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BACKGROUND: Although the traditional Escherichia coli expression system has matured and is cost-effective, the posttranslation modifications of proteins expressed in eukaryotic cells differ significantly from those expressed in E coli. Insect cells have gradually entered the realm of researchers; however, the proteins synthesized by insect cells are somewhat different from those of mammals in terms of modification. OBJECTIVE: Herein, we have introduced a relatively new method. MultiBac, We introduce the development process, characteristics, and applications of MultiBac technology. And provide new methods for basic researchers. DISCUSSION: MultiBac has evolved into an indispensable tool in the fields of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, facilitating the efficient production of recombinant proteins and the study of complex protein complexes. Furthermore, its development has benefited from the integration of synthetic biology techniques, providing additional versatility. But it also has some disadvantages. CONCLUSION: MultiBac technology is poised to become a key tool in unlocking the mysteries of the protein world, propelling the life sciences ever forward. But researchers should consider its limitations when selecting the most appropriate expression system for their specific needs.
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Proteínas Recombinantes , Escherichia coli , Animales , Humanos , Biología Sintética/métodos , Biotecnología/tendencias , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a major problem that significantly impacts rice production and can lead to substantial yield losses. The disease has become increasingly problematic in recent years due to the widespread use of high-yielding semi-dwarf rice cultivars, dense planting, and heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The disease has become more challenging to manage due to its diverse host range and the lack of resistant cultivars. Despite utilizing traditional methods, the problem persists without a satisfactory solution. Therefore, modern approaches, including advanced breeding, transgenic methods, genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and nanotechnological interventions, are being explored to develop rice plants resistant to sheath blight disease. This review primarily focuses on these recent advancements in combating the sheath blight disease.
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Biotecnología , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Edición Génica , Oryza , Fitomejoramiento , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Rhizoctonia , Oryza/genética , Oryza/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Rhizoctonia/patogenicidad , Fitomejoramiento/métodos , Edición Génica/métodos , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Biotecnología/métodos , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Nanotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, particularly those dominated by Microcystis, pose significant ecological and health risks worldwide. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in biotechnological approaches for mitigating Microcystis blooms, focusing on cyanobactericidal bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic microalgae, zooplankton, aquatic plants, and cyanophages. Recently, promising results have been obtained using cyanobactericidal bacteria: not through the inoculation of cultured bacteria, but rather by nurturing those already present in the periphyton or biofilms of aquatic plants. Fungi and eukaryotic microalgae also exhibit algicidal properties; however, their practical applications still face challenges. Zooplankton grazing on Microcystis can improve water quality, but hurdles exist because of the colonial form and toxin production of Microcystis. Aquatic plants control blooms through allelopathy and nutrient absorption. Although cyanophages hold promise for Microcystis control, their strain-specificity hinders widespread use. Despite successful laboratory validation, field applications of biological methods are limited. Future research should leverage advanced molecular and bioinformatic techniques to understand microbial interactions during blooms and offer insights into innovative control strategies. Despite progress, the efficacy of biological methods under field conditions requires further verification, emphasizing the importance of integrating advanced multi-meta-omics techniques with practical applications to address the challenges posed by Microcystis blooms. KEY POINTS: ⢠A diverse range of biotechnological methods is presented for suppressing Microcystis blooms. ⢠Efficacy in laboratory experiments needs to be proved further in field applications. ⢠Multi-meta-omics techniques offer novel insights into Microcystis dynamics and interactions.
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Biotecnología , Floraciones de Algas Nocivas , Microalgas , Microcystis , Microcystis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Biotecnología/métodos , Microalgas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hongos/fisiología , Zooplancton/fisiología , Animales , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacteriófagos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Resource islands are vegetative formations in arid and semi-arid ecosystems that harbor microorganisms facing extreme conditions. However, there is a limitation in the knowledge of the agricultural biotechnological potential of microorganisms present in these islands. This study aimed to determine the capacity of Bacillus velezensis C3-3 and Cytobacillus sp. T106 isolates from resource islands to promote plant growth and control the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The bacteria were sequenced, and both grew at 50 °C, resisted 5% NaCl, withstood UV exposure, and grew in extreme pH conditions. Sixty-six genes in C3-3 and 71 in T106 were identified associated with plant growth promotion, and C3-3 was shown to promote leaf growth in lettuce plants. This promotional effect was associated with the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphorus solubilization, and the presence of genes related to the assimilation of rhizosphere exudates. Both strains inhibited R. solani through the production of volatile compounds and antagonism. Forty-five and 40 of these genes in C3-3 and T106, respectively, were associated with the production of proteases, lipases, siderophores, antimicrobial compounds, degradation enzymes, and secretion systems. Notably, Cytobacillus sp. has not been previously reported as a biocontrol agent. This work contributes to the evidence of the biotechnological potential of semi-arid region bacteria, offering prospects for improving agricultural production in areas with limiting conditions.
