RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is worsened by chronic inflammatory diseases. Interleukin receptor antagonists (IL-RAs) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) inhibitors have been studied to see if they can prevent cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical benefits and harms of IL-RAs and TNF inhibitors in the primary and secondary prevention of ACVD. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Heart Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE (including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations), Ovid Embase, EBSCO CINAHL plus, and clinical trial registries for ongoing and unpublished studies were searched in February 2024. The reference lists of relevant studies, reviews, meta-analyses and health technology reports were searched to identify additional studies. No limitations on language, date of publication or study type were set. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs that recruited people with and without pre-existing ACVD, comparing IL-RAs or TNF inhibitors versus placebo or usual care, were selected. The primary outcomes considered were all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two or more review authors, working independently at each step, selected studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and used GRADE to judge the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 58 RCTs (22,053 participants; 21,308 analysed), comparing medication efficacy with placebo or usual care. Thirty-four trials focused on primary prevention and 24 on secondary prevention. The interventions included IL-1 RAs (anakinra, canakinumab), IL-6 RA (tocilizumab), TNF-inhibitors (etanercept, infliximab) compared with placebo or usual care. The certainty of evidence was low to very low due to biases and imprecision; all trials had a high risk of bias. Primary prevention: IL-1 RAs The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of the intervention on all-cause mortality(RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.58, 1 trial), myocardial infarction (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.04 to 12.48, I² = 39%, 2 trials), unstable angina (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.11, I² = 0%, 2 trials), stroke (RR 2.42, 95% CI 0.12 to 50.15; 1 trial), adverse events (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.22, I² = 54%, 3 trials), or infection (rate ratio 0.84, 95% 0.55 to 1.29, I² = 0%, 4 trials). Evidence is very uncertain about whether anakinra and cankinumab may reduce heart failure (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.94, I² = 0%, 3 trials). Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) was not reported as an outcome. IL-6 RAs The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of the intervention on all-cause mortality (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.12 to 3.74, I² = 30%, 3 trials), myocardial infarction (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.04 to1.68, I² = 0%, 3 trials), heart failure (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.11 to 9.63, I² = 0%, 2 trials), PVD (RR 2.94, 95% CI 0.12 to 71.47, 1 trial), stroke (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.14, 1 trial), or any infection (rate ratio 1.10, 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.37, I2 = 18%, 5 trials). Adverse events may increase (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.23, I² = 33%, 5 trials). No trial assessed unstable angina. TNF inhibitors The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of the intervention on all-cause mortality (RR 1.78, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.99, I² = 10%, 3 trials), myocardial infarction (RR 2.61, 95% CI 0.11 to 62.26, 1 trial), stroke (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.08 to 2.80, I² = 0%; 3 trials), heart failure (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.06 to 12.76, 1 trial). Adverse events may increase (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25, I² = 51%, 13 trials). No trial assessed unstable angina or PVD. Secondary prevention: IL-1 RAs The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of the intervention on all-cause mortality (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.06, I² = 0%, 8 trials), unstable angina (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.19, I² = 0%, 3 trials), PVD (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.19 to 3.73, I² = 38%, 3 trials), stroke (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.2, I² = 0%; 7 trials), heart failure (RR 0.91, 95% 0.5 to 1.65, I² = 0%; 7 trials), or adverse events (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.09, I² = 3%, 4 trials). There may be little to no difference between the groups in myocardial infarction (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.0.75 to 1.04, I² = 0%, 6 trials). IL6-RAs The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of the intervention on all-cause mortality (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.96, I² = 0%, 2 trials), myocardial infarction (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.07 to 3.04, I² = 45%, 3 trials), unstable angina (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.02, 1 trial), stroke (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.07 to 16.25, 1 trial), adverse events (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.05, I² = 0%, 2 trials), or any infection (rate ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.36, I² = 0%, 4 trials). No trial assessed PVD or heart failure. TNF inhibitors The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of the intervention on all-cause mortality (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.95, I² = 47%, 5 trials), heart failure (RR 0.92, 95% 0.75 to 1.14, I² = 0%, 4 trials), or adverse events (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.56, I² = 32%, 2 trials). No trial assessed myocardial infarction, unstable angina, PVD or stroke. Adverse events may be underestimated and benefits inflated due to inadequate reporting. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This Cochrane review assessed the benefits and harms of using interleukin-receptor antagonists and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases compared with placebo or usual care. However, the evidence for the predetermined outcomes was deemed low or very low certainty, so there is still a need to determine whether these interventions provide clinical benefits or cause harm from this perspective. In summary, the different biases and imprecision in the included studies limit their external validity and represent a limitation to determining the effectiveness of the intervention for both primary and secondary prevention of ACVD.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Aterosclerosis , Infarto del Miocardio , Prevención Primaria , Receptores de Interleucina-1 , Prevención Secundaria , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Humanos , Angina Inestable/prevención & control , Angina Inestable/mortalidad , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Aterosclerosis/prevención & control , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Sesgo , Causas de Muerte , Infarto del Miocardio/prevención & control , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Prevención Secundaria/métodos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Cardiovascular events related to atherosclerosis are responsible for high morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Improvement in care, especially in early stages, is crucial. Oral semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, controls blood glucose and results in significant body weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Beyond these well-known effects, an interesting aspect of this drug is its antiatherogenic activity, which should be further explored in clinical practice. This paper reviews the evidence related to oral semaglutide decreasing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on the drug's antiatherosclerotic properties. The glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue restores endothelial dysfunction, induces vasodilatation, and reduces plasma lipids. Oral semaglutide showed cardiovascular safety profile, with significant reduced risk of death from cardiovascular events. Based on current data, clinicians should consider oral semaglutide for type 2 diabetes management.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/agonistas , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/administración & dosificación , Control Glucémico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Incretinas/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Animales , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Causas de Muerte , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidad , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/efectos adversos , Control Glucémico/efectos adversos , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Incretinas/efectos adversos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Introducción: La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad que está entre las tres primeras causas básicas de muerte a nivel mundial. En la actualidad se relaciona con múltiples factores de riesgo, entre ellos el tabaquismo, que a su vez es un factor contribuyente al desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica. Objetivo: Caracterizar patomorfológicamente la lesión aterosclérótica de aorta y coronarias y su relación con el tabaquismo en fallecidos necropsiados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal; se estudiaron 431 fallecidos con autopsias clínicas, de ellos se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente sus arterias coronarias y aorta mediante el sistema aterométrico. Resultados: Se presentaron mayores valores de lesiones ateroscleróticas en el grupo de fumadores con infarto de miocardio, por tanto los índices de obstrucción (Ω) y estenosis (P) tuvieron también valores más elevados. Tuvieron una superficie endarterial más afectada por placas fibrosas y graves, la arteria descendente anterior y la aorta abdominal. Conclusiones: El tabaquismo tuvo una asociación directa con el proceso aterosclerótico, se expresa por mayores valores de las lesiones en los fumadores identificados, tanto en el sector aórtico como en el coronario, además se identificó mayor susceptibilidad de la descendente y de aorta abdominal al daño aterosclerótico(AU)
Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a disease that is among the top three basic causes of death worldwide. It is currently associated with multiple risk factors, including smoking, which in turn is a contributing factor to the development of ischemic heart disease. Objective: To characterize pathomorphologically the atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta and coronary arteries and its relationship with smoking in autopsied deceased. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; 431 deceased patients with clinical autopsies were studied, of which their coronary arteries and aorta were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using the atherometric system. Results: There were higher values of atherosclerotic lesions in the group of smokers with myocardial infarction, therefore the obstruction (Ω) and stenosis (P) indices also had higher values. They had an endarterial surface more affected by fibrous and severe plaques, the anterior descending artery and the abdominal aorta. Conclusions: Smoking has a direct association with the atherosclerotic process, it is expressed by higher values of the lesions in identified smokers, both in the aortic and coronary sectors, in addition, greater susceptibility of the descending and abdominal aorta to damage is identified atherosclerotic(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Autopsia/métodos , Tabaquismo , Factores de Riesgo , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cohort participants usually have lower mortality rates than nonparticipants, but it is unclear if this survival advantage decreases or increases as cohort studies age. METHODS: We used a 1975 private census of Washington County, Maryland, to compare mortality among cohort participants to nonparticipants for three cohorts, Campaign Against Cancer and Stroke (CLUE I), Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease (CLUE II), and Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) initiated in 1974, 1989, and 1986, respectively. We analyzed mortality risk using time-truncated Cox regression models. RESULTS: Participants had lower mortality risk in the first 10 years of follow-up compared with nonparticipants (fully adjusted average hazard ratio [95% confidence intervals] were 0.72 [0.68, 0.77] in CLUE I, 0.69 [0.65, 0.73] in CLUE II, and 0.74 [0.63, 0.86] in ARIC), which persisted over 20 years of follow-up (0.81 [0.78, 0.84] in CLUE I, 0.87 [0.84, 0.91] in CLUE II, and 0.90 [0.83, 0.97] in ARIC). This lower average hazard for mortality among participants compared with nonparticipants attenuated with longer follow-up (0.99 [0.96, 1.01] after 30+ years in CLUE I, 1.02 [0.99, 1.05] after 30 years in CLUE II, and 0.95 [0.89, 1.00] after 30+ years in ARIC). In ARIC, participants who did not attend visits had higher mortality, but those who did attend visits had similar mortality to the community. