in the left atrium will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Fibrilación Atrial , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas , Cardiopatía Reumática , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Fibrilación Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilación Atrial/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Neutrófilos , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Linfocitos , Biomarcadores , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Inflamación/complicaciones , EritrocitosRESUMEN
Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most serious manifestation of rheumatic fever, which may also affect the brain. The current study assessed the prevalence of neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with RHD, including clinical features associated with basal ganglia motor dysfunction (BGMD). Methods: We conducted neurologic and psychiatric assessments in consecutive patients with RHD referred to a tertiary center for heart valve diseases. Echocardiography was performed to assess the pattern of valvular involvement and RHD severity. Validated questionnaires for the evaluation of cognition, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were applied. BGMD was clinically defined by the presence of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Results: Fifty patients with age of 43.2 ± 10.8 years, 84% female, were included. Mitral valve was affected in 47 patients (94%), and 21 of them (42%) also had aortic valve involvement. Chorea (22%), chronic tics (18%), OCS (48%), major depression (34%), generalized anxiety disorder (54%), cognitive complaints (66%), migraine (52%) and seizures (18%) were frequently reported. The factors associated with BGMD were age (p = 0.018), major depression (p = 0.013), and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive (Y-BOCS) score (p = 0.011). The severity of heart disease was not associated with BGMD. Conclusions: Neuropsychiatric manifestations are frequent in RHD patients, which may persist up to three decades after acute rheumatic fever. Age, major depression and severity of OCS were independently associated with BGMD. These manifestations deserve a close attention of clinicians and researchers dealing with adult patients with RHD.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas , Trastornos Mentales , Fiebre Reumática , Cardiopatía Reumática , Adulto , Ecocardiografía , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fiebre Reumática/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/complicaciones , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) disproportionately affects low-income and middle-income countries. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been less represented in scientific literature. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, burden and implemented screening and prevention strategies of RHD in LAC. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and SciELO from 1990 to April 2021. Observational and experimental studies that described data on the epidemiology, burden, or prevention/screening strategies of RHD, regardless of age or language, were included. The risk of bias was assessed by previously published tools depending on their study design. Pre-specified data were independently extracted and presented by each topic (epidemiology, burden, prevention/screening). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021250043. Results: Forty-eight studies out of 1692 non-duplicate records met the eligibility criteria. They were mainly from Brazil, observational in design, and hospital-based. Data on the epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) was not recent (most before 2000) with studies describing decreasing incidence through the years. The prevalence of RHD was described in six studies, ranging from 0.24 to 48 per 1,000 among studies evaluating schoolchildren. Nine studies described data based on admissions, ranging from 0.04% to 7.1% in single-center studies. Twenty-four studies assessed the burden of RHD with most of them reporting mortality rates/proportions and complications such as the need for intervention, atrial fibrillation, or embolism. Six preventive strategies were identified that included educational, register-based, and/or secondary prophylaxis strategies. Three well-established echocardiographic screening studies in Brazil and Peru were identified. Conclusions: Most ARF/RHD research in LAC comes from a single country, Brazil where preventive/screening efforts have been conducted. There was a paucity of data from several countries in the region, reflecting the need for epidemiological studies from more countries in LAC which will provide a better picture of the current situation of ARF/RHD and guide the implementation of preventive strategies.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Reumática , Cardiopatía Reumática , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , Niño , Humanos , Incidencia , América Latina/epidemiología , Fiebre Reumática/epidemiología , Fiebre Reumática/prevención & control , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continues to be a burden in low- and middle-income countries and prevalence estimates are lacking from South America. We aimed to determine the prevalence of RHD in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. METHODS: We examined a random sample of adults (≥18 years) from the general population, who underwent echocardiographic image acquisition by a medical doctor. All images were analyzed according to (i) the 2012 World Heart Federation criteria and (ii) a simplified algorithm for RHD from a previously validated risk score (categories: low-, medium-, high-risk) which involved assessment of the mitral valve (leaflet thickening and excessive motion, regurgitation jet length) and aortic valve (thickening and any regurgitation). RESULTS: A total of 488 adults were screened (mean age 40 ± 15 years, 38% men). The prevalence of RHD was 39/1000 adults (n = 17 definite and n = 2 borderline). Fourteen (74%) had pathological mitral regurgitation, four (21%) mitral stenosis, 0 (0%) pathological aortic regurgitation and six (32%) both mitral and aortic valve disease. None had a prior diagnosis of RHD, 10 (53%) had positive cardiac auscultation and two (11%) reported a history of rheumatic fever. The simplified algorithm identified four (21%) adults as low-risk, six (32%) as intermediate, and nine (47%) as high-risk. