RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study include the following: (i) to assess the presence of accessory canals and foramina in the body of the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), (ii) to evaluate the location, number, diameter, and length of accessory canals in the body of the mandible, and (iii) to propose a new classification for mandibular accessory canals based on the location. METHODS: A total of 50 (25 males and 25 females) CBCT scans were analyzed in three anatomical planes and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions for the exact number, location, diameter, and accessory length canals and accessory foramina in the body of the mandible. The statistical analysis used was an independent t-test. RESULTS: Out of 50 CBCT scans, a total of 243 accessory canals and 245 accessory foramina were found. About 53% of accessory canals and foramina were found in males, while 47% were observed in females; 89% were evident in the anterior region, and only 11% were in the posterior region. The majority (64%) of the medial lingual canals had a diameter greater than or equal to 1 mm, while only 32% of accessory canals had a diameter of less than 1 mm (p < 0.05). The mean length of median lingual canals in females was 1.2910 ± 0.2582 mm and 2.6438 ± 0.5288 mm in male subjects. Mandibular accessory canals are classified broadly into anterior and posterior accessory canals, which have further subdivisions. CONCLUSION: CBCT plays a dynamic role in determining the mandible location of various neurovascular structures, including accessory canals and foramina. Female subjects were observed with more accessory canals and foramina and more common in the anterior region than in the posterior region.
Asunto(s)
Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Canal Mandibular/anatomía & histología , Canal Mandibular/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Variación Anatómica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Interpretación de Imagen Radiográfica Asistida por ComputadorRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Anatomical structure classification is necessary task in medical field, but the inevitable variability of interpretation among experts makes reliable classification difficult. This study aims to introduce cluster analysis, unsupervised machine learning method, for classification of three-dimensional (3D) mandibular canal (MC) courses, and to visualize standard MC courses derived from cluster analysis in the Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 429 cone-beam computed tomography images were used. Four sites in the mandible were selected for the measurement of the MC course and four parameters, two vertical and two horizontal parameters were measured per site. Cluster analysis was carried out as follows: parameter measurement, parameter normalization, cluster tendency evaluation, optimal number of clusters determination, and k-means cluster analysis. The 3D MC courses were classified into three types with statistically significant mean differences by cluster analysis. RESULTS: Cluster 1 showed a smooth line running towards the lingual side in the axial view and a steep slope in the sagittal view. Cluster 2 ran in an almost straight line closest to the lingual and inferior border of mandible. Cluster 3 showed the pathway with a bent buccally in the axial view and an increasing slope in the sagittal view in the posterior area. Cluster 2 showed the highest distribution (42.1%), and males were more widely distributed (57.1%) than the females (42.9%). Cluster 3 comprised similar ratio of male and female cases and accounted for 31.9% of the total distribution. Cluster 1 had the least distribution (26.0%) Distributions of the right and left sides did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The MC courses were automatically classified as three types through cluster analysis. Cluster analysis enables the unbiased classification of the anatomical structures by reducing observer variability and can present representative standard information for each classified group.
Asunto(s)
Canal Mandibular/anatomía & histología , Algoritmos , Pueblo Asiatico , Análisis por Conglomerados , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Aprendizaje Automático no SupervisadoRESUMEN
SUMMARY: A recent study found that the mandibular canal might be preferably called the inferior alveolar canal in recent publication years, certain journal categories, countries and departments with which the authors were affiliated. The canal can also be called the inferior dental canal that was not included in that study. This bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the entire relevant literature, and to investigate if inferior alveolar canal was trending over the years. The Web of Science Core Collection electronic database was searched to identify publications exclusively mentioning mandibular canal, inferior alveolar canal, inferior dental canal, and publications mentioning them in combinations. Publication year, country of contributing authors, journal category, journal title, and citation count were recorded for the resultant publications. There were 1152 publications analyzed. Mandibular canal has always been the dominating term since the 1990s, whereas inferior alveolar canal seemed to become slightly more popular in the 2010s than in the past. Journals from dentistry, surgery, radiology, anatomy, and medicine all showed a preference towards mandibular canal. Leading dental surgery journals had a higher ratio of inferior alveolar canal usage than their dental radiology counterparts. Top 20 countries showed a preference towards mandibular canal except Saudi Arabia, which had 57.7 % of publications using inferior alveolar canal exclusively. Publications mentioning mandibular canal, inferior alveolar canal, and inferior dental canal did not differ in averaged citation count. The term mandibular canal was still dominating in all academic fields. The term inferior alveolar canal showed increased usage in the 2010s without an increasing trend. The argumentation of renaming mandibular canal as inferior alveolar canal has yet to accumulate considerable traction.