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the volunteer selection for mortality in long-standing epidemiologic cohort studies often diminishes as the cohort ages.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Cardiopatías/mortalidad , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Accidente Cerebrovascular/mortalidad , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Investigación Participativa Basada en la Comunidad , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maryland/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad/tendencias , Factores de Riesgo , Sesgo de Selección , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Mesenteric angioplasty and stenting (MAS) has surpassed open revascularization as the treatment of choice for mesenteric ischemia. Despite the lower perioperative mortality associated with MAS, the need for reintervention is not infrequent. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of patients treated for mesenteric artery in-stent restenosis (MAISR). METHODS: Clinical data from a single center between 2004 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Standard statistical analysis including Kaplan-Meier estimate for time-dependent outcomes, χ2 test for categorical variables, and two-sample t-test for continuous variables was performed. Primary end points included stent patency and reintervention rate. Secondary end points included mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: During the study period, 91 patients underwent primary MAS. In total, 113 mesenteric vessels were treated with 20 covered stents and 93 bare-metal stents. Overall primary patency was 69% at 2 years. At 2 years, primary patency was 83% for covered stents compared with 65% for bare-metal stents (P = .17). Of these 91 primary MAS patients, 27 (30%) were treated for MAISR (32 vessels). Two covered stent patients developed significant restenosis (11%) compared with 25 (34%) bare-metal stent patients (P = .02). The mean age of patients requiring reintervention was 69 years (36% male), with the majority having a history of tobacco use (85%), hypertension (75%), and hyperlipidemia (78%). Fourteen reintervention patients (52%) presented with recurrent symptoms, 10 (37%) had asymptomatic restenosis, and 3 (11%) developed intestinal ischemia. Twelve patients (44%) underwent reintervention with balloon angioplasty alone and 15 (56%) underwent repeated stent placement. Of the 15 patients who had repeated stent placement, 7 patients had covered stents placed. The 30-day mortality rate after reintervention for mesenteric stent restenosis was 0%. Postoperative complications occurred in 15% of patients (myocardial infarction, 4%; reversible kidney injury, 4%; and bowel ischemia requiring surgical exploration, 7%). There was no difference in the perioperative morbidity in comparing symptomatic and asymptomatic patients undergoing reintervention. Mean follow-up after mesenteric reintervention was 31 months, with one-third of patients (n = 9) requiring another reintervention because of either recurrence of symptoms or asymptomatic high-grade restenosis. Assisted primary patency at 2 years was 92% after reintervention with balloon angioplasty and 87% for repeated stent placement, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = .66). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of MAISR is associated with low mortality and acceptable morbidity. The initial use of covered stents may reduce the need for reintervention.
Asunto(s)
Angioplastia/instrumentación , Aterosclerosis/terapia , Isquemia Mesentérica/terapia , Oclusión Vascular Mesentérica/terapia , Stents , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Angioplastia/efectos adversos , Angioplastia/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Isquemia Mesentérica/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia Mesentérica/mortalidad , Isquemia Mesentérica/fisiopatología , Oclusión Vascular Mesentérica/diagnóstico por imagen , Oclusión Vascular Mesentérica/mortalidad , Oclusión Vascular Mesentérica/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diseño de Prótesis , Recurrencia , Retratamiento , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Circulación Esplácnica , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Grado de Desobstrucción VascularRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de morbimortalidade de aterosclerose em Minas Gerais em comparação ao da Região Sudeste. METODOLOGIA: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, por meio da análise de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, com as variáveis número de internações, aterosclerose CID 10 (I70), faixa etária, taxa de mortalidade, sexo e etnia no período de janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2017. RESULTADOS: A Região Sudeste apresentou 63.713 internações por aterosclerose, sendo 22,9% de Minas Gerais. A faixa etária mais atingida do Estado foi de 60 a 69 anos (4.039 casos). O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido na Região Sudeste (55%) e em Minas Gerais (55%); já a taxa de mortalidade em ambos os casos foi maior na população feminina (Região Sudeste: 4,82; Minas Gerais: 4,31). Quanto à etnia do Estado, pardos (34,79%), brancos (26,65%) e negros (5,71%) representaram a maioria, enquanto, na Região Sudeste, brancos representaram 45,05%, pardos 24,31% e negros 5,96%. A taxa de mortalidade no Estado foi superior para negros (5,51), enquanto no Sudeste foi para brancos (4,16). A taxa de mortalidade média da Região Sudeste foi de 4,41, enquanto em Minas Gerais foi de 3,95, − a menor dentre os Estados da região. CONCLUSÃO: Embora Minas Gerais apresente a melhor taxa de mortalidade da região, faz-se necessário reduzi-la na população indígena e amarela. Já que Minas Gerais ocupa a segunda posição da região em número de internações, urge maior abrangência nas campanhas de prevenção e conscientização. (AU)