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RHD was 39/1000 in adults from the Brazilian Amazon Basin, indicating the need for screening programs in remote areas. A simplified model was only able to categorize every second case of RHD as high-risk. External validation of simplified screening models to increase feasibility in clinical practice are encouraged.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas , Cardiopatía Reumática , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cardiovascular disease in young adults and adolescents in need of heart surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The mean age of patients is 20-25 years, often much younger. By contrast, the few patients with chronic RHD in developed countries present a mean age of around 55 years. It is absolutely fundamental to differentiate these two types of population. Pathology, lesions and surgical methods are different, and the results should not be compared. It is not all the same! A certain enthusiasm for mitral repair has recently surged, with several reports showing excellent results in children and young adults, resulting from the renewed interest of cardiac surgeons, also based on new and modified techniques developed in the meantime. While surgery is easily accessible to patients in developed countries, the situation in LMICs is often dramatic, with countries where there is a complete absence of or few surgical facilities absolutely unable to meet gigantic demands. Many foreign surgical teams conduct humanitarian missions in several of these countries. They are just a "drop of water in the ocean" of needs. In some cases, however, these missions led to the establishment of local teams that now work independently and, in some cases, outperform the foreign teams still visiting.
Asunto(s)
Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas , Cardiopatía Reumática , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/cirugía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cardiovascular disease in young adults and adolescents in need of heart surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The mean age of patients is 20-25 years, often much younger. By contrast, the few patients with chronic RHD in developed countries present a mean age of around 55 years. It is absolutely fundamental to differentiate these two types of population. Pathology, lesions and surgical methods are different, and the results should not be compared. It is not all the same! A certain enthusiasm for mitral repair has recently surged, with several reports showing excellent results in children and young adults, resulting from the renewed interest of cardiac surgeons, also based on new and modified techniques developed in the meantime. While surgery is easily accessible to patients in developed countries, the situation in LMICs is often dramatic, with countries where there is a complete absence of or few surgical facilities absolutely unable to meet gigantic demands. Many foreign surgical teams conduct humanitarian missions in several of these countries. They are just a "drop of water in the ocean" of needs. In some cases, however, these missions led to the establishment of local teams that now work independently and, in some cases, outperform the foreign teams still visiting.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Cardiopatía Reumática/cirugía , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos CardíacosRESUMEN
Introduction: The burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is still high in Brazil. Lack of population awareness about the disease limits the efficacy of prevention programs. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of education on RHD in schools, comparing the conventional expository teaching method with tablet-based worked examples. Method: A prospective, cluster randomized trial was conducted over eight months in six randomly selected low-income Brazilian public schools. Each class was considered a cluster (total: 90), being randomized 1:1 to receive one of the educational methods. Pre-test evaluated students' prior knowledge on RHD. Post-tests, 10 days, and three months later, evaluated retention of knowledge. Results: At total 1,301 students (52% female) completed the study, being 63% from high school. Baseline knowledge about RHD was universally low (average score expository classes [G1] 33.9% vs. worked examples [G2] 32.5%, p = 0.23). A significant but similar improvement was observed in both groups in the immediate post-test (pre- vs. post: p < 0.001): G1 57.5% vs. G2 56.7%, p = 0.69. In the late post-test, a significant 20% worsening was observed in both groups and the final scores were again similar: G1 45.0% vs. G2 45.9%, p = 0.87. Highschool students had higher scores (p < 0.001), and girls had better overall performances than boys (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The novel technology of tablet-based worked examples had similar results compared with expository classes for RHD education in schools. Both educational processes resulted in modest gains in knowledge, with low retention. More studies are needed to determine if increased knowledge leads to behavioral changes that could reduce RHD burden. Highlights: In a cluster-randomized trial, two different educational strategies about Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) for children - standard expository classes and worked examples based on interactive modules in tablet computers - were compared in public schools of underserved Brazilian neighborhoods.Baseline knowledge was low, and the novel tablet-based technology had similar results compared with traditional teaching for RHD education in schools, with no differences in acquisition and mid-term retention of knowledge.Both educational interventions resulted in similar 71% improvement in the immediate post-test, although with suboptimal retention, with over 20% worsening in three months in both groups.Our data suggests that the optimal strategy for RHD education is yet to be determined, and future studies should be warranted to determine if increased knowledge leads to behavioral changes that could reduce disease burden in endemic areas.
