RESUMEN
This paper reports the in silico prediction of biological activities of lignans from Diphylleia cymosa and Podophyllum hexandrum combined with an in vitro bioassays. The extracts from the leaves, roots and rhizomes of both species were evaluated for their antibacterial, anticholinesterasic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. A group of 27 lignans was selected for biological activities prediction using the Active-IT system with 1987 ligand-based bioactivity models. The in silico approach was properly validated and several ethnopharmacological uses and known biological activities were confirmed, whilst others should be investigated for new drugs with potential clinical use. The extracts from roots of D. cymosa and from rhizomes and roots of P. hexandrum were very effective against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, while podophyllotoxin inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. D. cymosa leaves and roots showed anticholinesterasic and antioxidant activities, respectively. The evaluated extracts showed to be moderately toxic to THP-1 cells. The chromatographic characterization indicated that podophyllotoxin was the major constituent of P. hexandrum extract while kaempferol and its hexoside were the main constituents of D. cymosa leaves and roots, respectively. These results suggest that the podophyllotoxin could be the major antibacterial lignan, while flavonoids could be responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Asunto(s)
Berberidaceae/química , Simulación por Computador , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Podophyllum/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Lignanos/química , Lignanos/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/química , Curva ROC , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (Berberidaceae) is an ephemeral perennial herb with a limited distributional range in the Baekdudaegan mountain areas of the Korean Peninsula, and is designated a rare plant by the Korean Forest Service. Information about its genetic variation and structure is important for developing successful conservation strategies. To investigate the genetic variation within and among seven G. microrrhynchum populations, random amplified polymorphic DNA data were obtained for 207 individuals. The populations exhibited relatively low genetic diversity: the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranged from 32.1 to 66.7% (mean = 51.4%) and Nei's gene diversity (HE) ranged from 0.116 to 0.248 (mean = 0.188). However, genetic diversity at the species level was relatively high (PPB = 98.7%, HE = 0.349). An analysis of molecular variance revealed high differentiation among populations (ΦST = 0.6818), but the low gene flow value (Nm = 0.117) suggests a low level of gene exchange occurs among populations. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that individuals were separated according to population. The high level of genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among G. microrrhynchum populations, which resulted from their isolation in alpine areas after the Ice Age, indicates that it is essential to protect and manage all populations, rather than focus on specific populations, in order to maintain the genetic diversity of this species.
Asunto(s)
Berberidaceae/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , ADN de Plantas/genética , Corea (Geográfico) , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado AleatorioRESUMEN
In this research, compound Maqin decoction (CMD) has been shown to positively affect in airway inflammation of asthma models. We evaluated the effects of CMD on the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1/Smad proteins, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-10 in lung tissue of asthmatic rats. Asthma was induced in a rat model using ovalbumin. After a 4-week treatment with CMD, rats were killed to evaluate the expression of TGF-ß1 and Smad proteins in lung tissue. IL-10 and IL-17 levels in lung tissue homogenates were determined by ELISA. The expression of TGF-ß1 and Smad3 protein increased, whereas expression of Smad7 protein decreased upon high-dose or low-dose treatment with CMD or by intervention with dexamethasone, compared to the control. There was a significant difference between treatment with a high dose CMD and the control treatment, but no significant difference was found between high-dose CMD treatment and dexamethasone intervention. The expression of TGF-ß1 and Smad7 protein increased, whereas the expression of Smad3 protein decreased in the model group compared to other groups. In the CMD high-dose group, low-dose group, and dexamethasone intervention group, the IL-17 concentrations in lung tissue homogenates were decreased, while IL-10 levels were increased. Again, there was a significant difference between CMD high-dose and control treatment, but not between CMD high-dose treatment and dexamethasone intervention. Thus, positive effects of CMD against asthmatic airway remodeling may be due to its regulatory effect on TGF-ß1, Smad3, and Smad7 protein levels and on cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-17.
Asunto(s)
Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/inmunología , Remodelación de las Vías Aéreas (Respiratorias)/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antiasmáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Asma/inducido químicamente , Asma/inmunología , Asma/patología , Berberidaceae/química , Dexametasona/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Elaeagnaceae/química , Ephedra/química , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Ovalbúmina , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Scutellaria baicalensis/química , Transducción de Señal , Proteína smad3/genética , Proteína smad3/inmunología , Proteína smad7/genética , Proteína smad7/inmunología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Xanthium/químicaRESUMEN
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is an important medicinal plant that has been listed as an endangered species, making the conservation of its genetic diversity a priority. Therefore, the genetic diversity and population structure of S. hexandrum was investigated through inter-simple sequence repeat analysis of eight natural populations. Eleven selected primers generated 141 discernible fragments. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 37.59% at the species level, and 7.66-24.32% at the population level. Genetic diversity of S. hexandrum was low within populations (average HE = 0.0366), but higher at the species level (HE = 0.0963). Clear structure and high genetic differentiation were detected between populations using unweighted pair groups mean arithmetic and principle coordinate analysis. Clustering approaches clustered the eight sampled populations into three major groups, and AMOVA confirmed there to be significant variation between populations (63.27%). Genetic differentiation may have arisen through limited gene flow (Nm = 0.3317) in this species. Isolation by distance among populations was determined by comparing genetic distance versus geographical distance using the Mantel test. The results revealed no correlation between spatial pattern and geographic location. Given the low within-population genetic diversity, high differentiation among populations, and the increasing anthropogenic pressure on this species, in situ conservation measures, in addition to sampling and ex situ preservation, are recommended to preserve S. hexandrum populations and to retain their genetic diversity.
Asunto(s)
Berberidaceae/genética , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Filogeografía , Berberidaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Flujo Genético , Genética de PoblaciónRESUMEN
There are 20 species of the Berberidaceae family described in Chile, whose fruits are edible and show high anthocyanin and hydroxycinnamic acid levels. Berberis microphylla G. Forst, commonly known as calafate, is the most extensively distributed. Flavonols and alkaloids in seed, pulp, skin, and whole calafate berry extracts and other Berberis were studied using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC with fluorescence detector. Berry samples from different locations in Chilean Patagonia, including different phenological stages, were systematically addressed. Results were compared with other organs of the plant and with other Berberis species. Total flavonol concentration in calafate (n = 65) was 1.33 ± 0.54 µmol/g. Glycosyl metabolites of quercetin and isorhamnetin were the most abundant. Similar profiles were observed in calafate from distinct locations, but important differences were observed for the other edible Berberis species. Calafate pulp and skin have higher flavonol concentrations than seeds, and the maturation process reduced its levels. TEACCUPRAC and TEACABTS of whole calafate extracts and fractions are also explored. Finally, only berberine was detected in the fruit (0.001%), mainly in seeds. Results contribute to the promotion of this berry as a superfruit from Patagonia.