RESUMEN
Water buffalo is important livestock in several countries in the Latin American and Caribbean regions. This buffalo species can be infected by tick-borne hemoparasites and remains a carrier of these pathogens which represent a risk of infection for more susceptible species like cattle. Therefore, studies on the epidemiology of tick-borne hemoparasites in buffaloes are required. In this study, the prevalence of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale were determined in water buffalo herds of western Cuba. To this aim, a cross-sectional study covering farms with large buffalo populations in the region was performed. Eight buffalo herds were randomly selected, and blood samples were collected from 328 animals, including 63 calves (3-14 months), 75 young animals (3-5 years), and 190 adult animals (> 5 years). Species-specific nested PCR and indirect ELISA assays were used to determine the molecular and serological prevalences of each hemoparasite, respectively. The molecular and serological prevalence was greater than 50% for the three hemoparasites. Differences were found in infection prevalence among buffalo herds, suggesting that local epidemiological factors may influence infection risk. Animals of all age groups were infected, with a higher molecular prevalence of B. bigemina and A. marginale in young buffalo and calves, respectively, while a stepwise increase in seroprevalence of B. bovis and B. bigemina from calves to adult buffaloes was found. The co-infection by the three pathogens was found in 12% of animals, and when analyzed by pair, the co-infections of B. bovis and B. bigemina, B. bigemina and A. marginale, and B. bovis and A. marginale were found in 20%, 24%, and 26%, respectively, underlying the positive interaction between these pathogens infecting buffaloes. These results provide evidence that tick-borne pathogen infections can be widespread among water buffalo populations in tropical livestock ecosystems. Further studies should evaluate whether these pathogens affect the health status and productive performance of water buffalo and infection risk of these pathogens in cattle cohabiting with buffalo.
Asunto(s)
Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Babesia , Babesiosis/parasitología , Búfalos/parasitología , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Animales , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Bovinos , Coinfección , Estudios Transversales , Cuba/epidemiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , GarrapatasRESUMEN
A hepatite lobular dissecante é uma desordem inflamatória de causa idiopática, caracterizada como uma hepatite crônica. Desenvolve-se no fígado jovem após lesões recorrentes ao órgão, possui prognóstico desfavorável, com a menor sobrevida dentro das hepatopatias. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) um canino macho, da raça Golden Retriever, de sete meses, com apatia, inapetência, abaulamento do abdômen e mucosas ictéricas. O exame clínico e exames complementares apontaram uma desordem hepática. Três dias após internação o paciente veio a óbito e foi encaminhado para a realização de necropsia, no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da UFPel, onde foi diagnosticado com hepatite lobular dissecante. Tendo como provável fator desencadeante a administração de dipropionato de imidocarb, utilizado para tratamento de um quadro anterior de babesiose.
Lobular hepatitis dissecans is an inflammatory disorder of idiopathic cause, characterized as chronic hepatitis. It develops in the young liver after recurrent lesions to the organ, has an unfavorable prognosis, with the shortest survival within liver diseases. A seven-month Golden Retriever male canine with apathy, inappetence, abdomen bulging and icteric mucosa was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel). Clinical examination and laboratory test indicated hepatic disorder. Three days after admission, the patient died and was referred for necropsy at the UFPel Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD). The diagnosis was lobular hepatitis probably due to the use of dipropionate of imidocarb for primary treatment of babesiosis, which is also used for parasitic diseases in cattle and horses, has been suggested as the cause of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Adulto Joven , Perros , Antígenos de Protozoos/efectos adversos , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Hepatitis Animal/complicaciones , Hígado/patologíaRESUMEN
A hepatite lobular dissecante é uma desordem inflamatória de causa idiopática, caracterizada como uma hepatite crônica. Desenvolve-se no fígado jovem após lesões recorrentes ao órgão, possui prognóstico desfavorável, com a menor sobrevida dentro das hepatopatias. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) um canino macho, da raça Golden Retriever, de sete meses, com apatia, inapetência, abaulamento do abdômen e mucosas ictéricas. O exame clínico e exames complementares apontaram uma desordem hepática. Três dias após internação o paciente veio a óbito e foi encaminhado para a realização de necropsia, no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da UFPel, onde foi diagnosticado com hepatite lobular dissecante. Tendo como provável fator desencadeante a administração de dipropionato de imidocarb, utilizado para tratamento de um quadro anterior de babesiose.(AU)