Asunto(s)
Educación en Salud/métodos , Cardiopatía Reumática/prevención & control , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Ecocardiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
Introduction: In recent years, new technologies - noticeably ultra-portable echocardiographic machines - have emerged, allowing for Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) early diagnosis. We aimed to perform a cost-utility analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness of RHD screening with handheld devices in the Brazilian context. Methods: A Markov model was created to assess the cost-effectiveness of one-time screening for RHD in a hypothetical cohort of 11-year-old socioeconomically disadvantaged children, comparing the intervention to standard care using a public perspective and a 30-year time horizon. The model consisted of 13 states: No RHD, Undiagnosed Asymptomatic Borderline RHD, Diagnosed Asymptomatic Borderline RHD, Untreated Asymptomatic Definite RHD, Treated Asymptomatic Definite RHD, Untreated Mild Clinical RHD, Treated Mild Clinical RHD, Untreated Severe Clinical RHD, Treated Severe Clinical RHD, Surgery, Post-Surgery and Death. The initial distribution of the population over the different states was derived from primary echo screening data. Costs of the different states were derived from the Brazilian public health system database. Transition probabilities and utilities were derived from published studies. A discount rate of 3%/year was used. A cost-effectiveness threshold of $25,949.85 per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted is used in concordance with the 3x GDP per capita threshold in 2015. Results: RHD echo screening is cost-effective with an Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio of $10,148.38 per DALY averted. Probabilistic modelling shows that the intervention could be considered cost-effective in 70% of the iterations. Conclusion: Screening for RHD with hand held echocardiographic machines in 11-year-old children in the target population is cost-effective in the Brazilian context. Highlights: A cost-effectiveness analysis showed that Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) echocardiographic screening utilizing handheld devices, performed by non-physicians with remote interpretation by telemedicine is cost-effective in a 30-year time horizon in Brazil.The model included primary data from the first large-scale RHD screening program in Brazilian underserved populations and costs from the Unified Health System (SUS), and suggests that the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio of the intervention is considerably below the acceptable threshold for Brazil, even after a detailed sensitivity analysis.Considering the high prevalence of subclinical RHD in Brazil, and the significant economic burden posed by advanced disease, these data are important for the formulation of public policies and surveillance approaches.Cost-saving strategies first implemented in Brazil by the PROVAR study, such as task-shifting to non-physicians, computer-based training, routine use of affordable devices and telemedicine for remote diagnosis may help planning RHD control programs in endemic areas worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía/economía , Tamizaje Masivo/economía , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil/epidemiología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Prevalencia , Cardiopatía Reumática/economía , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Echocardiographic (echo) screening is an important tool to estimate rheumatic heart disease (RHD) prevalence, but the natural history of screen-detected RHD remains unclear. The PROVAR+ (Programa de RastreamentO da VAlvopatia Reumática) study, which uses non-experts, telemedicine and portable echo, pioneered RHD screening in Brazil. We aimed to assess the mid-term evolution of Brazilian schoolchildren (5-18 years) with echocardiography-detected subclinical RHD and to assess the performance of a simplified score consisting of five components of the World Heart Federation criteria, as a predictor of unfavourable echo outcomes. SETTING: Public schools of underserved areas and private schools in Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 197 patients (170 borderline and 27 definite RHD) with follow-up of 29±9 months were included. Median age was 14 (12-16) years, and 130 (66%) were woman. Only four patients in the definite group were regularly receiving penicillin. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Unfavourable outcome was based on the 2-year follow-up echo, defined as worsening diagnostic category, remaining with mild definite RHD or development/worsening of valve regurgitation/stenosis. RESULTS: Among patients with borderline RHD, 29 (17.1%) progressed to definite, 49 (28.8%) remained stable, 86 (50.6%) regressed to normal and 6 (3.5%) were reclassified as other heart diseases. Among those with definite RHD, 13 (48.1%) remained in the category, while 5 (18.5%) regressed to borderline, 5 (18.5%) regressed to normal and 4 (14.8%) were reclassified as other heart diseases. The simplified echo score was a significant predictor of RHD unfavourable outcome (HR 1.197, 95% CI 1.098 to 1.305, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The simple risk score provided an accurate prediction of RHD status at 2-year follow-up, showing a good performance in Brazilian schoolchildren, with a potential value for risk stratification and monitoring of echocardiography-detected RHD.