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the morbidity and mortality profile of atherosclerosis in the state of Minas Gerais in comparison to the Southeast region. METODOLOGY: This is a descriptive epidemiological study performed with analysis of data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System, with the following variables: number of hospitalizations, atherosclerosis ICD 10 (I70), age group, mortality rate, gender, and ethnicity from January 2007 to January 2018. RESULTS: The Southeast region had a total of 63,713 hospitalizations for atherosclerosis, of which 22.9% were from Minas Gerais. The most affected age group in the state was of 60-69 years (4,039 cases). The male gender was the most affected in the Southeast region (55%) and in the State of Minas Gerais (55%), while the mortality rate in both cases was higher in the female population (Southeast region - 4.82, Minas Gerais - 4.31). As for the ethnicity of the state, brown (34.79%), white (26.65%), and black (5.71%) people represented the majority, while in the Southeast whites represented 45.05%; brown, 24.31%; and black, 5.96%. The mortality rate in the state was higher for black (5.51) people, while in the Southeast for white people (4.16). The Southeast mortality rate was 4.41, while in Minas Gerais it was 3.95, the lowest among the states in the region. CONCLUSION: Although Minas Gerais has the best mortality rate in the region, it is necessary to reduce it in the indigenous and yellow population. In addition, since Minas Gerais ranks second in the region in terms of the number of hospitalizations, it is more urgent to reach out to prevention and awareness campaigns. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Indicadores de Morbimortalidad , Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Pacientes Internos/estadística & datos numéricos , Demografía/estadística & datos numéricos , Distribución por Sexo , Distribución por Edad , Distribución por Etnia , Aterosclerosis/mortalidadRESUMEN
A simple equation established by Cordova & Cordova (LDL-COR) was developed to provide an improved estimation of LDL-cholesterol in a large Brazilian laboratory database. We evaluated this new equation in a general population cohort in Pomerania, north-eastern Germany (SHIP Study) compared to other existing formulas (Anandaraja, Teerakanchana, Chen, Hattori, Martin, Friedewald and Ahmadi), and its power in the prediction of death by atherosclerosis related events as the primary outcome. Analysis was conducted on a cohort of 4075 individuals considering age, gender, use of lipid lowering therapy and associated co-morbidities such as diabetes, hepatic, kidney and thyroid disease. LDL-COR values had a lower standard deviation compared to the previously published equations: 0.92 versus 1.02, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.09, 1.10 and 1.74 mmol/L, respectively. All of the factors known to affect the results obtained by the Friedewald's equation (LDL-FW), except fibrate use, were associated with the difference between LDL-COR and LDL-FW (p < .01), with TSH being borderline (p = .06). LDL-COR determined a higher hazard ratio (1.23 versus 1.12, 1.19, 1.21, 1.19, 1.21 and 1.19) for cardiovascular disease related mortality, incident stroke or myocardial infarction compared to the other evaluated formulas, except for Ahmadi's (1.24), and the same adjusted predictive power considering all confounding factors. The proposed simple equation was demonstrated to be suitable for a more precise LDL-c estimation in the studied population. Since LDL-c is a parameter frequently requested by medical laboratories in clinical routine, and will probably remain so, precise methods for its estimation are needed when direct measurement is not available.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano , Aterosclerosis/sangre , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Femenino , Alemania , Hepatitis/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/sangre , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Nefritis/fisiopatología , Pronóstico , Accidente Cerebrovascular/sangre , Accidente Cerebrovascular/mortalidad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The indications for conservative "best medical treatment" (BMT) versus additional renal artery stenting are a matter of ongoing debate. The RADAR study aimed to evaluate the impact of percutaneous renal artery stenting on the impaired renal function in patients with hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS). METHODS: RADAR is an international, prospective, randomized (1:1) controlled study comparing BMT alone versus BMT plus renal artery stenting in patients with duplex sonographic hemodynamically relevant RAS. Follow-up assessments were at 2, 6, and 12 months and at 3 years. The primary endpoint was change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 12 months. RESULTS: Due to slow enrollment, RADAR was terminated early after inclusion of 86 of the scheduled 300 patients (28.7%). Change in eGFR between baseline and 12 months was 4.3 ± 15.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 (stent group) and 3.0 ± 14.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 (BMT group), p > 0.999. Clinical event rates were low with a 12-month composite of cardiac death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for congestive heart failure of 2.9% in the stent and 5.3% in the BMT group, p = 0.526, and a 3-year composite of 14.8% and 12.0%, p = 0.982. At 3 years, target vessel (re-)vascularization occurred in one patient (3.0%) in the stent group and in 8 patients (29.4%) in the BMT group. CONCLUSION: In RADAR, outcomes of renal artery stenting were similar to BMT. These results have to be interpreted with the caveat that the study did not reach its statistically based sample size. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00640406. Registered on 17 March 2008.
