RESUMEN
Climate change represents an unprecedented threat to global biodiversity and, for many species, gaps in our knowledge of their biology remain acute. Gaps in baseline knowledge, such as confirmed identifications (Linnean shortfalls) and adequate collections (Wallacean shortfalls), need to be minimized with new studies, since this is often critical for effective conservation. Despite the increase in scientific research on primates in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, little is known about the species Mico nigriceps (Ferrari & Lopes, 1992) Primates, Platirryni. In the current study, we sought to reduce the extent of the Wallacean shortfall for M. nigriceps, understand whether climate change represents a threat to the distribution of the species, and identify priority areas for its conservation. Accordingly, we provide 121 new records in 14 locations, obtained directly from the field, and five from the literature. Using this, we carried out ecological niche modeling, to better understand how environmental suitability might limit the area occupied by the species. We then projected a distribution for 2070 with the SSP2-4.5 (more optimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (more pessimistic) scenarios. Our data confirmed the geographic distribution of the species as being restricted to headwaters of the Ji-Paraná/Machado river, but with a 400 km extension to the south. Under the modeled climate change scenarios, the area suitable for the species declines by 21% under the most optimistic, and by 27% in the pessimistic, scenario across the projected 50-year period. Although we have expanded the area of known occurrence for this species, we point out that climate change threatens the stability of this newly-discovered population strongly, and that this danger is intensified by deforestation, fire and hunting. We recommend that further studies be carried out to confirm the presence of the species in adjacent areas, those indicated by generated models as being potential environmentally suitable. In addition, we recommend intensifying forest restoration in currently pastured areas, and protection of the areas forming the current and future habitat of this species through such measures as protected area creation.
Asunto(s)
Distribución Animal/fisiología , Biodiversidad , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Cambio Climático/estadística & datos numéricos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ecosistema , Animales , Brasil , Bosques , Modelos TeóricosRESUMEN
Habituation is used in most field research with primates to minimize observer effects on their behavior. Despite its importance, there is little published on the methods used to habituate different taxa of primates or how these methods vary in different habitat types. We assessed changes in behavior and space use of two groups of Leontocebus lagonotus in the Ecuadorian Amazon in order to document this process. Although the subjects had not been studied before, visitors and researchers were more frequently in the home range of Group 1 than of Group 2. We followed both groups for 2 months, collecting behavioral data through scan sampling and recording the use of space (ground, understory, subcanopy, and canopy) and the routes along which we followed the groups. We then divided our data into two equivalent stages, randomized the data for each stage and looked for significant differences using Wilcoxon tests. Our results show a significant decrease in submissive behaviors toward the observer for both groups and a significant increase in resting and foraging for Group 1. In addition, Group 2 used the subcanopy significantly less and the understory more during the second stage. The routes the animals used were significantly longer in the second stage for Group 1, but not for Group 2. We conclude that our methodology is adequate to advance in the habituation of L. lagonotus in less than 2 months and that a group will habituate more quickly if it has had some previous neutral exposure to humans.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Observación Conductual/métodos , Conducta Animal , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Animales , Ecuador , Habituación Psicofisiológica , HumanosRESUMEN
Although potentially beneficial in terms of raising awareness and conservation funding, tourist visitation of wild primates can have negative impacts on visited groups. Tourism-generated noise is a relatively understudied facet of ecotourism research, and the effects of tourist-generated speech on free-ranging, wild primates has never been explored previously. This study investigates the behavioral responses of 10 groups of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) to human speech. Through the use of an experimental playback study using recorded human speech, we show that pygmy marmosets within the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, Peru, are significantly less visible, and often move completely out of sight after louder playbacks. Although no consistent differences were found in other behaviors with playback duration and volume, playbacks of human speech tended to increase the amount of time individuals were alert and decrease feeding and resting behaviors. Our results demonstrate that human speech can alter the behavior of visited primates, and identifies a decrease in primate visibility within the increasing volume. As all trials in this study took place near a marmoset group's feeding tree, moving out of sight from the visible study area is a particularly energetically costly behavior, and also has a negative effect on visitor enjoyment as it limits the time that they are able to view the target species. This response was not observed (nor was any other consistent behavior change) in control trials where the marmosets were exposed to human presence but not to speech, suggesting that negative tourist impacts can be reduced by encouraging tourists to refrain from speaking in the presence of visited primate groups.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Ruido/efectos adversos , Habla , Animales , Conducta Alimentaria , Humanos , Perú , DescansoRESUMEN
