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Introducción: en los procedimientos odontológicos se está expuestoa gran cantidad de microorganismos y las intervenciones clínicas provocan un contacto directo o indirecto con éstos, ya sea a través del instrumental, equipo odontológico contaminado con saliva, sangre, exudados, etcétera. Por esta razón debe tomarse en cuenta el tipo de contaminación de las piezas de mano por ser parte del equipo de uso cotidiano para realizar tratamientos odontológicos. Objetivos generales:Determinar la carga bacteriana en las piezas de alta velocidad antes y después de su uso en diferentes clínicas de la Facultad de Odontologíade la UV Región Veracruz. Metodología: Investigación transversal, descriptiva y observacional. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron al azar 30 piezas de mano de los estudiantes de la Universidad Veracruzana Facultad de Odontología Región Veracruz, a las cuales se tomó una muestra con un hisopo de algodón antes y después de su uso en la práctica dental. Se realizaron cultivos con las muestras obtenidas que se observaron durante tres días seguidos bajo microscopio para comprobar la presencia de colonias bacterianas. Resultados: De las30 piezas antes de ser utilizadas se detectó Bacillus grampositivos en24 por ciento de las muestras; en 20 por ciento Bacillus gramnegativos, en 6 por ciento Streptobacillus gram-positivos; en 20 por ciento Staphylococcus grampositivos; en 3 por ciento Cocobacillus gramnegativos y en 22 por ciento Actinomyces gramnegativos. El restante 2 por ciento no reveló unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC). En un segundo muestreo, 33 por ciento desarrolló Bacillus grampositivos, 10 por cientoBacillus gramnegativos, 20 por ciento adquirió Sthapylococcus grampositivos, 3 por ciento Sthapylococcus gramnegativo y 34 por ciento no reveló UFC. Conclusión:En el primer muestreo se detectaron microorganismos en 98% de laspiezas de mano, mientras que en el segundo muestreo 66% se contaminócon microorganismos y en 34% no se observó contaminación.

Introduction: dental activity is exposed to a lot of microorganisms,and clinical interventions have a direct or indirect contact with them.Whether through the instruments, dental equipment contaminatedwith saliva, blood, etc; so you should take into account the type ofcontamination of handpieces for being the most widely used equipmentfor dental treatment. General Objectives: Determine the bacterialload in high-speed parts before and after being used in diff erentclinical uses in Dentistry School at UV, Veracruz. Methodology:Cross-sectional, descriptive and observational research. Materialand methods: 30 pieces of students from the Universidad VeracruzanaSchool of Dentistry, Veracruz region, which a sample was takenwith a swab to pieces before and after use in dental practice wererandomly selected. Cultures with samples obtained observedduring three days in a row microscope to determine the presenceof bacterial colonies were made. Results: Of the 30 pieces beforebeing used 24% of Bacillus Gram-positive samples were found; 20%Bacillus Gram-negative, Gram-positive Streptobacillus 6%; 20%Gram-positive Staphylococcus, 3% developed Coccobacillus Gramnegativeand 22% Gram negative Actinomyces. The remaining 2%no colony forming units development (UFC). In a second sampling;33% developed Bacillus Gram-positive, Gram-negative Bacillus10%, 20% obtained Sthapylococcus Gram-positive, Gram-negativeSthapylococcus 3% and 34% did not develop colony forming unit(CFU). Conclusion: In the first sampling 98% of the pieces were microorganism growth, while in the second 66% and the presence ofmicroorganisms obtained 34% no development.