Asunto(s)
Angioplastia de Balón/instrumentación , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Aterosclerosis/terapia , Terminación Anticipada de los Ensayos Clínicos , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/terapia , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/terapia , Stents , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Angioplastia de Balón/efectos adversos , Angioplastia de Balón/mortalidad , Antihipertensivos/efectos adversos , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Brasil , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hipertensión Renovascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión Renovascular/mortalidad , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Selección de Paciente , Estudios Prospectivos , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/diagnóstico por imagen , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/mortalidad , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/fisiopatología , Tamaño de la Muestra , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía Doppler DúplexRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prior studies have demonstrated a link between the metabolic syndrome and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Whether the metabolic syndrome is associated with sudden cardiac death is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We characterized the relationship between sudden cardiac death and metabolic syndrome status among participants of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study (1987-2012) free of prevalent coronary heart disease or heart failure. Among 13 168 participants, 357 (2.7%) sudden cardiac deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 23.6 years. Participants with the metabolic syndrome (n=4444) had a higher cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac death than those without it (n=8724) (4.1% versus 2.3%, P<0.001). After adjustment for participant demographics and clinical factors other than components of the metabolic syndrome, the metabolic syndrome was independently associated with sudden cardiac death (hazard ratio, 1.70, 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.12, P<0.001). This relationship was not modified by sex (interaction P=0.10) or race (interaction P=0.62) and was mediated by the metabolic syndrome criteria components. The risk of sudden cardiac death varied according to the number of metabolic syndrome components (hazard ratio 1.31 per additional component of the metabolic syndrome, 95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.44, P<0.001). Of the 5 components, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein were independently associated with sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the metabolic syndrome was associated with a significantly increased risk of sudden cardiac death irrespective of sex or race. The risk of sudden cardiac death was proportional to the number of metabolic syndrome components.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/sangre , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/mortalidad , Femenino , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/sangre , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/mortalidad , Humanos , Hipertensión/mortalidad , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Incidencia , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólico/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) and dementia are major causes of disability and death among older individuals. Risk factors and biomarkers of HF may be determinants of dementia in the elderly. We evaluated the relationship between biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and HF and risk of dementia and death. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) higher levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, N-terminal of prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, and cystatin C predict risk of death, cardiovascular disease, HF, and dementia; (2) higher levels of cardiovascular disease biomarkers are associated with increased risk of HF and then secondary increased risk of dementia; and (3) risk of dementia is lower among participants with a combination of lower coronary artery calcium, atherosclerosis, and lower high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (myocardial injury). METHODS AND RESULTS: The Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study was a continuation of the Cardiovascular Health Study limited to the Pittsburgh, PA, center from 1998-1999 to 2014. In 1992-1994, 924 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. There were 199 deaths and 116 developed dementia before 1998-1999. Of the 609 participants eligible for the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study, 87.5% (n=532) were included in the study. There were 120 incident HF cases and 72% had dementia. In 80 of 87, dementia preceded HF. A combination of low coronary artery calcium score and low high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T was significantly associated with reduced risk of dementia and HF. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants with HF had dementia but with onset before HF. Lower high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and coronary artery calcium was associated with low risk of dementia based on a small number of events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00005133.
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Envejecimiento , Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/epidemiología , Demencia/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/epidemiología , Corazón/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Riñón/fisiopatología , Calcificación Vascular/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Asintomáticas , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Causas de Muerte , Angiografía Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/fisiopatología , Cistatina C/sangre , Demencia/diagnóstico , Demencia/mortalidad , Demencia/fisiopatología , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/mortalidad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Humanos , Incidencia , Enfermedades Renales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Renales/mortalidad , Enfermedades Renales/fisiopatología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/sangre , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Pennsylvania/epidemiología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangre , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Troponina T/sangre , Calcificación Vascular/diagnóstico , Calcificación Vascular/mortalidad , Calcificación Vascular/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Fundamentos: O endotélio desempenha importante função reguladora vascular. Sua disfunção é um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos em nosso meio que avaliem a função endotelial em mulheres climatéricas. Objetivo: Avaliar a função endotelial em mulheres climatéricas na presença ou ausência de doença arterial coronariana utilizando-se um método biofísico (espessura médio-intimal das carótidas) e um método bioquímico (níveis séricos de PCR-US). Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou o espessamento médio-intimal da artéria carótida e níveis séricos de PCR-US de 31 mulheres climatéricas submetidas a cineangiocoronariografia, no Serviço de Hemodinâmica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, no período de março de 2012 a julho de 2013. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Considerou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados:A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com presença de doença arterial coronariana (DAC): grupo com DAC (n = 13) e grupo sem DAC (n = 18). As médias de idades para os grupos foram 57,92 ± 5,17 e 51,72 ± 4,63 anos, respectivamente (p = 0,001). A EMI esteve alterada em 29,03% na população geral. A espessura médio- intimal foi de 1,55 ± 0,78 mm no grupo geral, 1,92 ± 0,94 mm no grupo com DAC e 1,18 ± 0,71 mm no grupo sem DAC (p = 0,001). As pacientes com DAC apresentaram predomínio de alteração da EMI quando comparadas aquelas sem DAC: 36,46% vs. 22,22%, respectivamente. Observou-se uma sensibilidade de 38%, especificidade de 77%, com um valor preditivo positivo de 0,55 e valor preditivo negativo de 0,63 com razão de verossimilhança para teste positivo (likelihood ratio) de 1,73. As pacientes com EMI alterado apresentaram níveis mais elevados de PCR-US, porém sem significância estatística. As pacientes com DAC apresentaram níveis mais elevados de PCR-US, porém sem significância estatística. Conclusão: Na população estudada, a avaliação da função endotelial pelo método da EMI apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de DAC quando comparada a mensuração dos níveis de PCR-US em mulheres climatéricas
