RESUMEN
In this work we report the occurrence of powerful mutagenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), in addition to 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 6 oxygenated PAHs and 27 nitrated PAHs in polychaete worms. Benzanthrone (BA), another important mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) also was detected in the samples. Polychaete annelids have great ecological relevance, being widely distributed in different environmental conditions, from intertidal zones up to seven thousand feet deep areas. They are abundantly found in both contaminated and uncontaminated areas and, therefore, used as indicators of the pollution status of a given area. As we know, so far, most of these PACs has not been previously reported in living organisms before. The 3-NBA concentrations determined in this study were within 0.11-5.18 µg g-1. Other relevant PACs such as PAHs, quinones and nitro-PAHs were found in maximum concentrations at 0.013 µg g-1 (coronene) to 11.1 µg g-1 (benzo[k]fluoranthene), 0.823 µg g-1 (9,10-phenenthrenequinone) to 12.1 µg g-1 (1,4-benzoquinone) and 0.434 (1-nitronaphthalene) µg g-1 to 19.2 µg g-1 (6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), ternary correlations and diagnostic ratios were employed in order to propose probable sources for PACs. Although statistical analysis preliminarily has indicated both pyrogenic and petrogenic contributions, petrogenic sources were predominant reflecting the impacts of petroleum exploration and intensive traffic of boats in the study area.
Asunto(s)
Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Mutágenos/análisis , Poliquetos/química , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Animales , Benzo(a)Antracenos/aislamiento & purificación , Benzo(a)Antracenos/metabolismo , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Límite de Detección , Mutágenos/metabolismo , Poliquetos/metabolismo , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/metabolismo , Análisis de Componente Principal , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Sonicación , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
PAHs are persistent pollutants released into the environment by fossil fuels burning and leak during petroleum operations. Associated with suspended particles upon entering marine ecosystem are accumulated by benthic fauna. Human exposure occurs mainly from ingestion such as gastropods consumption. The objective was to determine PAHs in sediments and in the marine gastropod Buccinanops globulosus in sites with different maritime and urban influences. In sampling sites located 20â¯km from the harbor, PAHs were non-detected; while in harbor gastropods, the level of PAH4 was exceeded according to international normative. Level of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene in sediments was between the ISQG and PEL. Since these are the first results of PAHs in edible gastropods in South America, we concluded that PAHs can be dangerous for consumers according to ingestion frequency. Integrative studies are necessary to evaluate the interaction among pollutants in maritime areas and the incidence in human health due to shellfish consumption.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Gastrópodos/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Argentina , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Carcinógenos/análisis , Exposición Dietética , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Humanos , Mariscos/análisis , América del SurRESUMEN
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are food-processing contaminants considered to be carcinogenic and genotoxic. Due to its drying process stage, teas may be contaminated with PAHs. The aim of the study was to validate an analytical method involving QuEChERS and HPLC-FLD for the determination of PAH4 in teas and evaluate the contamination levels in 10 different types of teas from Brazil. Recoveries varied from 54% to 99% and relative standard deviations from 1% to 21%. Limits of detection and quantification were from 0.03 to 0.3 µg/kg and 0.1 to 0.5 µg/kg, respectively. Mate tea presented the highest PAH levels, with PAH4 varying from 194 to 1795 µg/kg; followed by black (1.8-186 µg/kg), white (24-119 µg/kg), and green teas (3.1-92 µg/kg). Teas with lowest PAH4 were strawberry, lemongrass, peppermint, and boldo. Only trace levels of PAHs were detected in tea infusions, so apparently it would not affect PAH intake by Brazilian population.
Asunto(s)
Carcinógenos Ambientales/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Té/química , Tés de Hierbas/análisis , Métodos Analíticos de la Preparación de la Muestra , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Benzo(a)Antracenos/aislamiento & purificación , Benzo(a)pireno/análisis , Benzo(a)pireno/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Carcinógenos Ambientales/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Crisenos/análisis , Crisenos/aislamiento & purificación , Fluorenos/análisis , Fluorenos/aislamiento & purificación , Manipulación de Alimentos , Inspección de Alimentos/métodos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Límite de Detección , Oxidación-Reducción , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Té/economía , Tés de Hierbas/economíaRESUMEN
In this work, a methodology based on on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) chromatography with spectrophotometric diode array detection was optimized and validated for the trace analysis of benzo(a)anthracene dihydrodiol degradation products from microalgae cultures 5,6-dihydrodiol, 8,9-dihydrodiol and 10,11-dihydrodiol. The two on-line methods for the constituents of the culture, an SPE/on-line SPE chromatographic method for liquid medium and a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD)/on-line SPE chromatographic method for biomass presented good linearity in the ranges of 0.5-47ngmL-1 and 2-80ngmg-1 of samples, respectively, with correlation coefficients r>0.99. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD%) values were ≤4.9%. For the liquid medium and biomass methods, the global recoveries were between 84% and 90% and between 67% and 78%, and the limit of detection LODs were ≤0.3ngmL-1 and ≤0.8ngmg-1 respectively. The methodology was applied to exposure bioassays, and for the first time the three metabolites were detected and quantified individually by their appearance in the biomass and when they were excreted into the liquid medium. The metabolite formed in the greatest amount was 10,11-dihydrodiol, and the maximum production of all metabolites was at 6h of exposure. This work contributes to the study of the degradation route of BaA, which has not been elucidated for microalgae until now.