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Objetivou-se analisar a população de bastonetes Gram negativos aeróbios e anaeróbios facultativas no suco ruminal bovinos zebuínos de diferentes categorias, alimentados em pastagem tropical, e de novilhos alimentados com alto teor de grão e sem volumosos. Foram coletados fluido ruminal de 32 vacas, 50 novilhos e 50 bezerros alimentadas em pastagem de Brachiaria spp. e de 20 novilhos com acidose ruminal. Após diluições decimais, amostras foram inoculadas em placas contendo ágar MacConkey a 39°C. Para a identificação dos gêneros mais frequentes foram utilizadas provas bioquímicas. A concentração dessas bactérias não diferiu no ambiente ruminal de vacas, novilhos e bezerros de corte alimentados com pastagem tropical lignificada. Os gêneros mais frequentemente identificados para esses animais foram Escherichia, Enterobacter e Klebsiella. Novilhos alimentados sem volumoso e com acidose apresentaram maior taxa de detecção e maior população dessas bactérias no ambiente ruminal (>6 log/ml) quando comparados aos novilhos alimentados somente em pastagem. A espécie Escherichia coli foi predominante entre as bactérias isoladas do fluido ruminal de novilhos alimentados com dieta com alta concentração de grãos e com acidose (p<0,01). Constatou-se que em bovinos de corte, criados em pastagem tropical lignificada, a população desses microrganismos é baixa no ambiente ruminal e com maior diversidade de gêneros bacterianos. Entretanto em novilhos confinados e alimentos sem volumoso, apresentando acidose ruminal subaguda, ocorre desequilíbrio populacional com aumento da população de E. coli.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the population of Gram negative bacteria, rod-shaped aerobic and facultative anaerobes, in ruminal fluid of health Zebu cattle of different categories fed in tropical pasture and steers fed high levels of grain and without bulky. Rumen fluid from 32 cows, 50 steers and 50 calves fed on Brachiaria spp. and 20 steers with ruminal acidosis were collected. After decimal dilutions, the samples were inoculated on petri dishes with agar MacConkey at 39°C. Biochemical tests were used to identify the most common genera these bacteria. The concentration of these bacteria did not differ in the rumen of cows, calves and calves fed lignified tropical pasture and the most frequently identified genera for these animals were Escherichia, Enterobacter and Klebsiella. However, steers fed without forage and with acidosis showed a higher detection rate and larger population of these bacteria in the rumen (>6 log/ml) compared to steers fed only pasture. The Escherichia coli species was predominant among theses bacteria isolated from the rumen fluid of steers with acidosis (p<0.01). In beef zebu cattle raised on pasture lignified, the population of these microorganisms in the rumen is low showing greater diversity of genera. However in confined zebu steers fed without forage and with sub acute ruminal acidosis occur disequilibrium with increased E. coli population.(AU)

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Objetivou-se analisar a população de bastonetes Gram negativos aeróbios e anaeróbios facultativas no suco ruminal bovinos zebuínos de diferentes categorias, alimentados em pastagem tropical, e de novilhos alimentados com alto teor de grão e sem volumosos. Foram coletados fluido ruminal de 32 vacas, 50 novilhos e 50 bezerros alimentadas em pastagem de Brachiaria spp. e de 20 novilhos com acidose ruminal. Após diluições decimais, amostras foram inoculadas em placas contendo ágar MacConkey a 39°C. Para a identificação dos gêneros mais frequentes foram utilizadas provas bioquímicas. A concentração dessas bactérias não diferiu no ambiente ruminal de vacas, novilhos e bezerros de corte alimentados com pastagem tropical lignificada. Os gêneros mais frequentemente identificados para esses animais foram Escherichia, Enterobacter e Klebsiella. Novilhos alimentados sem volumoso e com acidose apresentaram maior taxa de detecção e maior população dessas bactérias no ambiente ruminal (>6 log/ml) quando comparados aos novilhos alimentados somente em pastagem. A espécie Escherichia coli foi predominante entre as bactérias isoladas do fluido ruminal de novilhos alimentados com dieta com alta concentração de grãos e com acidose (p<0,01). Constatou-se que em bovinos de corte, criados em pastagem tropical lignificada, a população desses microrganismos é baixa no ambiente ruminal e com maior diversidade de gêneros bacterianos. Entretanto em novilhos confinados e alimentos sem volumoso, apresentando acidose ruminal subaguda, ocorre desequilíbrio populacional com aumento da população de E. coli...