Among the 13 Mico species recognized by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, six are listed as "Data Deficient". The geographic range of most of the Mico species has been estimated from only a few records. We report new localities and the geographic extension of Mico chrysoleucos. In addition, we confirmed the presence of the species in two distinct protected areas. We modeled the habitat suitability of M. chrysoleucos using the maximum entropy method and including new records obtained by the authors in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. From the total area of occurrence calculated for the species, 22.8% is covered by protected areas and indigenous lands. The annual mean deforestation rate estimated between 2000 and 2015 was 2.95%, and the total area deforested by 2015 was 3354 km2 or 8.6% of the total distribution limits of the species. The habitat lost between 2000 and 2015 was 3.2% (1131 km2) of the total potential distribution, while the habitat loss area legally protected was 31 km2, and the habitat loss in settlements was equal to 691 km2. Our results extend the geographic distribution of the species about 100 km farther south, with the Maracanã River being a possible geographic barrier for the species. The significantly low rate of habitat loss inside protected areas and indigenous land, when compared to unprotected areas, points out the importance of these areas to M. chrysoleucos conservation. The species is relatively wide-ranging, legally protected, and resilient to regional anthropic threats. However, the hydroelectric schemes and the improvement of the road system in southern Amazonia pose an imminent threat to the species.
Asunto(s)
Distribución Animal , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Animales , BrasilRESUMEN
Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966, was described from a painting by Eládio da Cruz Lima in his book Mammals of Amazonia, Vol. 1, Primates (1945). The painting was of four saddle-back tamarins from the upper Rio Purus, one of them distinct and the inspiration for Hershkovitz to describe it as a new subspecies. Its exact provenance was unknown, however, and the specimen was lost. Surveys in the Purus National Forest in 2011 resulted in sightings of this tamarin along the north bank of the Rio Inauini, a left-bank tributary of the middle Purus, and also on the left bank of the Purus, north and south of the Rio Inauini. It is possible that it extends north as far as the Rio Pauini, and that S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977, occurs north of the Pauini as far the Rio Tapauá, both also left-bank tributaries of the Purus. Morphometric and molecular genetic analyses and the coloration of the pelage indicate that this tamarin differs from its neighbors sufficiently to be considered a full species. In his doctoral dissertation [2010, Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Distribution of Tamarins (Genus Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807) Georg-August Universität, Göttingen], C. Matauschek found that saddle-back and black-mantle tamarins diverged from the tamarin lineage around 9.2 million years ago; time enough to warrant their classification in a distinct genus. Leontocebus Wagner, 1840, is the first name available. In this article we re-describe Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin. We propose a neotype with a precise locality, and make it a full species in the genus Leontocebus.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/anatomía & histología , Callitrichinae/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Animales , Brasil , Callitrichinae/genética , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Citocromos b/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Saguinus/anatomía & histología , Saguinus/clasificación , Saguinus/genética , Saguinus/fisiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
We present two new records for the vulnerable dwarf marmoset, Callibella humilis. The first record, based on observed and photographed individuals, is from a campinarana area on the left (west) bank of the Rio Madeirinha, a left (west)-bank tributary of the Rio Roosevelt in the state of Amazonas, municipality of Novo Aripuanã and extends the distribution of the species ~270 km southwards, to the left (west) bank of the rio Roosevelt. The second record is based on an individual collected from the mouth of the Rio Roosevelt, at less than 10 km from the type locality of Mico marcai. This indicates that the species occurs sympatrically with M. marcai and probably Mico melanurus. We also present the first sonogram analysis of its long call structure, which shows some similarities, in the note duration and frequency, with Cebuella pygmaea and Mico argentatus.