Lobular hepatitis dissecans is an inflammatory disorder of idiopathic cause, characterized as chronic hepatitis. It develops in the young liver after recurrent lesions to the organ, has an unfavorable prognosis, with the shortest survival within liver diseases. A seven-month Golden Retriever male canine with apathy, inappetence, abdomen bulging and icteric mucosa was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel). Clinical examination and laboratory test indicated hepatic disorder. Three days after admission, the patient died and was referred for necropsy at the UFPel Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD). The diagnosis was lobular hepatitis probably due to the use of dipropionate of imidocarb for primary treatment of babesiosis, which is also used for parasitic diseases in cattle and horses, has been suggested as the cause of the disease.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Adulto Joven , Perros , Hepatitis Animal/complicaciones , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Antígenos de Protozoos/efectos adversos , Hígado/patologíaRESUMEN
Trypanosoma vivax has been associated with asymptomatic infections in African and South American buffalo. In this study, T. vivax was analyzed in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Venezuela in a molecular survey involving 293 blood samples collected from 2006 to 2015 across the Llanos region. Results demonstrated constant infections (average 23%) during the years analyzed. In general, animals were healthy carriers of T. vivax with low levels of parasitemia and were diagnosed exclusively by TviCATL-PCR. However, an outbreak of severe acute infections mostly in dairy animals was reported during a prolonged drought affecting 30.4% of a buffalo herd (115 animals examined). During the outbreak, animals exhibiting anemia and neurological disorders developed fatal infections, and 7% of the herd died within nine months before treatment against trypanosomosis. Microsatellite locus genotyping (MLG) of T. vivax samples before and during the outbreak revealed similar genotypes, but outbreak isolates exhibited the most divergent MLG. Venezuelan samples from symptomless and sick buffalo did not share the MLGs previously detected in asymptomatic Brazilian buffalo. Trypanosoma evansi was not detected in the herd examined during the outbreak. However, as expected Babesia sp. (62.6%) and Anaplasma sp. (55.6%) infections were highly prevalent in asymptomatic buffalo in the studied areas. This is the first South American outbreak of highly lethal acute T. vivax infections in water buffalo. Our results suggest that chronically infected and asymptomatic buffalo living in areas of enzootic equilibrium can develop symptomatic/lethal disease triggered by stressful scarcity of green forage and water during long droughts, inappropriate management of herds and likely concomitant anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Altogether, these factors weaken buffalo immune defenses, allowing T. vivax to proliferate and, consequently, allowing for progression to wasting disease.
Asunto(s)
Búfalos , Enfermedades Endémicas/veterinaria , Parasitemia/veterinaria , Tripanosomiasis/veterinaria , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Animales , Infecciones Asintomáticas , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Industria Lechera , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Sequías , Femenino , Genotipo , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/mortalidad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Trypanosoma vivax/genética , Tripanosomiasis/complicaciones , Tripanosomiasis/diagnóstico , Tripanosomiasis/mortalidad , VenezuelaRESUMEN
The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of Leishmania infantum and possible co-infection with Anaplasma platys , Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis , and Toxoplasma gondii in the brain of 24 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum . A total of 24 mongrel adult dogs (22 clinically affected, 2 with neurological signs, and 2 subclinically infected) aged between 2 and 5 yr, naturally infected by visceral leishmaniasis, were selected. Fragments from meninges, frontal cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, and choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle were collected, mixed, and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in 95.8% (23/24) of the infected dogs, including the subclinically infected. A total of 14/24 (58.3%) dogs were co-infected by E. canis and L. infantum , 4/24 (16.7%) were co-infected by E. canis , B. vogeli, and L. infantum , 2/24 (8.3%) were co-infected by B. vogeli and L. infantum , and 1/24 (4.2%) dog was co-infected by E. canis , B. vogeli, T. gondii , and L. infantum . All 24 brain samples tested negative for A. platys . These results demonstrate that L. infantum is able to penetrate into the brain parenchyma, either alone or in association to other zoonotic pathogens. In addition, qPCR could be considered for adequate evaluation of Leishmania in the brain tissue of dogs with neurological signs that have died.