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Bacillus , Microbiología del Suelo , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Rhizoctonia/genética , Rhizoctonia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Rizosfera , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Agricultura , Lactuca/microbiología , Biotecnología/métodos , Islas , Ácidos IndolacéticosRESUMEN
The glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) ß-glucosidases from filamentous fungi are crucial industrial enzymes facilitating the complete degradation of lignocellulose, by converting cello-oligosaccharides and cellobiose into glucose. Understanding the diverse domain organization is essential for elucidating their biological roles and potential biotechnological applications. This research delves into the variability of domain organization within GH3 ß-glucosidases. Two distinct configurations were identified in fungal GH3 ß-glucosidases, one comprising solely the GH3 catalytic domain, and another incorporating the GH3 domain with a C-terminal fibronectin type III (Fn3) domain. Notably, Streptomyces filamentous bacteria showcased a separate clade of GH3 proteins linking the GH3 domain to a carbohydrate binding module from family 2 (CBM2). As a first step to be able to explore the role of accessory domains in ß-glucosidase activity, a screening system utilizing the well-characterised Aspergillus niger ß-glucosidase gene (bglA) in bglA deletion mutant host was developed. Based on this screening system, reintroducing the native GH3-Fn3 gene successfully expressed the gene allowing detection of the protein using different enzymatic assays. Further investigation into the role of the accessory domains in GH3 family proteins, including those from Streptomyces, will be required to design improved chimeric ß-glucosidases enzymes for industrial application.
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Ingeniería de Proteínas , Streptomyces , beta-Glucosidasa , Streptomyces/enzimología , Streptomyces/genética , beta-Glucosidasa/genética , beta-Glucosidasa/metabolismo , beta-Glucosidasa/química , Ingeniería de Proteínas/métodos , Biotecnología/métodos , Aspergillus niger/enzimología , Aspergillus niger/genética , Dominios Proteicos , Aspergillus/enzimología , Aspergillus/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Dominio Catalítico , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/químicaRESUMEN
Clostridium butyricum has emerged as a promising candidate for both industrial and medical biotechnologies, underscoring the key pursuit of stable gene overexpression in engineering C. butyricum. Unlike antibiotic-selective vectors, native-cryptic plasmids can be utilized for antibiotic-free expression systems in bacteria but have not been effectively exploited in C. butyricum to date. This study focuses on leveraging these plasmids, pCB101 and pCB102, in C. butyricum DSM10702 for stable gene overexpression without antibiotic selection via efficient gene integration using the SacB-based allelic exchange method. Integration of reporter IFP2.0 and glucuronidase generated sustained near-infrared fluorescence and robust enzyme activity across successive subcultures. Furthermore, successful secretion of a cellulase, Cel9M, and the human interleukin 10 from pCB102 highlights native-cryptic plasmids' potential in conferring stable gene products for industrial and medical applications in C. butyricum. This work appears to be the first study to harness the Clostridium native-cryptic plasmid for stable gene overexpression without antibiotics, thereby advancing the biotechnological prospects of C. butyricum.
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Clostridium butyricum , Plásmidos , Clostridium butyricum/genética , Plásmidos/genética , Humanos , Expresión Génica , Biotecnología/métodos , Glucuronidasa/genética , Glucuronidasa/metabolismo , Celulasa/genética , Celulasa/metabolismo , Genes Reporteros , Microbiología Industrial/métodos , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Vectores GenéticosRESUMEN
In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha-1). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha-1) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha-1. Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha-1 ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha-1). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.