Asunto(s)
Distribución Animal , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Vocalización Animal , Animales , Brasil , Masculino , Espectrografía del SonidoRESUMEN
RESUMEN: El Tití León Dorado, (Leontopithecus rosalia) es un primate (especie de los Tamarinos y Titíes) de la foresta atlántica brasileña en serio riesgo de extinción. Poco se conoce acerca de su anatomía, específicamente de las uniones musculares. Debido a ello, con el objetivo de comprender la locomoción de éste y otros primates, estudiamos la morfología y morfometría de los músculos grácil y sartorio y la relación entre ellos, en 3 especies de Leontopithecus rosalia. Se examinaron 18 animales adultos, de ambos sexos, sin anormalidades físicas en la región estudiada. El material pertenece a la colección del Centro de Primatología de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Los miembros posteriores fueron disecados hasta el nivel de los músculos grácil y sartorio, donde se efectuó la morfometría, obteniéndose, entre los músculos mencionados un área para su análisis histológico. Describimos la morfología de los músculos grácil y sartorio. Se obtuvieron valores promedio de la morfometría muscular y se estudió histológicamente la unión entre esos músculos. El análisis morfológico y morfométrico permite sugerir parámetros descriptivos de esos músculos. El análisis histológico permite concluir que las fibras del músculo grácil y del músculo sartorio no están fusionadas sino que se mantienen juntas a través de tejido conjuntivo, así, se insertan en el lado medial de la tibia. Funcionalmente, creemos que los músculos grácil y sartorio contribuyen a una activa contención de la articulación de la rodilla y sobre la biomecánica de los miembros posteriores de esos primates, conocidos como corredores.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Callitrichinae/anatomía & histología , Callitrichinae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Músculo Esquelético/crecimiento & desarrollo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/irrigación sanguínea , Desarrollo de Músculos/fisiología , Hueso Púbico/anatomía & histología , Hueso Púbico/inervación , Hueso Púbico/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
Local variations in fruit- and leaf-eating have been reported for some primate species; however, similar variations in exudate-feeding of pygmy marmosets, one of the most specialized neotropical primate species, have not been studied. In our 3-year study of four populations of pygmy marmosets in northeastern Ecuador, we characterized their exudate-feeding behavior by describing the use of exudate sources. We tested whether the use of exudate species was related to ecological factors such as the availability of exudate species in an area. We estimated the daily activity budgets of the groups with 1-hr scan samples and found significant interpopulation differences in the time spent on exudate feeding. We recorded a total of 18 exudate species used in the four populations; however, the populations differed in the total number of species used and in the preferred species. The most commonly used plant species were Sterculia apetala at San Pablo, Cedrela odorata at Sacha, Inga marginata at Amazoonico, and Parkia balslevii at Zancudo. We recorded the presence and abundance of the 18 exudate species in 90-m transects in the home range of each group and in one additional control area that contained no marmosets, for each population. Differences in the most-used exudate species among populations did not appear to be related to the availability of these species in each population, i.e., the marmosets did not use at random the exudate species available within their range, nor did they use more often the exudate species that were more abundant in their home ranges. One implication of our results for conservation is that protecting exudate resources based on data from only one area will not be sufficient to preserve pygmy marmosets in all populations.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/fisiología , Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Animales , Ecuador , Observación , Plantas/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The cardiovascular, respiratory, and anesthetic effects of medetomidine-ketamine (20 microg/kg bodyweight [BW] and 10 mg/kg BW) (MK group) or dexmedetomidine-ketamine (10 microg/kg BW and 10 mg/kg BW) (DK group) were studied in golden-headed lion tamarins. Heart rate decreased after administration of both combinations; this reduction was statistically greater in the DK group than in the MK group after 15 and 45 minutes. Systolic arterial pressure decreased in a similar way in both groups, except at 15 minutes, when systolic arterial pressure was significantly lower in the DK group. Diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were progressively reduced in all groups. Sedation time was significantly shorter and anesthesia time was significantly longer in the DK group compared with MK group. Anesthetic quality and analgesia scores were significantly greater at 5 and 15 minutes in the DK group compared with the MK group. The administration of dexmedetomidine-ketamine is as safe and effective as the administration of medetomidine-ketamine in tamarins.