Asunto(s)
Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Leishmaniasis Visceral/veterinaria , Toxoplasmosis Animal/complicaciones , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Babesia/genética , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Encéfalo/microbiología , Encéfalo/parasitología , Coinfección/veterinaria , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Perros , Ehrlichia/genética , Ehrlichia/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichiosis/complicaciones , Femenino , Leishmania infantum/genética , Leishmania infantum/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmaniasis Visceral/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Masculino , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Direct diagnoses were made by using - blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia. From diagnostic blood smear slides, the observed parasitic frequencies were 31.1% for Anaplasma marginale and 20.4% for Babesia sp. From nPCR diagnoses, they were 63% for A. marginale, 34% for Babesia bigemina and 20.4% for Babesia bovis. There were significant differences (P <0.01) between the two diagnostic methods (nPCR and blood smear slides). The compliance obtained from the kappa test was 0.41 and 0.48 for A. marginale and Babesia sp., respectively. The tick samples from the six farms analyzed using nPCR were only positive for A. marginale. Evaluation of the risk factors relating to the presence of ticks and the age of the animals showed that there was a significant association (P <0.01) with the frequency of animals infected with both pathogens. Therefore, under the conditions studied, nPCR proved to be a good tool for diagnosing the agents of the bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex because of its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with blood smears. The municipality of Ibicaraí is an area with endemic prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis confirmed by nPCR and A. marginale is the main agent of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Anaplasmosis/diagnóstico , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Animales , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Brasil , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Direct diagnoses were made by using - blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia. From diagnostic blood smear slides, the observed parasitic frequencies were 31.1% for Anaplasma marginale and 20.4% for Babesia sp. From nPCR diagnoses, they were 63% for A. marginale, 34% for Babesia bigemina and 20.4% for Babesia bovis. There were significant differences (P <0.01) between the two diagnostic methods (nPCR and blood smear slides). The compliance obtained from the kappa test was 0.41 and 0.48 for A. marginale and Babesia sp., respectively. The tick samples from the six farms analyzed using nPCR were only positive for A. marginale. Evaluation of the risk factors relating to the presence of ticks and the age of the animals showed that there was a significant association (P <0.01) with the frequency of animals infected with both pathogens. Therefore, under the conditions studied, nPCR proved to be a good tool for diagnosing the agents of the bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex because of its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with blood smears. The municipality of Ibicaraí is an area with endemic prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis confirmed by nPCR and A. marginale is the main agent of the disease.
Realizou-se o diagnóstico direto por esfregaço sanguíneo e nested PCR (nPCR) em 309 amostras de sangue de bovinos mestiços leiteiros provenientes do município de Ibicaraí, Bahia. A frequência observada no diagnóstico por lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo foi 31,1% para Anaplasma marginale e 20,4% para Babesia sp. Enquanto que no diagnóstico por nPCR foi 63% para A. marginale, 34% para Babesia bigemina e 20,4% Babesia bovis. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,01) na comparação entre os dois métodos de diagnósticos (nPCR e esfregaço sanguíneo). A concordância ao teste KAPPA obtida foi de 0,41 e 0,48 para A. marginale e Babesia sp., respectivamente. As amostras de carrapatos das seis propriedades analisadas por nPCR foram positivas apenas para A. marginale. Na avaliação dos fatores de risco verificou-se que a presença de carrapato e idade dos animais apresentaram associação significativa (P<0,01) com a frequência de animais infectados por ambos os patógenos analisados por nPCR. Portanto, nas condições estudadas, a nPCR revelou-se uma boa ferramenta para diagnóstico dos agentes do complexo tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) devido a sensibilidade e especificidade, quando comparado ao esfregaço sanguíneo. O município de Ibicaraí apresenta-se como uma área endêmica para TPB com prevalência comprovada através de nPCR e, A. marginale o principal agente encontrado.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Masculino , Anaplasmosis/diagnóstico , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Brasil , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Direct diagnoses were made by using - blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia. From diagnostic blood smear slides, the observed parasitic frequencies were 31.1% for Anaplasma marginale and 20.4% for Babesia sp. From nPCR diagnoses, they were 63% for A. marginale, 34% for Babesia bigemina and 20.4% for Babesia bovis. There were significant differences (P <0.01) between the two diagnostic methods (nPCR and blood smear slides). The compliance obtained from the kappa test was 0.41 and 0.48 for A. marginale and Babesia sp., respectively. The tick samples from the six farms analyzed using nPCR were only positive for A. marginale. Evaluation of the risk factors relating to the presence of ticks and the age of the animals showed that there was a significant association (P <0.01) with the frequency of animals infected with both pathogens. Therefore, under the conditions studied, nPCR proved to be a good tool for diagnosing the agents of the bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex because of its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with blood smears. The municipality of Ibicaraí is an area with endemic prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis confirmed by nPCR and A. marginale is the main agent of the disease.