RESUMEN: Un estudio reciente encontró que el canal mandibular ha sido llamado en los últimos, canal alveolar inferior en ciertas categorías de revistas, países y departamentos con algunos autores asociadas a estas. El canal también se puede denominar canal dental inferior término que no se incluyó en ese estudio. Este análisis bibliométrico se realizó para evaluar la literatura relevante e investigar la frecuencia del uso de canal alveolar inferior en el tiempo. Se buscó en la base de datos electrónica de Web of Science Core Collection para identificar publicaciones que mencionan exclusivamente canal mandibular, canal alveolar inferior, canal dental inferior y publicaciones que las mencionan en combinaciones. El año de publicación, el país de los autores contribuyentes, la categoría de la revista, el título de la revista y el recuento de citas se registraron para las publicaciones resultantes. Se analizaron 1152 publicaciones. Desde la década de 1990, canal mandibular siempre ha sido el término predominante, mientras que canal alveolar inferior pareció volverse algo más popular en la década de 2010. Las revistas de odontología, cirugía, radiología, anatomía y medicina mostraron una preferencia por canal mandibular. Las principales revistas de cirugía dental tenían una proporción más alta de uso de canal alveolar inferior que sus contrapartes de radiología dental. Los principales 20 países mostraron una preferencia por canal mandibular, excepto Arabia Saudita, que tenía un 57,7 % de las publicaciones que usaban exclusivamente canal alveolar inferior. Las publicaciones que mencionan canal mandibular, canal alveolar inferior e canal dental inferior no difirieron en el recuento promedio de citas. El término canal mandibular todavía predomina en todos los campos académicos. El término canal alveolar inferior mostró un mayor uso en la década de 2010 sin una tendencia creciente, sin embargo el argumento de cambiar el nombre de canal mandibular a canal alveolar inferior en el futuro deberá ser ratificado.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Canal Mandibular/anatomía & histología , Terminología como AsuntoRESUMEN
El canal mandibular recorre este hueso longitudinalmente, relacionándose en su segmento medio con las piezas dentarias molares y premolares. El conocimiento de la relación del canal mandibular con las piezas dentarias y con las corticales mandibulares es de gran importancia para la práctica de la implantología. En el presente estudio se analizan las relaciones de la porción media del canal mandibular con las corticales mandibulares pertenecientes a individuos de sexo femenino, de entre 50 y 65 años, con caracterización antropométrica coincidente con el registro. Se realizaron mediciones en tres niveles del segmento medio (A-B-C). Los resultados muestran que el canal mandibular presenta una forma ovoidea y que sus diámetros disminuyen a medida que desciende hasta el agujero mentoniano. Se observó además, un trayecto oblicuo y descendente, aproximándose a la cortical vestibular de la mandíbula. Se discute la importancia del conocimiento de las características biométricas del canal mandibular, en individuos de sexo femenino, del grupo etario seleccionado, debido a que estos son pacientes quienes tienen mayor necesidad de rehabilitación con implantes óseointegrados.
The mandibular canal have as longitudinally course, being related in its average segment to the dental pieces molars and premolars. The knowledge of the relation of the mandibular canal with the dental pieces and cortical bone is of great importance for the practice of the implant therapy. In the present study the relations of the average portion of the canal are analyzed to mandible with cortical mandibular bone pertaining to female sex of between 50 and 65 years obtained of different cemeteries, with coincident anthropometric characterization with the registry. Measurements were made in three levels of the average segment (A-B-C). The results show that the mandibular canal presents a ovoid form and that their diameters diminish as it descends until the mentoniano hole. It was observed, in addition an oblique and descendent passage, coming near to the cortical one to vestibular of the jaw. The importance of the knowledge of the biometrics aspects of the mandibular canal is discussed in female of the selected age group, because they are these patients who have greater necessity of implant therapy.