Asunto(s)
Cardiopatía Reumática , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Ecocardiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a preventable disease frequently recognized in urban slums. Disease rates in Brazilian slums are incommensurate with the country's economic status and the existence of its universal healthcare system. Our study aimed to investigate what system issues may allow for disease persistence, focusing on issues surrounding access and utilization of primary and specialized healthcare services. STUDY DESIGN: This was a two-part (formative phase followed by implementation phase) qualitative study based on interviews and focus groups and analyzed via content analysis. METHODS: One focus group and 17 in-depth interviews with community health workers, primary care providers, and cardiologists who serve slum residents in Brazil and six interviews with key informants (community health researchers and cardiologists) were performed. Interviews with community health workers and primary care providers were from a single heath post in the neighborhood of Liberdade, a populous and previously unstudied slum in Salvador. Cardiologists were recruited from tertiary care referral hospitals in Salvador. RESULTS: Our findings revealed six major chronological categories/themes of issues and twenty subthemes that patients must overcome to avoid developing RHD or to have it successfully medically managed. Major themes include the effects of living in a slum (1), barriers to access and utilization of primary healthcare services (2), treatment in primary healthcare services (3), access/utilization of specialized healthcare services (4), treatment in specialized healthcare services (5), and certain systemic issues (6). CONCLUSION: Slums make residents sick in a manner of ways, and various bottlenecks impeding medical access to both primary care and specialty care exist, requiring multifaceted interventions. We detail major themes and finally suggest interventions that can allow for the health system to successfully eliminate RHD as a public health concern for slum residents.
Asunto(s)
Personal de Salud/psicología , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Áreas de Pobreza , Cardiopatía Reumática/prevención & control , Cobertura Universal del Seguro de Salud , Brasil/epidemiología , Cardiólogos/psicología , Agentes Comunitarios de Salud/psicología , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Médicos de Atención Primaria/psicología , Investigación Cualitativa , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Determinantes Sociales de la SaludRESUMEN
In the 2017, "Cairo Accord on Rheumatic Heart Disease-From Molecules to The Global Community" experts from endemic areas enumerated an approach to reduce the population burden of rheumatic heart disease. The 10 key recommendations include immediate logistical objectives as well as domains for further study. Echocardiographic population screening programs were relegated to research alone. Given the large body of supporting data, relegating echo screening to an investigational modality is an opportunity lost.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Vigilancia de la Población , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Considering the limited accuracy of clinical examination for early diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), echocardiography has emerged as an important epidemiological tool. The ideal setting for screening is yet to be defined. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of latent RHD in schoolchildren (aged 5-18 years) and to compare effectiveness of screening between public schools, private schools, and primary care centers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: The PROVAR (Rheumatic Valve Disease Screening Program) study uses nonexperts and portable and handheld devices for RHD echocardiographic screening, with remote interpretation by telemedicine, according to the 2012 World Heart Federation criteria. Compliance with study consent and prevalence were compared between different screening settings, and variables associated with RHD were analyzed. In 26 months, 12 048 students were screened in 52 public schools (n=10 901), 2 private schools (n=589), and 3 primary care centers (n=558). Median age was 12.9 years, and 55.4% were girls. Overall RHD prevalence was 4.0% borderline (n=486) and 0.5% definite (n=63), with statistically similar rates between public schools (4.6%), private schools (3.5%), and primary care centers (4.8%) (P=0.24). The percentage of informed consents signed was higher in primary care centers (84.4%) and private schools (66.9%) compared with public schools (38.7%) (P<0.001). Prevalence was higher in children ≥12 years (5.3% versus 3.1%; P<0.001) and girls (4.9% versus 4.0%; P=0.02). Only age (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.17; P<0.001) was independently associated with RHD. CONCLUSIONS: RHD screening in primary care centers seems to achieve higher coverage rates. Prevalence among schoolchildren is significantly high, with rates higher than expected in private schools of high-income areas. These data are important for the formulation of public policies to confront RHD.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagen , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Distribución por Edad , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Investigación sobre la Eficacia Comparativa , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Atención Primaria de Salud , Sector Privado , Sector Público , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud EscolarRESUMEN