Realizou-se o diagnóstico direto por esfregaço sanguíneo e nested PCR (nPCR) em 309 amostras de sangue de bovinos mestiços leiteiros provenientes do município de Ibicaraí, Bahia. A frequência observada no diagnóstico por lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo foi 31,1% para Anaplasma marginale e 20,4% para Babesia sp. Enquanto que no diagnóstico por nPCR foi 63% para A. marginale, 34% para Babesia bigemina e 20,4% Babesia bovis. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,01) na comparação entre os dois métodos de diagnósticos (nPCR e esfregaço sanguíneo). A concordância ao teste KAPPA obtida foi de 0,41 e 0,48 para A. marginale e Babesia sp., respectivamente. As amostras de carrapatos das seis propriedades analisadas por nPCR foram positivas apenas para A. marginale. Na avaliação dos fatores de risco verificou-se que a presença de carrapato e idade dos animais apresentaram associação significativa (P<0,01) com a frequência de animais infectados por ambos os patógenos analisados por nPCR. Portanto, nas condições estudadas, a nPCR revelou-se uma boa ferramenta para diagnóstico dos agentes do complexo tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) devido a sensibilidade e especificidade, quando comparado ao esfregaço sanguíneo. O município de Ibicaraí apresenta-se como uma área endêmica para TPB com prevalência comprovada através de nPCR e, A. marginale o principal agente encontrado.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Bovinos , Anaplasmosis/diagnóstico , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Brasil , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of Costa Rica by PCR. Demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. Forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. Ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, Anaplasma platys in 10%, Babesia vogeli in 8%, and Hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samples. No infection was detected with Leishmania spp. in blood, skin scrapings or conjunctival swabs. Thirty percent of the dogs presented at least one clinical sign compatible with vector-borne disease, and of those, 66% were infected with a pathogen. Subclinical infections were determined in 58% of the infected dogs including 82% (9/11), 58% (29/50), 42% (5/12) and 36% (5/14) of the dogs with H. canis, E. canis, B. vogeli and A. platys infections, respectively. A distinct relationship was found between infection and anemia. The mean PCV values were 34.4% in dogs with no infection, 31.5% in those who had a single infection and 23% in those with co-infection. Co-infected dogs had significantly lower PCV values compared to non-infected and single-infected dogs (p<0.0001). Thirty five percent (51/146) of the dogs were infested with ticks, 82% of them were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and 18% with Amblyomma ovale. Dogs infected with A. platys, B. vogeli, or E. canis were significantly associated with R. sanguineus s.l. infestation (p<0.029). This is the first description of infections with B. vogeli and H. canis in Costa Rica as well as in Central America. The results of this study indicate that multiple vector-borne pathogens responsible for severe diseases infect dogs in Costa Rica and therefore, increased owner and veterinarian awareness are needed. Moreover, prevention of tick infestation is recommended to decrease the threat of these diseases to the canine population.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Babesiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coinfección/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Factores de Edad , Anaplasma/genética , Anemia/etiología , Animales , Babesia/genética , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Coccidios/genética , Coccidiosis/complicaciones , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/microbiología , Coinfección/parasitología , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros , Ehrlichia canis/genética , Ehrlichiosis/complicaciones , Ehrlichiosis/epidemiología , Femenino , Hematócrito , Masculino , Prevalencia , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Tick-borne pathogens affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. To identify tick-borne pathogens among dogs from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil testing seropositive for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi), a serological and molecular study was conducted to detect Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli in 60 serum and spleen samples. A confirmatory diagnosis of L. infantum based on serological and molecular assays was also performed, as was sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis to assess the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia spp., B. vogeli and L. infantum were found, respectively, in 39 (65%), 49 (81.6%) and 60 (100%) of the sampled dogs. Twenty-seven (45%), fifty-four (90%), fifty-three (88.3%), two (3.3%) and one (1.6%) dog were positive, respectively, for E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in PCR assays. After sequencing, the amplicons showed 99% of identity with E. canis, B. vogeli, A. platys and Leishmania chagasi isolates. The findings of this study indicate that L. infantum-seropositive dogs from Campo Grande are exposed to multiple tick-borne pathogens, which should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis.
Patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos atingem uma variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados. Para identificar os agentes patogênicos transmitidos por carrapatos entre cães soropositivos para Leishmania infantum no município Campo Grande-MS, foi realizado um estudo sorológico e molecular para a detecção de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys e Babesia vogeli em 60 amostras de soro e baço, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o diagnóstico confirmatório de L. infantum por meio de técnicas sorológicas e moleculares. Também foi realizado o alinhamento e análise filogenética das sequências para indicar a identidade das espécies de parasitas que infectam esses animais. Anticorpos IgG anti-Ehrlichia spp., anti-B. vogeli e anti-L. infantum foram detectados em 39 (65%), 49 (81,6%) e 60 (100%) dos cães amostrados, respectivamente. Vinte e sete (45%), cinquenta e quatro (90%), cinquenta e três (88,3%), dois (3,3%) e um (1,6%) cães mostraram-se positivos na PCR para E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. e Anaplasma sp., respectivamente. Após o seqüenciamento, os amplicons mostraram 99% de similaridade com isolados de E. canis, B. vogeli e A. platys e Leishmania chagasi. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os cães soropositivos para L. infantum de Campo Grande, MS, são expostos a vários agentes transmitidos por carrapatos, e, portanto, devem ser incluídos no diagnóstico diferencial em cães com suspeita clínica de leishmaniose.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Anaplasma/inmunología , Anaplasmosis/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Babesia/inmunología , Babesiosis/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros/parasitología , Ehrlichia canis/inmunología , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis Visceral/sangre , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Brasil/epidemiología , Ehrlichia canis/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichiosis/sangre , Ehrlichiosis/complicaciones , Enfermedades Endémicas , Leishmaniasis Visceral/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Pruebas Serológicas , GarrapatasRESUMEN
Tick-borne pathogens affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. To identify tick-borne pathogens among dogs from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil testing seropositive for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi), a serological and molecular study was conducted to detect Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli in 60 serum and spleen samples. A confirmatory diagnosis of L. infantum based on serological and molecular assays was also performed, as was sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis to assess the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia spp., B. vogeli and L. infantum were found, respectively, in 39 (65%), 49 (81.6%) and 60 (100%) of the sampled dogs. Twenty-seven (45%), fifty-four (90%), fifty-three (88.3%), two (3.3%) and one (1.6%) dog were positive, respectively, for E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in PCR assays. After sequencing, the amplicons showed 99% of identity with E. canis, B. vogeli, A. platys and Leishmania chagasi isolates. The findings of this study indicate that L. infantum-seropositive dogs from Campo Grande are exposed to multiple tick-borne pathogens, which should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis.
Asunto(s)
Anaplasma/inmunología , Anaplasmosis/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Babesia/inmunología , Babesiosis/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros/parasitología , Ehrlichia canis/inmunología , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis Visceral/sangre , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasmosis/complicaciones , Animales , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Brasil/epidemiología , Ehrlichia canis/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichiosis/sangre , Ehrlichiosis/complicaciones , Enfermedades Endémicas , Leishmaniasis Visceral/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Pruebas Serológicas , GarrapatasRESUMEN
Serum samples were collected from 582 horses from 40 stud farms in the State of São Paulo and tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations were evaluated on them. Serum samples were subjected to the complement fixation test (CFT) and a competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) for Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Logistic regression analyses were performed to construct multivariate models that could explain the dependent variable (horses positive for B. caballi or T. equi) as a function of the independent variables (presence or abundance of each one of the tick species found on the farms). A higher overall prevalence of B. caballi (54.1%) than of T. equi (21.6%) was found by the two tests. The ticks Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) were present on horses on 38 (95%), 20 (50%), and 4 (10%) farms, respectively. Infestations by D. nitens were statistically associated with B. caballi-positive horses on the farms by either the CFT or cELISA. Infestations by A. cajennense were statistically associated with T. equi-positive horses on the farms by either CFT or cELISA.