This study aimed to analyze the population of Gram negative bacteria, rod-shaped aerobic and facultative anaerobes, in ruminal fluid of health Zebu cattle of different categories fed in tropical pasture and steers fed high levels of grain and without bulky. Rumen fluid from 32 cows, 50 steers and 50 calves fed on Brachiaria spp. and 20 steers with ruminal acidosis were collected. After decimal dilutions, the samples were inoculated on petri dishes with agar MacConkey at 39°C. Biochemical tests were used to identify the most common genera these bacteria. The concentration of these bacteria did not differ in the rumen of cows, calves and calves fed lignified tropical pasture and the most frequently identified genera for these animals were Escherichia, Enterobacter and Klebsiella. However, steers fed without forage and with acidosis showed a higher detection rate and larger population of these bacteria in the rumen (>6 log/ml) compared to steers fed only pasture. The Escherichia coli species was predominant among theses bacteria isolated from the rumen fluid of steers with acidosis (p<0.01). In beef zebu cattle raised on pasture lignified, the population of these microorganisms in the rumen is low showing greater diversity of genera. However in confined zebu steers fed without forage and with sub acute ruminal acidosis occur disequilibrium with increased E. coli population...

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Proteolytic and/or lipolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from visceral wastes of different fresh water fishes. LAB count was found to be highest in case of visceral wastes of Mrigal (5.88 log cfu/g) and lowest in that of tilapia (4.22 log cfu/g). Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the selected LAB isolates were carried out. Two isolates FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM5368) showed both proteolytic and lipolytic properties. All the six native isolates selected for characterization showed antagonistic properties against several human pathogens. All the native isolates were sensitive to antibiotics cephalothin and clindamycin; and, resistant to cotrimoxazole and vancomycin. Considering individually, P. acidilactici FM37, P. acidilactici MW2 and E. faecalis FD3 were sensitive to erythromycin. The two strains FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM 5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM 5368) that had both proteolytic and lipolytic properties have the potential for application in fermentative recovery of lipids and proteins from fish processing wastes.

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In order to select phytotoxin producing rhizobacteria to control weed plants, twenty five bacterial strains previously isolated from the rhizospheres of various plants were grown in a liquid medium and, after cell removal by centrifugation, the liquid phases were freeze-dried and the products were extracted with ethyl acetate/methanol. The extracts were concentrated to dryness under vacuum and dissolved in water and sucrose solution to be submitted to in vitro assays of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) coleoptile growth. Although most samples affected coleoptile growth, only those from four strains reduced lettuce seed germination. Two strains of Bacillus cereus, one strain of B. pumilus and one of Stenotrophoonas altophilia were the most promising microorganisms for producing phytotoxin and, consequently, for the development of new weed control products.

Com o objetivo de selecionar rizobactérias produtoras de fitotoxinas para uso no controle de plantas daninhas, vinte e cinco isolados bacterianos previamente obtidos das rizosferas de diferentes plantas foram cultivados em meio líquido e, após remoção das células por centrifugação, as fases líquidas foram liofilizadas e os resíduos obtidos foram submetidos à extração com acetato de etila/metanol. Os extratos foram concentrados sob vácuo até secura e dissolvidos em água e solução de sacarose para serem submetidos a testes in vitro de germinação de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e de crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Embora a maior parte das amostras tenha desfavorecido o crescimento dos coleóptilos de trigo, somente as provenientes de quatro isolados reduziram a germinação das sementes de alface. Dois isolados de Bacillus cereus, um isolado de B. pumilus e um de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia foram os microrganismos mais promissores para a produção de fitotoxinas, com possibilidade de uso no desenvolvimento de novos produtos para o controle de plantas daninhas.

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In order to select phytotoxin producing rhizobacteria to control weed plants, twenty five bacterial strains previously isolated from the rhizospheres of various plants were grown in a liquid medium and, after cell removal by centrifugation, the liquid phases were freeze-dried and the products were extracted with ethyl acetate/methanol. The extracts were concentrated to dryness under vacuum and dissolved in water and sucrose solution to be submitted to in vitro assays of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) coleoptile growth. Although most samples affected coleoptile growth, only those from four strains reduced lettuce seed germination. Two strains of Bacillus cereus, one strain of B. pumilus and one of Stenotrophoonas altophilia were the most promising microorganisms for producing phytotoxin and, consequently, for the development of new weed control products.