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Combinados , Anestésicos Disociativos , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Dexmedetomidina , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Ketamina , Medetomidina , Analgesia/veterinaria , Anestésicos Combinados/farmacología , Anestésicos Disociativos/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Dexmedetomidina/farmacología , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Ketamina/farmacología , Masculino , Medetomidina/farmacología , Distribución Aleatoria , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Seguridad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Lion tamarins (Callitrichidae: Leontopithecus) are small frugi-faunivores that defend large home ranges. We describe results from the first long-term investigation of wild golden-headed lion tamarins (L. chrysomelas; GHLTs). We present data about activity budgets, daily activity cycles, diet, daily path length, home range size, home range overlap, and territorial encounters for three groups of GHLTs that were studied for 1.5-2.5 years in Una Biological Reserve, Bahia State, Brazil, an area characterized by aseasonal rainfall. We compare our results to those from other studies of lion tamarins to identify factors that may influence foraging and ranging patterns in this genus. Ripe fruit, nectar, insects, and small vertebrates were the primary components of the GHLT diet, and gums were rarely eaten. Fruit comprised the majority of plant feeding bouts, and the GHLTs ate at least 79 different species of plants from 32 families. The most common foraging sites for animal prey were epiphytic bromeliads. The GHLTs defended large home ranges averaging 123 ha, but showed strong affinities for core areas, spending 50% of their time in approximately 11% of their home range. Encounters with neighboring groups averaged two encounters every 9 days, and they were always aggressive. Data about time budgets and daily activity cycles reveal that the GHLTs spent most of their time foraging for resources or traveling between foraging sites distributed throughout their home ranges. The GHLTs spent much less time consuming exudates compared to lion tamarins in more seasonal environments. Additionally, the GHLTs had much larger home ranges than golden lion tamarins (L. rosalia), and did not engage in territorial encounters as frequently as L. rosalia. GHLT ranging patterns appear to be strongly influenced by resource acquisition and, to a lesser extent, by resource defense.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/fisiología , Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Conducta Espacial/fisiología , Factores de Edad , Agresión/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Demografía , Femenino , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Actividad Motora/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The behavior of reintroduced, captive-born animals is understudied, limiting the scientific understanding and utility of reintroduction as a conservation tool. This work describes changes in locomotor and foraging behaviors in captive-born golden lion tamarins over the first 18 months after their release into the wild. The subjects included 73 individuals living in and around the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve in Brazil between 1984 and 1996. The differences between animals that survived 6 months after release and those that did not indicate that initial deficiencies in locomotor and foraging abilities are related to survival. Behavioral changes in both juvenile and adult individuals during the first 6 and 18 months after release appear to be primarily related to locomotor abilities; however, the effect of provisioning on foraging abilities is unknown. Juvenile animals showed a larger number of changes relative to adults during the first 6 and 18 months, suggesting that placing tamarins into complex environments early in development may promote the expression of natural behaviors and increase survival opportunities after their release. However, when this is not possible, the best mechanism for reintroducing adult members of this species involves intensive post-release support rather than pre-release training, which confers few behavioral advantages. Recommendations for future reintroductions with this and other species include introducing animals to complex environments early in development, and collecting data systematically.
Asunto(s)
Animales de Zoológico/fisiología , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Ambiente , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Locomoción/fisiología , Aclimatación , Factores de Edad , Animales , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
During 1990-1992, a survey of the golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia, was carried out throughout its known distribution area. Forest remnants were identified by visual interpretation of Landsat-TM satellite images. Localities occupied by L. rosalia were first identified by interviews with local people. All forests more than 20 ha in size, and for which two or more interviews suggested the presence of the species, were surveyed using "play-back" recordings of lion tamarin long calls. The total wild population of L. rosalia, including that of the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, was estimated to be 562 individuals in 109 groups. The lion tamarins were generally found in four major areas of forest (six or more groups per forest, not including Poço das Antas), with a further 12 groups isolated in small forest patches. Currently the species' distribution is restricted to just four municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Silva Jardim, Cabo Frio, Saquarema, and Araruama. Although they are typically confined to lowland forest of <300 m altitude, L. rosalia was recorded at an altitude of 550 m in one locality. Average group size varied from 3.6 to 5.7 individuals, and densities from 0.39 groups/km(2) to 2.35 groups/km(2) (2.17 individuals/ km(2) to 8.53 individuals/km(2)). Six of the isolated groups found during the survey were successfully translocated to a forest of 2400 ha. There is now also a significant population of reintroduced lion tamarins. Overall, however, the possibilities for further expansion of the wild population are severely limited.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Ambiente , Densidad de Población , Árboles , Vocalización AnimalRESUMEN