Fundamento: As cardites reumáticas leve e subclínica se diferenciam basicamente pela ausculta de sopro regurgitativo mitral. A evolução destas formas não está bem estabelecida na literatura. Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução das cardites reumáticas leve e subclínica, considerando as valvites mitral e/ou aórtica (fase aguda) e a regressão, manutenção ou piora delas ao final do seguimento (fase crônica). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, longitudinal, incluindo pacientes com cardites reumáticas leve e subclínica. A evolução ecocardiográfica das valvites mitral e/ou aórtica foi comparada nos dois grupos, considerando a análise ao final do seguimento. Foram utilizados o teste qui quadrado e as curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados: Foram incluídos 125 pacientes, sendo 69 (55,2%) com cardite reumática subclínica e 56 (44,8%) com cardite reumática leve, com média de idade na fase aguda de 10,4 ± 2,6 anos e, ao final do estudo, de 19,9 ± 4,6 anos. O tempo de seguimento variou de 2 a 23 anos (média: 9,38 ± 4,3 anos). Na fase aguda, a regurgitação mitral leve/ moderada ou moderada foi mais frequente nos pacientes com cardite reumática leve (p = 0,001). A regurgitação aórtica leve ou leve/moderada também foi mais comum no grupo de cardite reumática leve (p = 0,045). Na fase crônica, observou-se que tanto a regurgitação mitral (p < 0,0001) quanto a regurgitação aórtica (p = 0,009) foram mais frequentes nos pacientes com cardite reumática leve, e a sobrevida livre de valvopatia residual foi maior no grupo de cardite reumática subclínica (p = 0,010). A regurgitação mitral residual foi maior no grupo de cardite reumática leve p < 0,0001), e a regurgitação aórtica residual foi semelhante nos dois grupos (p = 0,099). Conclusão: A resolução da regurgitação mitral foi maior nos pacientes com cardite reumática subclínica, e a involução da regurgitação aórtica foi menos frequente e semelhante nos dois grupos
Background: Mild rheumatic carditis (MRC) and subclinical rheumatic carditis (SRC) are basically differentiated through auscultation of mitral regurgitation murmur. The evolution of these forms is not well established in the literature. Objective: To evaluate the evolution of mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis, considering mitral and aortic regurgitation (acute phase) and regression, maintenance or worsening of these diseases at the end of follow-up (chronic phase). Methods: Retrospective, longitudinal study, including patients with mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis. The echocardiographic evolution of mitral and aortic regurgitation was compared in both groups, considering the analysis at the end of follow-up. The Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used, with significance level established at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 125 patients were included, 69 (55.2%) with subclinical rheumatic carditis and 56 (44.8%) with mild rheumatic carditis, with a mean age in the acute phase of 10.4 ± 2.6 years and, at the end of study, 19.9 ± 4.6 years. The time of follow-up ranged from 2 to 23 years (mean: 9.38 ± 4.3 years). In the acute phase, mild/moderate or moderate mitral regurgitation was more frequent in patients with mild rheumatic carditis (p = 0.001). Mild or mild/moderate aortic regurgitation was also more common in the mild rheumatic carditis group (p = 0.045). In the chronic phase, we observed that both mitral (p < 0.0001) and aortic regurgitation (p = 0.009) were more frequent in patients with mild rheumatic carditis, and survival free of rheumatic heart disease was higher in the subclinical rheumatic carditis group (p = 0.010). Residual mitral regurgitation was higher in the mild rheumatic carditis group p < 0.0001), and residual aortic regurgitation was similar in both groups (p = 0.099). Conclusion: Mitral regurgitation resolution was higher in patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis, and the involution of aortic regurgitation was less frequent and similar in both groups
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adolescente , Válvula Aórtica/anomalías , Niño , Ecocardiografía Doppler/métodos , Válvula Mitral/anomalías , Cardiopatía Reumática/complicaciones , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Aórtica/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Corazón/fisiopatología , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico , Estudio Observacional , Prevalencia , Interpretación Estadística de DatosAsunto(s)