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Aminoácidos , Antioxidantes , Compostaje , Fertilizantes , Fertilizantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/análisis , Compostaje/métodos , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Camellia sinensis/química , Suelo/química , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Té/química , Biotecnología/métodos , TurquíaRESUMEN
The production of renewable biofuel through microalgae and green technology can be a promising solution to meet future energy demands whilst reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and recovering energy for a carbon-neutral bio-economy and environmental sustainability. Recently, the integration of Energy Informatics (EI) technology as an emerging approach has ensured the feasibility and enhancement of microalgal biotechnology and bioenergy applications. Integrating EI technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), predictive modelling systems and life cycle analysis (LCA) in microalgae field applications can improve cost, efficiency, productivity and sustainability. With the approach of EI technology, data-driven insights and decision-making, resource optimization and a better understanding of the environmental impact of microalgae cultivation could be achieved, making it a crucial step in advancing this field and its applications. This review presents the conventional technologies in the microalgae-based system for wastewater treatment and bioenergy production. Furthermore, the recent integration of EI in microalgal technology from the AI application to the modelling and optimization using predictive control systems has been discussed. The LCA and techno-economic assessment (TEA) in the environmental sustainability and economic point of view are also presented. Future challenges and perspectives in the microalgae-based wastewater treatment to bioenergy production integrated with the EI approach, are also discussed in relation to the development of microalgae as the future energy source.
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Biocombustibles , Microalgas , Aguas Residuales , Microalgas/metabolismo , Microalgas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Inteligencia Artificial , Biotecnología/métodos , InformáticaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the dark-fermentative hydrogen (H2) production potential of isolated and identified Shigella flexneri SPD1 from various pure (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and galactose) and biowastes (coconut coir, cotton fiber, groundnut shells, rice-, and wheat-straws)-derived sugars. Among sugars, S. flexneri SPD1 exhibited high H2 production of up to 3.20 mol/mole of hexose using glucose (5.0 g/L). The pre-treatment of various biowastes using green solvents (choline chloride and lactic acid mixture) and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the generation of up to 36.0 g/L of sugars. The maximum H2 production is achieved up to 2.92 mol/mol of hexose using cotton-hydrolysate. Further, the upscaling of bioprocess up to 5 L of capacity resulted in a maximum yield of up to 3.06 mol/mol of hexose. These findings suggested that S. flexneri SPD1, a novel H2-producer, can be employed to develop a circular economy-based approach to produce clean energy.
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Fermentación , Hidrógeno , Shigella flexneri , Solventes , Shigella flexneri/metabolismo , Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Solventes/química , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Hidrólisis , Azúcares/metabolismo , Oscuridad , Residuos , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a small chromophore found in certain phycobiliproteins, such as phycocyanins (PCs) and allophycocyanins (APCs). PCB, along with other phycobilins (PBs) and intermediates such as biliverdin (BV) or phycoerythrobilin (PEB), is attracting increasing biotechnological interest due to its fluorescent and medicinal properties that allow potential applications in biomedicine and the food industry. This study aims to optimize PCB synthesis in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and scale the process to a pre-industrial level. Parameters such as optimal temperature, inducer concentration, initial OD600, and stirring speed were analyzed in shake flask cultures to maximize PCB production. The best results were obtained at a temperature of 28 °C, an IPTG concentration of 0.1 mM, an initial OD600 of 0.5, and an orbital shaking speed of 260 rpm. Furthermore, the optimized protocol was scaled up into a 2 L bioreactor batch, achieving a maximum PCB concentration of 3.8 mg/L. Analysis of the results revealed that biosynthesis of exogenous PBs in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) is highly dependent on the metabolic burden of the host. Several scenarios, such as too rapid growth, high inducer concentration, or mechanical stress, can advance entry into the stationary phase. That progressively halts pigment synthesis, leading, in some cases, to its excretion into the growth media and ultimately triggering rapid degradation by the host. These conclusions provide a promising protocol for scalable PCB production and highlight the main biotechnological challenges to increase the yields of the process.
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Reactores Biológicos , Escherichia coli , Ficobilinas , Ficocianina , Ficobilinas/metabolismo , Ficobilinas/biosíntesis , Ficocianina/biosíntesis , Ficocianina/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a widely distributed non-protein amino acid that serves as a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, regulating various physiological functions. As a result of its potential benefits, GABA has gained substantial interest in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme responsible for GABA production is glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate. Understanding the crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of GAD is pivotal in advancing our knowledge of GABA production. This article provides an overview of GAD's sources, structure, and catalytic mechanism, and explores strategies for enhancing GABA production through fermentation optimization, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering. Furthermore, the effects of GABA on the physiological functions of animal organisms are also discussed. To meet the increasing demand for GABA, various strategies have been investigated to enhance its production, including optimizing fermentation conditions to facilitate GAD activity. Additionally, metabolic engineering techniques have been employed to increase the availability of glutamate as a precursor for GABA biosynthesis. By fine-tuning fermentation conditions and utilizing metabolic and genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to achieve higher yields of GABA, thus opening up new avenues for its application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Continuous research in this field holds immense promise for harnessing the potential of GABA in addressing various health-related challenges.