Background: The endothelium plays an important vascular regulatory function. Its dysfunction is an early marker of cardiovascular risk. However, there are few studies in our community that assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women. Objective: To assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease, using a biophysical method (carotid intima media thickness) and a biochemical method (serum levels of hsCRP). Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated carotid intima-media thickness and serum levels of hsCRP of 31 pre-menopausal women undergoing coronary angiography at the Hemodynamics Service of Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão from March 2012 to July 2013. The data were sent to statistical analysis and a statistical significance level of 5% was considered. Results: The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD group (n = 13) and group without CAD (n = 18). The average ages for the groups were 57.92 ± 5.17 and 51.72 ± 4.63 years, respectively (p = 0.001). CIMT was abnormal in 29.03% in the general population. Carotid intima-media thickness was 1.55 ± 0.78 mm in the general group, 1.92 ± 0.94 mm in the CAD group and 1.18 ± 0.71 mm in the group without CAD (p = 0.001). CAD patients had predominance of abnormal CMIT compared those without CAD: 36.46% vs. 22.22%, respectively. There was a sensitivity of 38%, specificity of 77% with a positive predictive value of 0.55 and a negative predictive value of 0.63 with likelihood ratio of 1.73. Patients with abnormal CIMT presented higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance. CAD patients had higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: In the population studied, assessment of endothelial function using the CIMT method showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CAD compared to the measurement of hsCRP levels in menopausal women
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Climaterio , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/fisiopatología , Endotelio/fisiopatología , Mujeres , Factores de Edad , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Arterias Carótidas , Cineangiografía/métodos , Estudios Transversales , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Interpretación Estadística de DatosRESUMEN
Introdução: A doença aterosclerótica é responsável por um terço dos óbitos ocorridos anualmente, pois frequentemente leva a complicações como infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMCST). A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) de resgate é indicada caso ocorra falha da terapia trombolítica administrada neste cenário. No entanto, os benefícios, em termos de redução da taxa de mortalidade e da quantidade de miocárdio efetivamente salvo, não são bem estabelecidos. O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, entre elas a ressonância magnética cardíaca, para identificar a área miocárdica em risco e infartada, elevou a acurácia diagnóstica. Diferentemente do contexto da ICP primária, pouco se sabe sobre a relação entre o fluxo coronário epicárdico e microvascular após a ICP de resgate e a área de miocárdio salva. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se existe relação entre tais fluxos e a área de miocárdio salva identificada pela ressonância magnética. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, unicêntrico, de intervenção. Serão selecionados 72 pacientes com IMCST que tiverem realizado ICP de resgate após falha documentada da terapia fibrinolítica transferidos para este serviço, obedecendo uma estratégia fármaco-invasiva. Conclusões: Ao término desta pesquisa, esperamos contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o fluxo coronariano e sua relação com a quantidade de músculo cardíaco salvo após a ICP de resgate. Esta é uma informação que pode ajudar a entender quais casos mais se beneficiam da ICP de resgate
Introduction: Atherosclerotic disease accounts for one-third of deaths annually, as it often leads to complications such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is indicated in case of thrombolytic therapy failure administered in this scenario. However, the benefits regarding mortality rate reduction and the amount of myocardium that is actually salvaged are not well established. The development of new tools, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, to identify the myocardium at risk and the infarcted area has increased diagnostic accuracy. Differently from the context of primary PCI, little is known about the association between epicardial and microvascular coronary flow following rescue PCI and the salvaged myocardial area. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between coronary flow and the salvaged myocardial area identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: This will be a prospective, open, single-center, intervention study. A total of 72 patients with STEMI who underwent rescue PCI after documented failure of the fibrinolytic therapy, and were transferred to our institution, will be selected, observing a pharmacoinvasive strategy
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Diagnóstico por Imagen , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Angioplastia/métodos , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Cateterismo/métodos , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Análisis de Varianza , Arteria FemoralRESUMEN
Introdução: Embora os estudos tenham demonstrado elevada acurácia diagnóstica da tomografia de coronárias (TC)na detecção de doença arterial coronariana (DAC), os dados sobre o valor prognóstico desse método em pacientes com obstrução coronariana não significativa são limitados.Objetivo: Avaliar o valor da TC na predição de eventos adversos em pacientes com suspeita de DAC e obstrução coronária não significativa. Métodos: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 440 pacientes entre janeiro de 2008 e julho de 2013 pela TCMD, diagnosticados com obstrução não significativa ou sem obstrução aterosclerótica coronariana e com seguimento médio de 33 meses. Os desfechos avaliados foram: morte de origem cardíaca, infarto do miocárdio, angina instável associado à hospitalização ou revascularização do miocárdio. Resultados: Dos 440 pacientes estudados, 295 (67%) eram homens, com idade média de 55,9 ± 12,0 anos. Foi encontrada obstrução não significativa em 152 (35%) dos pacientes e ocorreram 49 (11%) desfechos. Na análise multivariada, utilizando-se modelo de regressão de Cox, os preditores de desfechos clínicos foram obstrução não significativa à TC(hazard ratio 3,51; IC 95% 1,73 7,8; p < 0,01), idade e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. A obstrução não significativa à TC apresentou associação com desfechos clíncos adversos, e a análise de sobrevida mostrou diferença significativa (log-rank 24,6; p < 0,01) na predição desses desfechos. Conclusão: A detecção de obstrução aterosclerótica não significativa pela TC mostrou associação com a presença de eventos adversos em pacientes com suspeita de DAC, podendo se mostrar útil na estratificação de risco desses pacientes.