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This study aimed at determining prevalence and resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from nasopharynx of children attending day-care centers in Goiânia (Brazil). P. aeruginosa (100.0 percent), E. coli (50.0 percent), K. pneumoniae (35.3 percent), and E. aerogenes (16.7 percent) were the most frequent multi-drug resistant microorganisms isolated. No production of ESBL was detected.

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BACKGROUND: Nosocomial bacteremia caused by the contamination of intravenous (IV) infusates is considered rare. Unfortunately, this problem has been underestimated because its identification requires culturing infusates, a procedure not performed routinely. METHODS: This study was conducted in a referral hospital where IV infusates are admixed in nursing areas. The aim was to determine the prevalence of infusate contamination in adult patients with gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia. Over a period of 32 months, a specimen of infusate was drawn for culture from each patient recruited after the laboratory reported a GNR in the blood. RESULTS: A total of 384 infusates were cultured from 384 patients who had been diagnosed with GNR bacteremia. Seven infusates grew a GNR in culture, for a contamination rate of 2% (7/384; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1% to 3%). In all cases, the infectious organism was the same as the organism isolated from the blood. Infusate contamination was responsible for 7% (7/108; 95% CI = 2% to 11%) of all primary bloodstream infections and 11% (7/62; 95% CI = 2% to 22%) of all primary bloodstream infections not associated with central venous catheter infection. CONCLUSIONS: For patients in hospitals where IV drugs are admixed in nursing units, we recommend instituting infusate culture as routine practice following the diagnosis of a GNR in the blood.

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Primeiro isolado de Oligella urethralis em duas amostras de sangue periférico detectado por metodologia de monitoração contínua de metabolismo (sistema Bactec®) e identificado pelo sistema automatizado Phoenix® (BD System) em paciente com linfoma retroperitoneal com metástase em sistema nervoso central (SNC) no Hospital São Paulo da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (HSP/UNIFESP).

First time isolation of Oligella urethralis in two samples of peripheral blood detected by continuous metabolism monitoring methodology (Bactec 61650 system) and identified by the automatized Phoenix 61650 system (BD System) in patient with retro-peritoneal lymphoma with metastasis in the central nervous system at São Paulo hospital of Federal University of São Paulo (HSP/UNIFESP).

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A moderately thermophilic, sulphate-reducing bacterium, designated strain P6-2(T), was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring located at a height of 2,500 m in the Andean region, Colombia (5 degrees 43'69''N, 73 degrees 6'10''W). Cells of strain P6-2(T) were rod-shaped, stained Gram-negative and were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The strain grew lithotrophically with H(2) as the electron donor and organotrophically on lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, malate, fumarate, n-propanol and succinate in the presence of sulphate as the terminal electron acceptor. Fumarate and pyruvate was fermented. Strain P6-2(T) grew optimally at 55 degrees C (range 37-60 degrees C), pH 6.6 (range 5.8-8.8) in the presence of 0.5% NaCl (range 0-4.5%) with lactate and sulphate and produced acetate, CO(2) and H(2)S as the major end-products. Sulphate, sulphite and thiosulphate could be used as electron acceptors but not elemental sulphur or nitrate. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 58.7 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strain P6-2(T) was a member of the class Deltaproteobacteria, domain Bacteria with Desulfomicrobium baculatum being the closest relative (similarity value of 94%). Phylogeny of genes encoding alpha- and beta-subunits of the dissimilatory sulphite reductase (dsrAB genes) supported its affiliation to members of the genus Desulfomicrobium. On the basis of this evidence, we propose to assign strain P6-2(T) as new species of the genus Desulfomicrobium, D. thermophilum sp. nov., with strain P6-2(T) as the type strain (= DSM 16697(T) = CCUG 49732(T)).

