RESUMEN
To determine and compare the antimicrobial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts, six types of commercial mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Two varieties of H. sabdariffa cultivated in Mexico were used. Aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, acetonic, and ethyl acetate extracts were obtained from H. sabdariffa calyces. Six different types of mouthwash (Astringosol®, Colgate plax-ice-infinity®, Crest pro-health®, Dental max®, Equate®, and Listerine zero®) and chlorhexidine (0.12%) were purchased at a pharmacy. The antimicrobial activity of the H. sabdariffa calyx extracts, mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine was determined by the agar disc diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all solutions were determined by the broth dilution method and the pour plate technique, respectively. Also, the effect of H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine on permeability of the bacterial membrane was determined by the violet crystal assay. All H. sabdariffa calyx extracts and chlorhexidine showed antibacterial activity against all oral pathogenic bacteria. The mouthwashes showed lower antibacterial effect than H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine. Dental max showed no antibacterial effect. The MICs and MBCs, respectively, for H. sabdariffa extracts were between 5-20 and 10-20 mg/mL; and for chlorhexidine, between 3-4 and 3-5 mg/mL. For the Listerine®, the MIC and MBC values were between 20-25 and 25-33 mg/mL, respectively. The results of the crystal violet test indicate that H. sabdariffa calyx extracts and chlorhexidine alter the permeability of the bacterial membrane. All H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine showed significantly greater antimicrobial effect than mouthwashes. This is the first report in which the antimicrobial effect of the H. sabdariffa calyx extracts, mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine is compared.
Asunto(s)
Clorhexidina/farmacología , Hibiscus/química , Antisépticos Bucales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Capnocytophaga/efectos de los fármacos , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To compare the subgingival microbiological outcomes of azithromycin or placebo as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and to secondarily evaluate the microbiological effect of supragingival scaling in AgP patients. METHODS: Twenty-four AgP subjects 13-26 years of age received a 15-day programme of supragingival scaling (SC) and were then randomly assigned to SRP with systemic azithromycin or placebo. Subgingival samples were taken with sterile paper points at baseline, 15 days after SC, and at 3, 6 and 12 months following SRP. Microbiological analysis was performed by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: Changes in bacterial levels from baseline to 15 days after SC were similar in the 2 groups. When subjects were analysed as a single group, significant reductions after SC were observed for Actinomyces gerencseriae, Capnocytophaga ochracea, and Treponema denticola. During the 12-month follow-up, levels of most of the bacteria decreased in both groups in a similar pattern. For instance, Actinomyces israelli, Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus gordonii, C. ochracea, Eikenella corrodens, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium periodonticum and Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. polymorphum decreased significantly within the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin was ineffective in lowering the subgingival levels of important putative periodontal pathogens in young AgP subjects compared to placebo. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Scaling and root planing with adjunctive systemic azithromycin provides little additional benefit compared to placebo in reductions of major subgingival periodontal pathogens.