Introduction: Although studies have shown high diagnostic accuracy of coronary tomography (CT) in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD),data on the prognostic value of this method in patients with no significant coronary obstruction are limited.Objective: To evaluate the value of CT in predicting adverse events in patients with suspected CAD and no significant coronary obstruction. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 440 patients between January 2008 and July 2013 by MDCT, diagnosed with no significant obstruction or no atherosclerotic coronary obstruction with an average follow-up of 33 months. The outcomes evaluated were: cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina associated with hospitalization or coronary artery bypass grafting.Results: Of the 440 patients studied, 295 (67%) were men with mean age 55.9 ± 12.0 years. Non-significant obstruction was found in 152 (35%) of the patients and there were 49 (11%) outcomes. In the multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model, the predictors of clinical outcomes werenon-significant obstruction on CT (hazard ratio 3.51; 95% CI 1.73 7.8; p <0.01), age and hypertension. Non-significant obstruction on CT wasassociated with adverse clinical outcomes and survival analysis showed a significant difference (log-rank 24.6; p <0.01) in predicting these outcomes.Conclusion: The detection of non-significant atherosclerotic obstruction by CT was associated with the presence of adverse events in patients withsuspected CAD, which may prove useful in the risk stratification of these patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/complicaciones , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector , Factores de Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Revascularización Miocárdica , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Factores de Riesgo , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Liver transplantation is the standard of care for acute and chronic end-stage liver disease. Advances in medical therapy and surgical techniques have transformed the long-term survival of liver-transplant (LT) recipients. The prevalence of post-transplant cardiovascular complications has been rising with increased life expectancy after liver transplantation. Currently, deaths related to cardiovascular complications are one of the main causes of long-term mortality in LT recipients, as cardiovascular disease is the reason of 19-42% of non-liver-related mortality after transplant. On the other hand, metabolic syndrome is common among LT recipients before and after transplantation. In fact, their components (abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia) are often exacerbated by transplant-specific factors, such as immunosuppression, inappropriate diet, smoking and a sedentary lifestyle, and add a significant risk of developing atherosclerosis. These aspects are discussed in this article.
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Aterosclerosis/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Síndrome Metabólico/etiología , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/prevención & control , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Humanos , Trasplante de Hígado/mortalidad , Síndrome Metabólico/mortalidad , Síndrome Metabólico/prevención & control , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Sobrevivientes , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Besides the time of exposure to the traditional risk factors, new players take the lead in the modulation of atherogenesis in the very elderly, promoting a step increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events. Accordingly, atherosclerotic plaques become more abundant and portray more unstable features, such as increased inflammatory activity and reduction of smooth muscle cells in the very elderly. This new scenario is composed of new potential modulators of atherogenesis such as cellular senescence, immunosenescence, frailty syndrome, sarcopenia and sirtuins, and changes among the traditional cardiovascular risk factors which gain new attributes and new magnitudes of interaction with atherosclerotic disease. Consistent with this concept, mortality from atherosclerotic disease has shown a decrease in individuals younger than 60 years, but no change in incidence in individuals over the age of 60 years. In this review, we present the most recent and relevant pieces of evidence to the peculiarities of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and new aging-related potential modulators of atherosclerotic disease in very elderly.