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Biotecnología , Fermentación , Glutamato Descarboxilasa , Ingeniería Metabólica , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/biosíntesis , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/metabolismo , Ingeniería Metabólica/métodos , Biotecnología/métodos , Animales , Humanos , Ingeniería Genética , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Microbial metabolism has been deeply studied over decades and it is considered to be understood to a great extent. Annotated genome sequences of many microbial species have contributed a lot to generating biochemical knowledge on metabolism. However, researchers still discover novel pathways, unforeseen reactions or unexpected metabolites which contradict to the expected canon of biochemical reactions in living organisms. Here, we highlight a few examples of such non-canonical pathways, how they were found, and what their importance in microbial biotechnology may be. The predictive power of metabolic modelling, well-founded on biochemical knowledge and genomic information is discussed in the light of both discovery of yet unknown existing metabolic routes and the prediction of others, new to Nature.
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Bacterias , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/genética , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Hydrogen-ethanol co-production can significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency of corn stalk (CS). In this study, with CS as the raw material, the co-production characteristics of one-step and two-step photo-fermentation hydrogen production (PFHP) and ethanol production were investigated. In addition, the gas and liquid characteristics of the experiment were analyzed. The kinetics of hydrogen-ethanol co-production was calculated, and the economics of hydrogen and ethanol were analyzed. Results of the experiments indicated that the two-step hydrogen-ethanol co-production had the best hydrogen production performance when the concentration of CS was 25 g/L. The total hydrogen production was 350.08 mL, and the hydrogen yield was 70.02 mL/g, which was 2.45 times higher than that of the one-step method. The efficiency of hydrogen-ethanol co-production was 17.79 %, which was 2.76 times more efficient than hydrogen compared to fermentation with hydrogen. The result provides technical reference for the high-quality utilization of CS.
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Biocombustibles , Etanol , Fermentación , Hidrógeno , Zea mays , Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Cinética , Biotecnología/métodos , LuzRESUMEN
Production of the high industrial value cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA) from renewable biomasses is of main interest especially when biological (green) processes are used. We recently generated a E. coli strain expressing five recombinant enzymes to convert vanillin (VA, from lignin) into ccMA. Here, we optimized a growing cell approach in bioreactor for the ccMA production. The medium composition, fermentation conditions, and VA addition were tuned: pulse-feeding VA at 1 mmol/h allowed to reach 5.2 g/L of ccMA in 48 h (0.86 g ccMA/g VA), with a productivity 4-fold higher compared to the resting cells approach, thus resulting in significantly lower E-factor and Process Mass Intensity green metric parameters. The recovered ccMA has been used as building block to produce a fully bioderived polymer with rubber-like properties. The sustainable optimized bioprocess can be considered an integrated approach to develop a platform for bio-based polymers production from renewable feedstocks.
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Reactores Biológicos , Escherichia coli , Ácido Sórbico , Ácido Sórbico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Sórbico/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Fermentación , Benzaldehídos/metabolismo , Polímeros/química , Biotecnología/métodos , BiomasaRESUMEN
Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by numerous microorganisms. They have gained significant attention due to their wide applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The production efficiency and yield of microbial biosurfactants have improved significantly through the development and optimization of different process parameters. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of recent trends and developments in microbial biosurfactant production strategies, including submerged, solid-state, and co-culture fermentation. Additionally, review discusses biosurfactants' applications, challenges, and future perspectives. It highlights their advantages over chemical surfactants, emphasizing their biodegradability, low toxicity, and diverse chemical structures. However, the critical challenges in commercializing include high production costs and low yield. Strategies like genetic engineering, process optimization, and downstream processing, have been employed to address these challenges. The review provides insights into current commercial producers and highlights future perspectives such as novel bioprocesses, efficient microbial strains, and exploring their applications in emerging industries.
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Tensoactivos , Tensoactivos/química , Tensoactivos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Biodegradación AmbientalRESUMEN
Fractionated corn bran was processed to maximize ethanol production from starch, cellulose, and xylan. After various bench-scale experiments, an optimized process with dilute acid pretreatment (1.5 % w/w H2SO4) at 90 °C for 60 min was utilized followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase and hemicellulase for 48 hr. After simultaneous saccharification (regarding starch) and fermentation at 150 L using an engineered yeast, which consumes both glucose and xylose to make ethanol, the 86 % total sugar conversion yield was achieved, including conversions of 95 % for starch, 77 % for cellulose and 77 % for xylan. Also, an accurate mass balance was formulated for ethanol-producing carbohydrates including starch, cellulose, and xylan from feedstock to final ethanol. A highly efficient process of converting corn fiber to ethanol was successfully scaled up to 150 L.