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Members of the Dialister genus are asaccharolytic obligately anaerobic gram-negative coccobacilli that are culture-difficult or remain uncultivated. Their participation in endodontic infections has been only consistently demonstrated after advent of molecular biology approaches. This study was undertaken to characterize Dialister species in samples from primary endodontic infections using a devised 16S rRNA gene-based group-specific heminested PCR assay followed by sequencing of PCR products. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from clinical samples and used as template for PCR. Amplicons from positive specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to determine species identity. Ten of 21 clinical samples yielded sequences with the highest percent similarities to oral Dialister species/phylotypes. Seven sequences were from Dialister invisus, and the other three sequences belonged to Dialister pneumosintes, Dialister oral clone BS095 and Dialister sp. clone IS013B24. Findings demonstrated that different Dialister species can take part in the microbiota associated with apical periodontitis lesions.

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Viable bacterial counts, chemical markers, phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), together with electrochemical methods, were used to study biofilm dynamics and its impact on the corrosion resistance of UNS S31603 stainless steels exposed to the Gulf of Mexico seawater. Biofilms progressively accumulated, peaking on day 20, but finally detached. The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)/cellular biomass ratio remained low most of the time, but reached its highest level (4.2+/-1.9) also on day 20. Viable bacterial cells reached their highest abundance earlier (approximately 800 CFU/cm2), on day 15. Biofilms were seen covering the stainless steel surfaces heterogeneously and were composed mainly of gram-negative rods, presumably EPS-producing bacteria. Despite the different levels of biofilm biomass and attachment state, field-exposed steel coupons ennobled significantly and showed more active pitting potentials (approximately +500 mVSCE) than on the abiotic control (+650 mVSCE), where no significant ennoblement occurred. These results suggest that the heterogeneous distribution of biofilms, as opposed to the quantity of surface-associated biomass, promotes formation of differential aeration cells, and that this in turn contributes to the ennoblement of these steels.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a freqüência de infecções e o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de Bacilos Gram Negativos Não Fermentadores (BGNNF) isolados no Laboratório de Patologia Dr. Edilson Gurgel da Santa Casa de Misericórdia na cidade de Fortaleza. As bactérias foram isoladas em ágar sangue, Cled e caldo BHI, identificadas pelo Bac-tray e o teste de susceptibilidade foi realizado segundo a técnica de Kirby-Bauer. Foram avaliadas 319 amostras. Das amostras estudadas, 30 (9,4 porcento) foram positivas para BGNNF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi a mais freqüente com 14 (47 porcento) das cepas isoladas, em seguida a P. putida com 11 (36 porcento), Burkholderia cepacea com três (10 porcento) dos isolados e P. fluorescens com dois (7 porcento). A amostra biológica de onde foi isolada um número maior de BGNNF foi a secreção traqueo brônquica com 13 (43,3 porcento) e a urina com 8 (26,7 porcento) dos isolados. O setor do hospital que isolou mais cepas de BGNNF foi a UTI com 14 (47 porcento). Segundo o perfil de susceptibilidade o antimicrobiano mais sensível foi o imipenem.

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The diversity of bacterial isolates from soil in response to different plants (control, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Cajanus cajan), fertilization (control, simple superphosphate and rock phosphate) and liming (with and without lime) was evaluated. Phenotypic and physiological characteristics of the isolates were recorded and organized in a file to identify the bacteria. Among the isolates, 95 percent were Gram-positive and 5 percent Gram-negative rods. Soil cultivated with B. ruziziensis favored the nonsporing Gram-positive and Gram-negative rods compared to soil with C. cajan or uncultivated. Number of spore-forming Gram-positive rods were higher in plots with superphosphate than in unfertilized soil or soil fertilized with rock phosphate. In unfertilized plots, larger number of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods was obtained than in fertilized plots. Unlimed plots favored spore-forming Gram-positive rods, Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods, while liming a larger proportion of nonsporing Gram-positive rods was found. From 7 to 86 percent of the total isolates utilized different carbohydrates. The recording data used in this experiment was effective in the isolates identification, and might be useful for diagnosis of soil bacteria. Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Rhodococcus, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus and Arthrobacter were the genera more commonly found. Bacterial diversity was enhanced in limed, unfertilized and plant cultivated plots.

