RESUMEN
Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union.
Asunto(s)
Café/economía , Comercio/economía , Unión Europea/economía , Aceite de Palma/economía , Agricultura/economía , Colombia , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , MusaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Mexico, coffee activity is mainly carried out in indigenous zones, involving almost one million people. However, local national coffee consumption is low. This article focuses on the analysis of the effect of consumers' expectations as well as some sociodemographic characteristics on the level of liking of Mexican local coffee. Four coffees from three indigenous zones of Hidalgo, Mexico were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale. The samples were evaluated under three conditions: (i) blind, no information given to the consumer; (ii) expected, only information given to the consumer; and (iii) informed, giving information and product to the consumer. RESULTS: The difference observed between expected and blind condition was significant (P < 0.005) for the three local coffees evaluated, indicating a negative disconfirmation. The local coffees were less appreciated than expected, since the information about the samples created high hedonic expectations among the consumers. The level of education and the place of residence of consumers had a significant influence on their level of liking. Based on demographic characteristics, three segments were found presenting a different pattern of liking. CONCLUSIONS: Consumers had positive expectations towards the local coffee. The sociodemographic characteristics and aspects related to consumption, particularly the experience with the product, are decisive in the expectations concerning the local product. This investigation can be useful to generate marketing strategies according to the demands and needs of the market, making local products to be valued. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Café/metabolismo , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Adulto , Café/economía , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Renta , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Motivación , Gusto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The daily Colombian coffee price is a chaotic signal that has emerged from a complex economic system. This work proposes to identify its dynamics by means of two models: a single multiscroll Chua system and the coupling of two of these systems. Models are fine-tuned through an artificial bee colony optimization algorithm. Results show that this approach can reconstruct the price signal in terms of several statistics and points out a way for its long-term forecasting.
Asunto(s)
Algoritmos , Café/economía , Comercio/economía , Simulación por Computador , Modelos Económicos , Colombia , Dinámicas no LinealesRESUMEN
As a rapidly growing global consumer base appreciates the pleasures of coffee and chocolate and health warnings are being replaced by more encouraging sounds from medical experts, their supply is under threat from climate change, pests and financial problems. Coffee farmers in Central America, in particular, are highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change, made worse by financial insecurity. Michael Gross reports.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/economía , Cacao/economía , Cambio Climático , Café/economía , Dulces/economía , América CentralRESUMEN
Tomando como foco o município de São Carlos, um dos principais centros da economia cafeeira do oeste paulista durante a virada do século XIX para o XX, o artigo analisa as tensões presentes nas relações interpessoais tecidas entre negros, de um lado, e fazendeiros e pequenos proprietários rurais, de outro. Por meio da leitura de dois inquéritos policiais da época, percebeu-se que essas relações eram mediadas por determinados códigos morais, os quais, por sua vez, delimitavam certas normas de sociabilidade. Quando alguns destes códigos eram quebrados, as situações de conflito se potencializavam. Pode-se afirmar que, se a proximidade com pessoas de posse ainda era, para a população negra do pós-abolição, uma das principais fontes para obtenção de recursos materiais e simbólicos, as relações de poder inscritas nesses vínculos não deixavam de produzir contestações quanto às identificações e hierarquias encerradas no âmbito familiar. De modo geral, acredita-se que as disputas de poder presentes nessas interações podem estar relacionadas à renegociação, trazida pelo fim do escravismo, de determinadas formas de distinção social.
Taking as its focus the municipality of São Carlos, one of the main centers of the coffee economy in the West of the State of São Paulo in the late 18th and earlier 19th centuries, this paper examines tensions present in interpersonal relationships between black individuals, on the one side, and plantation owners and small landowners, on the other. By analyzing the documents of two police investigations of the time, it was seen that these relationships were mediated by moral codes which, in turn, determined certain rules of sociability. When these codes were violated, situations of conflict arose. It can be argued that, although, after abolition, proximity to wealthy persons was a major source of material and symbolic resources for the black population, the power relations underlying these relationships nonetheless produced identifications and hierarchies enclosed within family circles. In general, it is believed that the power struggles in those interactions may be related to the renegotiation of certain forms of social differences in the wake of the end of slavery.