Asunto(s)
Babesiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Animales , Antígenos de Protozoos/sangre , Babesiosis/sangre , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Brasil , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Caballos , Prevalencia , Theileria/inmunología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/sangre , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/complicaciones , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Serum samples were collected from 582 horses from 40 stud farms in the State of São Paulo and tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations were evaluated on them. Serum samples were subjected to the complement fixation test (CFT) and a competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) for Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Logistic regression analyses were performed to construct multivariate models that could explain the dependent variable (horses positive for B. caballi or T. equi) as a function of the independent variables (presence or abundance of each one of the tick species found on the farms). A higher overall prevalence of B. caballi (54.1 percent) than of T. equi (21.6 percent) was found by the two tests. The ticks Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) were present on horses on 38 (95 percent), 20 (50 percent), and 4 (10 percent) farms, respectively. Infestations by D. nitens were statistically associated with B. caballi-positive horses on the farms by either the CFT or cELISA. Infestations by A. cajennense were statistically associated with T. equi-positive horses on the farms by either CFT or cELISA.
Amostras de soro sanguineo foram coletadas de 582 equinos de 40 haras no estado de São Paulo, onde as infestações por carrapatos foram avaliadas nos animais. Os soros foram testados por reação de fixação do complemento (RFC) e ELISA competitivo por inibição (cELISA) com antígenos de Babesia caballi e Theileria equi. Análises de regressão logística foram realizadas para construir modelos multivariados que pudessem explicar as variáveis dependentes (equinos positivos para B. caballi ou T. equi) em função de variáveis independentes (presença e abundância de cada uma das espécies de carrapatos encontradas nos equinos dos haras). Em geral, os dois testes sorológicos indicaram uma prevalência maior para B. caballi (54,1 por cento) do que para T. equi (21,6 por cento). Os carrapatos Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) estiveram presentes em equinos de 38 (95 por cento), 20 (50 por cento) e 4 (10 por cento) haras, respectivamente. As infestações por D. nitens estiveram estatisticamente associadas com equinos positivos para B. caballi tanto pela RFC como pelo cELISA. As infestações por A. cajennense estiveram estatisticamente associadas com equinos soropositivos para T. equi, tanto pela RFC como pelo cELISA.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Babesiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Antígenos de Protozoos/sangre , Brasil , Babesiosis/sangre , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Caballos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Prevalencia , Theileria/inmunología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/sangre , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/complicaciones , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A presente publicação tem por objetivo compartilhar com colegas uma experiência clínica de 20 anos. Não diferente da literatura, em nossa experiência a grande maioria dos problemas que acometem a função reprodutiva do macho eqüino são decorrentes de disfunções da espermatogênese. Sendo estes distúrbios consequentes de alterações na termoregulação testicular. A babesiose por ser endêmica na maioria das regiões do Brasil é um fator importante na instalação do processo degenerativo testicular pelos piques febris que esta ocasiona. O aumento da temperatura testicular vai levar a um aumento do metabolismo celular com conseqüente aumento da necessidade de oxigênio tecidual. Como o suporte sanguíneo ao testículo é deficitário em não havendo oxigênio disponível ocorre morte celular e produção de radicais livres. A seqüência de aparecimento dos defeitos morfológicos dos espermatozóides vai depender da gravidade e tempo da injuria ao testículo. Acompanhar a evolução do quadro espermático através da avaliação da motilidade, concentração e morfologia espermática é importante não só para o diagnóstico diferencial como para determinarmos a severidade do dano testicular, contudo na maioria dos casos o prognóstico é favorável. A avaliação do perfil hormonal pode elucidar o dano testicular principalmente pela dosagem de estrogeno circulante...
Similar with the literature on our clinical experience problems related with spermatogenesis (testicle degeneration) and ejaculatory dysfunctions are the most frequent reproductive problems of stallions. Most of problems are related with disturbs on testicle thermoregulation. Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesiose) is endemic in most states from Brazil and is a important factor related with the testicle degeneration installation because of high fever induced by the disease. The increase on testicle temperature will induce a increase on cell metabolism with a consequent increase on oxygen needs. As the blood supply to testicle is poor and few oxygen is available the cell dies. The sequence of sperm abnormalities is related with the severity of the injury. The evolution of the sperm abnormalities and daily sperm production is important to determine a testicle degeneration prognosis that usually is favorable. The hormonal profile can also help to determine the degree of testicular damage being important to measure the estrogen levels...