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BACKGROUND: A typical purification system that provides purified water which meets ionic and organic chemical standards, must be protected from microbial proliferation to minimize cross-contamination for use in cleaning and preparations in pharmaceutical industries and in health environments. METHODOLOGY: Samples of water were taken directly from the public distribution water tank at twelve different stages of a typical purification system were analyzed for the identification of isolated bacteria. Two miniature kits were used: (i) identification system (api 20 NE, Bio-Mérieux) for non-enteric and non-fermenting gram-negative rods; and (ii) identification system (BBL crystal, Becton and Dickson) for enteric and non-fermenting gram-negative rods. The efficiency of the chemical sanitizers used in the stages of the system, over the isolated and identified bacteria in the sampling water, was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. RESULTS: The 78 isolated colonies were identified as the following bacteria genera: Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter. According to the miniature kits used in the identification, there was a prevalence of isolation of P. aeruginosa 32.05%, P. picketti (Ralstonia picketti) 23.08%, P. vesiculares 12.82%,P. diminuta 11.54%, F. aureum 6.42%, P. fluorescens 5.13%, A. lwoffi 2.56%, P. putida 2.56%, P. alcaligenes 1.28%, P. paucimobilis 1.28%, and F. multivorum 1.28%. CONCLUSIONS: We found that research was required for the identification of gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria, which were isolated from drinking water and water purification systems, since Pseudomonas genera represents opportunistic pathogens which disperse and adhere easily to surfaces, forming a biofilm which interferes with the cleaning and disinfection procedures in hospital and industrial environments.

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The nosocomial infection rate in an Intensive care unit (ICU) of a private hospital was assessed during an 18-month survey. From 629 admissions to the ICU, 139 hospital-acquired infections were identified. The rate was 22.1 percent compared to the overall nosocomial infection rate of 15.3 percent for the entire hospital. In the ICU, the main infections occurred in the respiratory tract, 41 (29.5 percent), followed by surgical wounds, 35 (25.2 percent), urinary tract, 28 (20.1 percent) and the blood stream, 24 (17.3 percent). From 165 bacterial isolates, 80 percent of isolates were gram-negative rods, with P aeruginosa, 48 (36.6 percent), being the predominant gram-negative isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 27 (20.6 percent), and Enterobacter sp, 22 (16.8 percent). The main gram-positive isolates were S aureus, 23 (41.8 percent), coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 17 (30.9 percent), and Enterococci, 11 (20.0 percent). Of the 23 S aureus strains, 15 (65.2 percent) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA), (8 MRSA were from surgical wounds, 5 from the respiratory tract and 2 from infected urine). Only 2 of the 17 (11.8 percent) coagulase-negative staphylococci were methicillin-resistant, and both were isolated from wounds. Resistance to ampicillin and augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) was high, 81.9 percent and 55.4 percent, respectively. Gentamicin, azteronam, piperacillin-tazobactam showed resistance rates of less than 15 percent. Infection control measures aimed at reducing nosocomial infections at the hospital are often frustrated by apathy of hospital administrators who apparently are insensitive to the high nosocomial infection rate. Effort by the infection control team through seminars, lectures and newsletters have begun to show improvements in attitude and awareness of staff to infection control and preventative measures within the institution. (AU)

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Among one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four Gram-negative bacilli, isolated at UniversidadeFederal do Ceará hospital complex-Brazil, from January 1995 to February 1996, 456 (24,8 per cent) were Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli (NFGNB). This study reports their identification to the species level and their frequency as well. Thirteen genera and thirty species were identified and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent species (69,95 per cent), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (5,48 per cent) and by Acinetobacter lwoffii (3,95 per cent). Among the identified P.aeruginosa strains, (94,1 per cent) produced pigment but (7,9 per cent) of them produced pigment only after being cultivated several times. The frequency of the most species was similar to that reported in the literature

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