Con foco en el municipio de São Carlos, uno de los principales centros de la economía cafetalera del oeste paulista desde fines del siglo XIX hasta el XX, el artículo analiza las tensiones presentes en las relaciones interpersonales tejidas entre los negros, por un lado, y los hacendados y pequeños propietarios rurales por otro. Por medio de la lectura de dos investigaciones policiales de la época, se puso de manifiesto que esas relaciones eran mediadas por determinados códigos morales que, a su vez, delimitaban determinadas normas de sociabilidad. Cuando se rompían algunos de estos códigos, las situaciones de conflicto se potenciaban. Se puede afirmar que, si la proximidad con personas pudientes todavía era, para la población negra del periodo post abolición, una de las principales fuentes para obtener recursos materiales y simbólicos, las relaciones de poder presentes en estos vínculos no dejaban de producir polémicas en lo que se refiere a las identificaciones y jerarquías del ámbito familiar. En general, se cree que las disputas de poder presentes en dichas interacciones pueden estar relacionadas a la renegociación, ocasionada por el fin de la esclavitud, de determinadas formas de distinción social.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Población Negra , Café/economía , Café/historia , Producción de Alimentos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Empleo , Brasil , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , SocializaciónRESUMEN
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar e discutir as pautas matrimoniais vigentes em um município típico da economia cafeeira paulista, entre 1860 e 1930, tomando tal variável como indicador do vigor da identidade étnica e do grau de assimilação dos estrangeiros na sociedade local. São Carlos foi fundado em 1857 e conformou-se, a partir da penúltima década do século XIX, como um município bastante representativo da economia cafeeira que se desenvolveu no Estado. De fato, com uma mão de obra inicialmente composta por escravos negros, a partir dos anos 1880 o município passou a receber expressivas levas de imigrantes europeus - italianos, portugueses, espanhóis e outros numericamente menos significativos - para trabalhar nas plantações de café, a ponto de, em 1894, ter recebido o maior contingente de imigrantes de todo o interior paulista. A partir de uma análise dos 15.011 registros paroquiais de casamento observados no período, o trabalho discute a evolução das preferências matrimoniais desses diversos grupos que, ao lado de brasileiros brancos e negros, conformaram uma população estimada em 60 mil indivíduos em 1930. Os dados analisados indicam que a origem nacional atuou como condicionante muito significativo das opções matrimoniais efetivamente concretizadas até pelo menos final dos anos 1920. Assim, as evidências colhidas apontam que pelo menos as primeiras duas gerações de indivíduos de origem imigrante, que viveram em São Carlos até a Grande Depressão do final da década de 1920, mostraram-se bastante resistentes ao processo de assimilação, pelo menos sob o ângulo das pautas matrimoniais.
This paper discusses marriage patterns in a representative city in the state of São Paulo during the coffee economy of 1860-1930. It takes these patterns as indicators of the strength of ethnic identities and of the assimilation of European immigrants in the local society. The city of São Carlos was founded in 1857 and by the late 19th century, it can be seen as fairly typical of the coffee economy that developed in the state of São Paulo. In fact, with a workforce initially composed of African slaves, from the 1880s the city began to receive significant waves of European immigrants - Italians, Portuguese, Spanish and other less numerically significant - for work on coffee plantations, to the point that, in the year of 1894, it received the highest number of immigrants in all of the state, except for the capital. From an analysis of 15,011 parish registers of marriage observed in the period, this paper discusses the evolution of marriage preferences among diverse groups that, alongside black and white Brazilians, conformed an estimated population of 60,000 individuals in 1930. The data analyzed indicate that national origin served as very significant determinant of marital options effectively implemented until at least the late 1920s. Thus, the evidence gathered indicates that at least the first two generations of persons of immigrant origins, living in São Carlos until the Great Depression in the late 1920s, were quite resistant to the process of assimilation, at least in regards to marriage patterns.
El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y discutir las pautas matrimoniales vigentes en un municipio típico de la economía cafetera paulista, entre 1860 y 1930, tomando tal variable como un indicador del vigor de la identidad étnica y del grado de asimilación de los extranjeros en la sociedad local. San Carlos fue fundado en 1857 y se convirtió, a partir de la penúltima década del siglo XIX, en un municipio bastante representativo de la economía cafetera que se desarrolló en el estado de Sao Paulo. De hecho, con una mano de obra inicialmente compuesta por esclavos negros, a partir del año 1880 y en adelante, el municipio pasó a recibir ingentes masas de inmigrantes europeos - italianos, portugueses, españoles y otros numéricamente menos significativos- para trabajar en las plantaciones de café, hasta el punto de que, en 1894, había recibido el mayor contingente de inmigrantes de todo el interior del estado de Sao Paulo. A partir de un análisis de los 15.011 registros parroquiales de matrimonio observados en el período, el trabajo discute la evolución de las preferencias matrimoniales de esos diversos grupos que, junto a los brasileños blancos y negros, conformaron una población estimada en 60 mil individuos en 1930. Los datos analizados indican que el origen nacional actuó como un condicionante muy significativo en las opciones matrimoniales, efectivamente consumadas en matrimonios, hasta por lo menos final de los años veinte del siglo pasado. Así pues, las evidencias recogidas apuntan a que por lo menos las primeras dos generaciones de individuos de origen inmigrante, que vivieron en San Carlos hasta la Gran Depresión del final de la década de 1920, se mostraron bastante resistentes al proceso de asimilación, por lo menos bajo el ángulo de las pautas matrimoniales.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XIX , Café/economía , Matrimonio/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/etnología , Emigración e Inmigración , Grupos Profesionales , Brasil/etnología , España/etnología , Italia/etnología , Portugal/etnologíaRESUMEN