Implementación de Plan de Salud/organización & administración , Tamizaje Masivo/organización & administración , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Ecocardiografía , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Prevalencia , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Telemedicina , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Desatendidas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Desatendidas/prevención & control , Fiebre Reumática/diagnóstico , Fiebre Reumática/prevención & control , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiología , Humanos , Enfermedades Desatendidas/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Fiebre Reumática/epidemiología , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Accurate estimates of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) burden are needed to justify improved integration of RHD prevention and screening into the public health systems, but data from Latin America are still sparse. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of RHD among socioeconomically disadvantaged youth (5-18years) in Brazil and examine risk factors for the disease. METHODS: The PROVAR program utilizes non-expert screeners, telemedicine, and handheld and standard portable echocardiography to conduct echocardiographic screening in socioeconomically disadvantaged schools in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cardiologists in the US and Brazil provide expert interpretation according to the 2012 World Heart Federation Guidelines. Here we report prevalence data from the first 14months of screening, and examine risk factors for RHD. RESULTS: 5996 students were screened across 21 schools. Median age was 11.9 [9.0/15.0] years, 59% females. RHD prevalence was 42/1000 (n=251): 37/1000 borderline (n=221) and 5/1000 definite (n=30). Pathologic mitral regurgitation was observed in 203 (80.9%), pathologic aortic regurgitation in 38 (15.1%), and mixed mitral/aortic valve disease in 10 (4.0%) children. Older children had higher prevalence (50/1000 vs. 28/1000, p<0.001), but no difference was observed between northern (lower resourced) and central areas (34/1000 vs. 44/1000, p=0.31). Females had higher prevalence (48/1000 vs. 35/1000, p=0.016). Age (OR=1.15, 95% CI:1.10-1.21, p<0.001) was the only variable independently associated with RHD findings. CONCLUSIONS: RHD continues to be an important and under recognized condition among socioeconomically disadvantaged Brazilian schoolchildren. Our data adds to the compelling case for renewed investment in RHD prevention and early detection in Latin America.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía/economía , Cardiopatía Reumática/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatía Reumática/economía , Clase Social , Estudiantes , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Ecocardiografía/tendencias , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Telemedicina/economía , Telemedicina/tendenciasRESUMEN
Abstract Background: Heart disease in pregnancy is the leading cause of non- obstetric maternal death. Few Brazilian studies have assessed the impact of heart disease during pregnancy. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with cardiovascular and neonatal complications. Methods: We evaluated 132 pregnant women with heart disease at a High-Risk Pregnancy outpatient clinic, from January 2005 to July 2010. Variables that could influence the maternal-fetal outcome were selected: age, parity, smoking, etiology and severity of the disease, previous cardiac complications, cyanosis, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class > II, left ventricular dysfunction/obstruction, arrhythmia, drug treatment change, time of prenatal care beginning and number of prenatal visits. The maternal-fetal risk index, Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (CARPREG), was retrospectively calculated at the beginning of prenatal care, and patients were stratified in its three risk categories. Results: Rheumatic heart disease was the most prevalent (62.12%). The most frequent complications were heart failure (11.36%) and arrhythmias (6.82%). Factors associated with cardiovascular complications on multivariate analysis were: drug treatment change (p = 0.009), previous cardiac complications (p = 0.013) and NYHA class III on the first prenatal visit (p = 0.041). The cardiovascular complication rates were 15.22% in CARPREG 0, 16.42% in CARPREG 1, and 42.11% in CARPREG > 1, differing from those estimated by the original index: 5%, 27% and 75%, respectively. This sample had 26.36% of prematurity. Conclusion: The cardiovascular complication risk factors in this population were drug treatment change, previous cardiac complications and NYHA class III at the beginning of prenatal care. The CARPREG index used in this sample composed mainly of patients with rheumatic heart disease overestimated the number of events in pregnant women classified as CARPREG 1 and > 1, and underestimated it in low-risk patients (CARPREG 0).