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Etanol , Fermentación , Zea mays , Etanol/metabolismo , Zea mays/química , Hidrólisis , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Almidón/química , Almidón/metabolismo , Celulosa/química , Biotecnología/métodos , XilanosRESUMEN
Bacteria can synthesize a broad spectrum of multifunctional polysaccharides including extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Bacterial EPS can be utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical areas owing to their physical and rheological properties in addition to generally presenting low toxicity. From an ecological viewpoint, EPS are biodegradable and environment compatible, offering several advantages over synthetic compounds. This study investigated the EPS produced by Klebsiella oxytoca (KO-EPS) by chemically characterizing and evaluating its properties. The monosaccharide components of the KO-EPS were determined by HPLC coupled with a refractive index detector and GC-MS. The KO-EPS was then analyzed by methylation analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy to give a potential primary structure. KO-EPS demonstrated the ability to stabilize hydrophilic emulsions with various hydrophobic compounds, including hydrocarbons and vegetable and mineral oils. In terms of iron chelation capacity, the KO-EPS could sequester 41.9 % and 34.1 % of the most common iron states, Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively. Moreover, KO-EPS exhibited an improvement in the viscosity of aqueous dispersion, being proportional to the increase in its concentration and presenting a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior. KO-EPS also did not present a cytotoxic effect indicating that the KO-EPS could have potential applications as a natural thickener, bioemulsifier, and bioremediation agent.
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Biodegradación Ambiental , Emulsiones , Klebsiella oxytoca , Polisacáridos Bacterianos , Reología , Klebsiella oxytoca/metabolismo , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/química , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/biosíntesis , Emulsionantes/química , Emulsionantes/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Viscosidad , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e HidrofílicasRESUMEN
Heavy metals are extremely hazardous for human health due to their toxic effects. They are non-biodegradable in nature, thus remain in the environment and enter and accumulate in the human body through biomagnification; hence, there is a serious need of their remediation. Phytoremediation has emerged as a green, sustainable, and effective solution for heavy metal removal and many plant species could be employed for this purpose. Plants are able to sequester substantial quantity of heavy metals, in some cases thousands of ppm, due to their robust physiology enabling high metal tolerance and anatomy supporting metal ion accumulation. Identification and modification of potential target genes involved in heavy metal accumulation have led to improved phytoremediation capacity of plants at the molecular level. The introduction of foreign genes through genetic engineering approaches has further enhanced phytoremediation capacity manifolds. This review gives an insight towards improving the phytoremediation efficiency through a better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved, expression of different proteins, genetic engineering approaches for transgenic production, and genetic modifications. It also comprehends novel omics tools such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and genome editing technologies for improvement of phytoremediation ability of plants.
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Biodegradación Ambiental , Metales Pesados , Plantas , Contaminantes del Suelo , Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Ingeniería GenéticaRESUMEN
Recent advancements in plant bioprinting and optogenetic tools have unlocked new avenues to revolutionize plant tissue engineering. Bioprinting of plant cells has the potential to craft intricate 3D structures incorporating multiple cell types, replicating the complex microenvironments found in plants. Concurrently, optogenetic tools enable the control of biological events with spatial, temporal, and quantitative precision. Originally developed for human and microbial systems, these two cutting-edge methodologies are now being adapted for plant research. Although still in the early stages of development, we here review the latest progress in plant bioprinting and optogenetics and discuss compelling opportunities for plant biotechnology and research arising from the combination of the two technologies.
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Bioimpresión , Optogenética , Plantas , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Optogenética/métodos , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Bioimpresión/métodos , Plantas/genética , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Certain plants and microorganisms can produce high amounts of unusual fatty acids (UFAs) such as hydroxy, conjugated, cyclic, and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have distinct physicochemical properties and significant applications in the food, feed, and oleochemical industries. Since many natural sources of UFAs are not ideal for large-scale agricultural production or fermentation, it is attractive to produce them through synthetic biology. Although several UFAs have been commercially or pre-commercially produced in transgenic plants and microorganisms, their contents in transgenic hosts are generally much lower than in natural sources. Moreover, reproducing this success for a wider spectrum of UFAs has remained challenging. This review discusses recent advancements in our understanding of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and heterologous production of UFAs, and addresses the challenges and potential strategies for achieving high UFA content in engineered plants and microorganisms.