Declining profitability of agriculture and/or higher prices of forest products and services typically drive an increase in forest cover. This article examines changes in forest cover in Candelaria Loxicha, Mexico. Forest cover increased in the area as a result of coffee cultivation in coffee forest-garden systems. Dependence on forest products and services, and not prices of forest products, drive the process in our study site. Low international coffee prices and high labor demand outside the community might pull farmers out of agriculture, but they do not completely abandon the lands. A diversification in income sources prevents land abandonment and contributes to maintaining rural populations and coffee forest gardens.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Café , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Economía , Agricultura Forestal , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Coffea , Café/economía , Café/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Economía/historia , Economía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ambiente , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/educación , Agricultura Forestal/historia , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jardinería/economía , Jardinería/educación , Jardinería/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , México/etnología , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , ÁrbolesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Brazil, the usual forms of zinc (Zn) supply to coffee plants have limitations that compromise the element availability to the plant. This study proposes to test an alternative approach to supplying the nutrient to Coffea arabica L. using trunk implanted zinc tablets. Additionally, the effect of Zn on the production and quality of coffee beans was also evaluated. RESULTS: The highest total coffee bean production was recorded in plants implanted with Zn tablets (TA), while the lowest was recorded in the control treatment, without zinc supply (WZn), reaching a bianual production of 188.2 and 130.1 60-kg bags of processed beans per hectare, respectively. In the treatments where Zn were applied as tablet implantation or as foliage spraying (SZn); the bean size was larger, while the grain electrical conductivity and potassium leaching were lower compared with WZn. CONCLUSION: Zn supply via tablet implantation into tree trunks provides yield and quality similar to those obtained by foliage spraying. Independent of the form of supply, Zn positively influences the production and quality of coffee beans.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/métodos , Coffea/química , Coffea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/química , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zinc/metabolismo , Agricultura/economía , Brasil , Café/química , Café/economía , Conductividad Eléctrica , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Potasio/análisis , Control de Calidad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Gusto , Zinc/administración & dosificación , Zinc/química , Compuestos de Zinc/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Em São Carlos, a formação de uma população estabelecida iniciou-se ainda na primeira metade do século XIX, com as primeiras fazendas mantidas a braço escravo. Em 1884, com a chegada da ferrovia, o município inseriu-se definitivamente na vigorosa economia cafeeira paulista. São Carlos acompanhou assim a transição de uma economia tocada por trabalho escravo para outra em que predominavam colonos livres, de origem europeia, sobretudo italiana. Menos de duas décadas após a abolição do cativeiro, a composição racial da população alterou-se significativamente, graças ao grande afluxo de imigrantes e, provavelmente também, ainda que em menor grau, à saída de ex-escravos do município. Esse aporte diversificado traduziu-se no levantamento censitário realizado no município em 1907, que abrangeu a compilação de informações variadas referentes a 38.642 indivíduos que então o habitavam. Este trabalho busca analisar e discutir as características demográficas e a inserção social de diferentes grupos étnico-raciais presentes na população de São Carlos nessa época. Sua relevância deriva também da ausência de levantamentos populacionais no período em questão, dadas as conhecidas deficiências do censo de 1890 e 1900 e o longo período de 34 anos de intermitência entre o levantamento populacional da província de São Paulo de 1886 e o censo nacional de 1920, este mais confiável, porém omisso quanto à cor dos indivíduos.
En São Carlos, la formación de una población establecida se inició aún en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, con las primeras haciendas mantenidas por el trabajo esclavo. En 1884, con la llegada de la ferrovía, el municipio se insertó definitivamente en la vigorosa economía cafetera paulista. São Carlos acompañó así la transición de una economía tocada por el trabajo esclavo a otra en la que predominaban los colonos libres de origen europeo, sobre todo italiano. Menos de dos décadas después de la abolición de la esclavitud, la composición racial de la población se modificó significativamente, gracias a la gran afluencia de inmigrantes y, probablemente también, aunque en menor grado, a la salida de ex-esclavos del municipio. Este aporte diversificado se evidenció en el relevamiento censal realizado en el municipio en 1907, que abarcó la compilación de informaciones variadas referentes a 38.642 individuos que entonces lo habitaban. Este trabajo busca analizar y discutir las características demográficas y la inserción social de diferentes grupos étnico-raciales presentes en la población de São Carlos en esa época. Su relevancia deriva también de la ausencia de relevamientos poblacionales en el período en cuestión, dadas las conocidas deficiencias del censo de 1890 y 1900 y el largo período de 34 años de intermitencia entre el relevamiento poblacional de la provincia de San Pablo de 1886 y el censo nacional de 1920, éste más confiable, sin embargo omiso en cuanto al color de los individuos.