Resumo Fundamento: Cardiopatia na gravidez é a primeira causa de morte materna não obstétrica. Poucos estudos brasileiros avaliaram o impacto da cardiopatia na gestação. Objetivo: Determinar os fatores de risco associados às complicações cardiovasculares e neonatais. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 132 gestantes cardiopatas, acompanhadas em um Setor de Gestação de Alto Risco, de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2010. Foram selecionadas variáveis que poderiam influenciar no desfecho materno/fetal: idade, paridade, tabagismo, etiologia, gravidade da cardiopatia, complicações cardíacas prévias, cianose, classe funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA) > II, disfunção/obstrução do ventrículo esquerdo, arritmia, mudança de tratamento, início e número de consultas de pré-natal. Foi calculado, retrospectivamente, o índice de risco materno-fetal de acordo com o Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (CARPREG) no início do pré-natal. As pacientes foram estratificadas nas três categorias de risco do CARPREG. Resultados: A cardiopatia reumática foi a cardiopatia mais prevalente (62,12%). As complicações mais frequentes foram descompensação cardíaca (11,36%) e arritmias (6,82%). Fatores associados às complicações cardiovasculares na análise multivariada foram mudança do tratamento (p = 0,009), complicações cardíacas prévias (p = 0,013) e classe funcional III NYHA na primeira consulta pré-natal (p = 0,041). O porcentual de complicação cardiovascular foi 15,22% no grupo CARPREG 0; 16,42% no CARPREG 1; e 42,11% no CARPREG >1 − diferentemente do estimado pelo índice original: 5%, 27% e 75%, respectivamente. Na amostra, tivermos 26,36% de prematuridade. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco para complicação cardiovascular nessa população foram a mudança de tratamento, as complicações cardíacas prévias e a classe funcional III NYHA no início do acompanhamento pré-natal. O índice CARPREG, nesta amostra, composta principalmente por pacientes com cardiopatia reumática, superestimou o número de eventos em gestantes classificadas como CARPREG 1 e > 1, e subestimou o risco em pacientes de baixo risco (CARPREG 0).
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Cardiopatías/complicaciones , Cardiopatía Reumática/epidemiología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Brasil/epidemiología , Resultado del Embarazo , Modelos Logísticos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Factores de Edad , Edad Gestacional , Cardiopatías/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Heart disease in pregnancy is the leading cause of non- obstetric maternal death. Few Brazilian studies have assessed the impact of heart disease during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with cardiovascular and neonatal complications. METHODS: We evaluated 132 pregnant women with heart disease at a High-Risk Pregnancy outpatient clinic, from January 2005 to July 2010. Variables that could influence the maternal-fetal outcome were selected: age, parity, smoking, etiology and severity of the disease, previous cardiac complications, cyanosis, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class > II, left ventricular dysfunction/obstruction, arrhythmia, drug treatment change, time of prenatal care beginning and number of prenatal visits. The maternal-fetal risk index, Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (CARPREG), was retrospectively calculated at the beginning of prenatal care, and patients were stratified in its three risk categories. RESULTS: Rheumatic heart disease was the most prevalent (62.12%). The most frequent complications were heart failure (11.36%) and arrhythmias (6.82%). Factors associated with cardiovascular complications on multivariate analysis were: drug treatment change (p = 0.009), previous cardiac complications (p = 0.013) and NYHA class III on the first prenatal visit (p = 0.041). The cardiovascular complication rates were 15.22% in CARPREG 0, 16.42% in CARPREG 1, and 42.11% in CARPREG > 1, differing from those estimated by the original index: 5%, 27% and 75%, respectively. This sample had 26.36% of prematurity. CONCLUSION: The cardiovascular complication risk factors in this population were drug treatment change, previous cardiac complications and NYHA class III at the beginning of prenatal care. The CARPREG index used in this sample composed mainly of patients with rheumatic heart disease overestimated the number of events in pregnant women classified as CARPREG 1 and > 1, and underestimated it in low-risk patients (CARPREG 0).