Foraging behavior, seasonality and time-budgets in the Black Lion Tamarin (L. chrysopygus) was observed in the Caetetus Ecological Station, South-eastern Brazil, during 83 days between November 1988 to October 1990. For the full dry season we found that animal prey represented 11.2% of the black lion tamarin diet, while during the wet season they represented 1.9%. Foraging behavior made up 19.8% of their total activity in the dry season and only 12.8% in the wet season. These results point out that animal prey are relatively more important during the dry season, due to reduced availability of other resources, e.g. fruits, and that a greater foraging effort is required when a larger proportion of the diet is animal prey.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/fisiología , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Animales , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Callithrix and Leontopithecus exhibit ecological differences that have implications for the patterns of infant care. In C. jacchus, which uses a small home range because it depends mainly on plant exudates, infants can forage independently early in their life. L. chrysomelas, which feeds mainly on fruits and insects, needs larger home ranges and, therefore, its infants have a more extensive period of dependence. Three families of C. jacchus and four families of L. chrysomelas were studied in captivity. The animals were observed starting from the birth of the infants up to their 8th week of age. Our results suggest that the pattern of infant transfer in L. chrysomelas did not follow the one reported for L. rosalia in that transfers from the mother occurred much earlier. L. chrysomelas infants were carried for about 15% of total time during the 8th week of life against less than 1% in C. jacchus in the same week. Infant care seems to be more extensive in L. chrysomelas than in C. jacchus, and the period of exclusive mother carrying in L. chrysomelas is shorter than that observed in L. rosalia.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/fisiología , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Animales , Callithrix/fisiología , Dependencia Psicológica , Femenino , Conducta de Ayuda , Vivienda para Animales , MasculinoRESUMEN
The secretion of the subcommissural organ (SCO) is synthesized in the intrinsic cells of that structure, a neuroendocrine gland. The organelles involved in the synthesis of this secretion are rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus. It is still uncertain whether and to what extent the latter participates in the synthesis. In highly active secretory ependymal cells of the SCO, the Golgi apparatus exhibits distinct signs of intense activity. This suggests that the Golgi apparatus is involved in the preparation of the secretion, even if this is difficult to prove electron microscopically. The secretion is discharged from the optical part of the SCO-cells into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the IIIrd ventricle, where Reissner's fibre is formed. Different phases of release of the content of the secretory granula into the IIIrd ventricle are described; our findings are in agreement with previously published observations. In 2 cases delicately granulated and moderately electron-dense material was found in circumscriptly dilated vaults of the intercellular spaces. Release of secretory material into intercellular spaces appears to be possible, but is evidently infrequent. Regular occurrence of a basal (peripheral) discharge into the hypendymal capillaries is not unanimously agreed upon as yet. In this paper, a passage of granula is described from the cytoplasm of the end feet of SCO cells through the walls of the capillaries into the systemic circulation. This provides structural evidence that secretory material synthesized in the SCO is released into the capillaries. These observations must ultimately be confirmed with the aid of ultracytochemical methods, particularly using labelled material.
Asunto(s)
Haplorrinos/fisiología , Sistemas Neurosecretores/metabolismo , Órgano Subcomisural/metabolismo , Animales , Callithrix/anatomía & histología , Callithrix/fisiología , Callitrichinae/anatomía & histología , Callitrichinae/fisiología , Cebus/anatomía & histología , Cebus/fisiología , Retículo Endoplásmico/ultraestructura , Femenino , Aparato de Golgi/ultraestructura , Haplorrinos/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Microvellosidades , Saimiri/anatomía & histología , Saimiri/fisiología , América del Sur , Especificidad de la Especie , Órgano Subcomisural/citologíaRESUMEN
Tamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as "squirrellike." Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and tree squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) in Panama. Data presented indicate that although there is some degree of resource overlap, patterns of habitat utilization differ significantly. Rather than being "squirrellike," the Panamanian tamarin exhibits a pattern of locomotor and feeding behavior consistent with that found in other arboreal primates.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/fisiología , Ecología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Sciuridae/fisiología , Animales , Fenómenos de Retorno al Lugar Habitual , PanamáRESUMEN
A 5-month field study on both the distribution and ecology of Callimico goeldii was carried out in the seasonally dry rain forest of north-western Bolivia. The species was found to be very sparsely distributed (approximately one group per 4 km2) in isolated groups of about 6 animals throughout the study area. Callimico was found to associate a great deal with two species of Saguinus that inhabit the same region in greater densities. It appears to be a habitat specialist, preferring low-lying and damp, but well-drained, bamboo forest and spending nearly all its time within 3 m of ground level, travelling mainly by vertical clinging and leaping. We believe that this ecological specialisation accounts for the species' discontinuous micro-distribution, and that this in turn is related to Callimico's distinctive pattern of social organisation.