The formation of the population of the city of São Carlos, in the south-central region of the Brazilian State of São Paulo, began in the first half of the 19th century with the first plantations operated by slave labor. In 1884, with the arrival of the railroad, the municipality became solidly and permanently integrated into the overall economy of the state. São Carlos thus kept up with the state's transition from an economy based on slave labor to one where free immigrant settlers of European origin, especially Italian, became the rule. Less than two decades after the abolition of slavery in Brazil, the racial composition of the population had changed significantly due to the great influx of immigrants and, probably, in addition, to the departure from the municipality of many former black slaves. This rapid change can be seen in the data from the federal census carried out in 1907, which compiled the diversified information referring to 38,642 individuals who then inhabited São Carlos. This present analysis discusses the demographic characteristics and social inclusion of different ethnic groups in the city's population during that period. Its importance also results from the absence of demographic data from the period in question, related to the recognized shortcomings of the censuses of 1890 and 1900 and the long period of 34 years between the demographic measurement in what was then the Province of São Paulo, in 1886, and the national census of 1920. The 1920 Census is much more reliable, but nevertheless negligent in terms of the color of individuals.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Censos , Café/economía , Distribución por Etnia , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Etnicidad , Brasil , Escolaridad , Empleo , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
This article uses Barra do Piraí as a case study of rural land tenure, production, consumption, and labor in Brazil's Middle Paraíba Valley during the half century following abolition of slavery in 1888. Dairy farming and railroad development distinguished Barra do Piraí from other coffee-producing areas that suffered from ecological devastation. By 1900 the land's loss of fertility precluded further plantation agriculture in Barra do Piraí, leading to the transition from lucrative coffee cultivation to dairy farming based on meager capital inputs. Compared to the earlier coffee culture, dairy farms produced only modest wealth for landlords and required fewer laborers, compelling impoverished tenants to migrate in search of employment. Since Barra do Piraí was an important railroad junction, many rural laborers ended up in the locale after using the railroad as a migratory path. At the same time, the railroad and proto-industries that it stimulated provided alternative employment for rural laborers, thereby partially mitigating the leverage landlords had over the abundant labor force. The availability of industrial and proto-industrial employment created occupational diversity among rural tenants and introduced them to work routines that would become commonplace when the region more fully industrialized after 1940.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Café , Productos Lácteos , Ecología , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Propiedad , Población Rural , Factores Socioeconómicos , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Brasil/etnología , Café/economía , Café/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/historia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Productos Lácteos/economía , Productos Lácteos/historia , Ecología/economía , Ecología/educación , Ecología/historia , Empleo/economía , Empleo/historia , Empleo/psicología , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Propiedad/economía , Propiedad/historia , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historiaRESUMEN
Coffee agroecosystems are critical to the success of conservation efforts in Latin America because of their ecological and economic importance. Coffee certification programs may offer one way to protect biodiversity and maintain farmer livelihoods. Established coffee certification programs fall into three distinct, but not mutually exclusive categories: organic, fair trade, and shade. The results of previous studies demonstrate that shade certification can benefit biodiversity, but it remains unclear whether a farmer's participation in any certification program can provide both ecological and economic benefits. To assess the value of coffee certification for conservation efforts in the region, we examined economic and ecological aspects of coffee production for eight coffee cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that were certified organic, certified organic and fair trade, or uncertified. We compared vegetation and ant and bird diversity in coffee farms and forests, and interviewed farmers to determine coffee yield, gross revenue from coffee production, and area in coffee production. Although there are no shade-certified farms in the study region, we used vegetation data to determine whether cooperatives would qualify for shade certification. We found no differences in vegetation characteristics, ant or bird species richness, or fraction of forest fauna in farms based on certification. Farmers with organic and organic and fair-trade certification had more land under cultivation and in some cases higher revenue than uncertified farmers. Coffee production area did not vary among farm types. No cooperative passed shade-coffee certification standards because the plantations lacked vertical stratification, yet vegetation variables for shade certification significantly correlated with ant and bird diversity. Although farmers in the Chiapas highlands with organic and/or fair-trade certification may reap some economic benefits from their certification status, their farms may not protect as much biodiversity as shade-certified farms. Working toward triple certification (organic, fair trade, and shade) at the farm level may enhance biodiversity protection, increase benefits to farmers, and lead to more successful conservation strategies in coffee-growing regions.