Asunto(s)
Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Microalgas/metabolismo , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrofotometría/métodos , Biomasa , Límite de Detección , Sistemas en LíneaRESUMEN
A total of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were surveyed in dry whole soybeans (Glycine max L.) sold for human consumption. The analysed samples were commercialised in vegetarian shops and food stores in Southern Brazil regions. The determination of PAHs levels was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)with fluorescence detection. PAHs were present in 89.7% of the samples. Chrysene (Chy) and 5 methyl chrysene (5MeChy) were the main PAHs detected (76.9% and 71.8%, respectively) followed by dibenzo(ai)pyrene (DaiP), however in a much less percentage of samples (23.1%). Apart from those PAHs, also benzo(a)antracene (BaA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) and benzo(a)pyrene(BaP) were found. The ΣPAH levels in the positive samples ranged from 0.80 to 38.78 µg kg-1, with exception of one sample that reached 204.46 µg kg-1 (ΣPAHs of six compounds). Despite the present contamination there are no maximum limits set for PAHs in soybeans.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/normas , Glycine max , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Semillas/química , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Benzo(a)pireno/análisis , Brasil , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Crisenos/análisis , Comercio , Fluorenos/análisis , HumanosRESUMEN
Benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A) is a cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. We have identified B[j]A in air particulate matter (PM) in samples collected in Stockholm, Sweden and in Limeira, Brazil using LC-GC/MS analysis. Determined concentrations ranged between 1.57 and 12.7 and 19.6-30.2 pg/m(3) in Stockholm and Limeira, respectively, which was 11-30 times less than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) concentrations. Activation of the DNA damage response was evaluated after exposure to B[j]A in HepG2 cells in comparison to B[a]P. We found that significantly lower concentrations of B[j]A were needed for an effect on cell viability compared to B[a]P, and equimolar exposure resulted in significant more DNA damage with B[j]A. Additionally, levels of γH2AX, pChk1, p53, pp53, and p21 proteins were higher in response to B[j]A than B[a]P. On the basis of dose response induction of pChk1 and γH2AX, B[j]A potency was 12.5- and 33.3-fold higher than B[a]P, respectively. Although B[j]A levels in air were low, including B[j]A in the estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk increased the risk up to 2-fold depending on which potency factor for B[j]A was applied. Together, our results show that B[j]A could be an important contributor to the cancer risk of air PM.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Benzo(a)Antracenos/toxicidad , Mutágenos/análisis , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Brasil , Ciudades , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , SueciaRESUMEN
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence in 50 samples marketed in the main supermarkets from Argentina was surveyed. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied with fluorescence detection (FLD) and UV-VIS diodes array detector (DAD) for the analysis of 16 PAHs in "yerba mate" (Ilex paraguariensis), with recoveries higher than 89% and limits of detection and quantification lower than that found by other methodologies in previous studies. Contamination expressed as the sum of 16 analysed PAHs ranged between 224.6 and 4449.5 µg kg(-1) on dry mass. The contamination expressed as PAH4 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) varied between 8.3 and 512.4 µg kg(-1). The correlation coefficient for PAH2 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene and chrysene) and PAH4 groups was 0.99, for PAH2 and PAH8 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3cd) pyrene) 0.97 and for PAH4 and PAH8 0.98.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Argentina , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análisis , Benzo(a)pireno/análisis , Bebidas/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Crisenos/análisis , Comercio , Fluorenos/análisis , Fluorescencia , Humanos , Hojas de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
This work presents a novel approach for the simultaneous ultratrace determination of benzo[ a]pyrene and dibenzo[ a,h]anthracene, the two most carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in a very interfering environment, combining the recently discovered ability of the nylon membrane to strongly retain and concentrate PAHs on its surface, the sensitivity of molecular fluorescence, and the selectivity of second-order chemometric algorithms. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrices, directly measured on a nylon-membrane surface, are processed by applying parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and unfolded partial least-squares coupled to residual bilinearization (U-PLS/RBL). The superiority of U-PLS/RBL to quantify BaP and DBA at concentrations below 10 ng L (-1) in the presence of the remaining 14 US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) PAHs at total concentrations ranging from 1400 and 14,000 ng L (-1) is demonstrated. The present method successfully faces this complex challenge without using organic solvents, which are to known produce environmental contamination. Finally, the high sensitivity of the present method avoids preconcentration and elution steps, considerably decreasing the analysis time and the experimental errors. Because the instrumental involved in the determination is nonsophisticated, the experiments could be carried out in routine laboratories.