Asunto(s)
Animales , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/sangre , Babesiosis/veterinaria , Caballos/anomalías , Caballos/fisiología , Espermatogénesis , Espermatogénesis/fisiología , Oligospermia/veterinariaRESUMEN
A presente publicação tem por objetivo compartilhar com colegas uma experiência clínica de 20 anos. Não diferente da literatura, em nossa experiência a grande maioria dos problemas que acometem a função reprodutiva do macho eqüino são decorrentes de disfunções da espermatogênese. Sendo estes distúrbios consequentes de alterações na termoregulação testicular. A babesiose por ser endêmica na maioria das regiões do Brasil é um fator importante na instalação do processo degenerativo testicular pelos piques febris que esta ocasiona. O aumento da temperatura testicular vai levar a um aumento do metabolismo celular com conseqüente aumento da necessidade de oxigênio tecidual. Como o suporte sanguíneo ao testículo é deficitário em não havendo oxigênio disponível ocorre morte celular e produção de radicais livres. A seqüência de aparecimento dos defeitos morfológicos dos espermatozóides vai depender da gravidade e tempo da injuria ao testículo. Acompanhar a evolução do quadro espermático através da avaliação da motilidade, concentração e morfologia espermática é importante não só para o diagnóstico diferencial como para determinarmos a severidade do dano testicular, contudo na maioria dos casos o prognóstico é favorável. A avaliação do perfil hormonal pode elucidar o dano testicular principalmente pela dosagem de estrogeno circulante...(AU)
Similar with the literature on our clinical experience problems related with spermatogenesis (testicle degeneration) and ejaculatory dysfunctions are the most frequent reproductive problems of stallions. Most of problems are related with disturbs on testicle thermoregulation. Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesiose) is endemic in most states from Brazil and is a important factor related with the testicle degeneration installation because of high fever induced by the disease. The increase on testicle temperature will induce a increase on cell metabolism with a consequent increase on oxygen needs. As the blood supply to testicle is poor and few oxygen is available the cell dies. The sequence of sperm abnormalities is related with the severity of the injury. The evolution of the sperm abnormalities and daily sperm production is important to determine a testicle degeneration prognosis that usually is favorable. The hormonal profile can also help to determine the degree of testicular damage being important to measure the estrogen levels...(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Caballos/anomalías , Caballos/fisiología , Oligospermia/veterinaria , Espermatogénesis , Espermatogénesis/fisiología , Babesiosis/sangre , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Babesiosis/veterinariaRESUMEN
This paper reports a case of coinfection caused by pathogens of Lyme disease and babesiosis in brothers. This was the first case of borreliosis in Brazil, acquired in Cotia County, State of S o Paulo, Brazil. Both children had tick bite history, presented erythema migrans, fever, arthralgia, mialgia, and developed positive serology (ELISA and Western-blotting) directed to Borrelia burgdorferi G 39/40 and Babesia bovis antigens, mainly of IgM class antibodies, suggestive of acute disease. Also, high frequencies of antibodies to B. bovis was observed in a group of 59 Brazilian patients with Lyme borreliosis (25.4%), when compared with that obtained in a normal control group (10.2%) (chi-square = 5.6; p < 0.05). Interestingly, both children presented the highest titers for IgM antibodies directed to both infective diseases, among all patients with Lyme borreliosis.
Asunto(s)
Babesia bovis/inmunología , Babesiosis/inmunología , Borrelia burgdorferi/inmunología , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Lyme/inmunología , Garrapatas , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Babesiosis/complicaciones , Western Blotting , Brasil , Bovinos , Niño , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Enfermedad de Lyme/complicaciones , MasculinoRESUMEN
In recent years, several microbial agents have been identified that result in significant morbidity and mortality. The newly recongnized tick borne infections, babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, may be transmitted by the same tick that transmits Borrelia burgdorferi and simultaneous infections may occur. Babesia are intraerythrocytic protozoa that may cause severe hemolytic anemia, whereas Ehrlichia, depending on the species, may infect either monocytes or granulocytes, with associated leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Improved laboratory surveillance is urgently needed to assess the prevalence of these worldwide pathogens in order to institute appropriate infection control efforts.