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Envejecimiento , Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Envejecimiento/patología , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/patología , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Comorbilidad , Humanos , Incidencia , Crecimiento Demográfico , Pronóstico , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Both coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiomyopathy may present with sudden cardiac death (SCD). It is generally accepted that CAD is the most common cause of SCD in adults, but the frequency of cardiomegaly as a primary or contributing cause is less known. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the cardiac findings of all cases of adult SCD attributed to cardiomegaly, severe atherosclerosis, or both, in the absence of specific cardiomyopathy. Association between findings and risk factors was studied. RESULTS: There were 484 sudden cardiac deaths, of which 402 met study criteria. Mean age was 49â±â13 years, with 289 men and 159 African Americans (AAs). Cardiomegaly with presumed hypertensive, multifactorial or unknown cause, was the sole arrhythmogenic substrate in 38% of men and 49% of women (pâ=â0.003); CAD was the sole cause of SCD in 19% of men and 26% of women, and mixed CAD + cardiomegaly the cause of death in 43% of men and 25% of women. Cardiomegaly was associated by univariate analysis with younger age (46â±â12 years versus 53â±â14 for CAD, pâ<â0.0001), AA race (pâ=â0.004), and body mass index (pâ<â0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Among adults with a mean age of about 50 years, cardiomegaly is a frequent cause of sudden cardiac death, and is highly associated with obesity. Cardiomegaly is also frequent in SCD with severe CAD. The causes and classification of cardiomegaly in patients without specific cardiomyopathy, and in patients with and without hypertension or coronary disease need to be better studied.
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Arritmias Cardíacas/patología , Cardiomegalia/patología , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/patología , Obesidad/patología , Adulto , Arritmias Cardíacas/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/patología , Cardiomegalia/mortalidad , Causas de Muerte , Comorbilidad , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maryland/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We report a retrospective analysis of our experience in bypass vein graft surgery to lateral tarsal, medial plantar, and lateral plantar arteries for treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS: Between January 1991 and February 2010, we performed 137 inframalleolar bypass graft surgeries; of these, 25 (18%) were conducted using foot branch arteries for distal implant. All patients were treated for CLI and most had extensive infrapopliteal atherosclerotic disease (TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus D). Mean follow-up was 46.32 months (range, 0-144 months). Main end points analyzed were cumulative patency, limb salvage, and survival. Statistic analysis of all end points was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS: There was a predominance of men (64%), and the group mean age was 66.3 years. Diabetes mellitus was the main associated disease. Eighty percent of ulcers or gangrene were restricted to the midfoot (Rutherford V CLI classification). There was a predominance of short-length grafts using the great saphenous vein as the main conduit (72%). The medial plantar artery was the main outflow artery (52%). Early graft occlusion occurred in four patients (primary failure rate, 16%). Secondary patency at 1 and 3 years was 49% and 36.8%, respectively, and limb salvage was 81.7% and 69%, respectively. Nine major amputations occurred, and 10 other minor amputations were necessary. Survival rate at 3 years was 65.4%, and 67% of patients maintained ambulation. Surgical mortality was 8%. No condition was associated with worse results with regard to secondary patency, limb salvage, or survival. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results for developed foot branch bypass demonstrated good results for limb salvage, and it is an acceptable surgery for patients with extensive atherosclerotic disease.
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Aterosclerosis/cirugía , Isquemia/cirugía , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Injerto Vascular , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Amputación Quirúrgica , Arterias/fisiopatología , Arterias/cirugía , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Brasil , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Enfermedad Crítica , Femenino , Oclusión de Injerto Vascular/etiología , Oclusión de Injerto Vascular/fisiopatología , Oclusión de Injerto Vascular/cirugía , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia/mortalidad , Isquemia/fisiopatología , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Recuperación del Miembro , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Radiografía , Reoperación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Vena Safena/trasplante , Tasa de Supervivencia , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Injerto Vascular/efectos adversos , Injerto Vascular/mortalidad , Grado de Desobstrucción VascularRESUMEN
A doença aterosclerótica cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo e em muitos dos casos o evento fatal é sua primeira manifestação. Educar mudança de hábitos à população e identificar e tratar precocemente os indivíduos de alto risco é a única forma de reagir. Nesse contexto, diversos escores marcadores de risco têm sido desenvolvidos para auxiliar a identificação e orientar a terapêutica preventiva. A complexidade da aterogênese e sua multiplicidade de fatores de risco limitam, no entanto, a eficácia destas ferramentas e impõem estratégias sequenciais de investigação. Nesta revisão, serão apresentadas as principais características e limitações dos escores clínicos, com que frequência eles podem falhar em indivíduos de alto risco na população brasileira e que estratégias estão sendo usadas para atenuar estas limitações.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and in many cases the fatal event is its first appearance. Educating the population to change of habits and lifestyle identifying and promptly treating the high-risk individuals are ways of fighting against this disease. In this context, several risk markers and scores have been developed to help identify and guide preventive therapy. Their effectiveness, however, is affected by the complex interactions among multiple risk factors involved in atherogenesis and strategies involving the combined use of clinical scores and laboratory or imaging tests are necessary. This review will cover the main features and limitations of clinical scores, which often can fail in high-risk individuals in our population, and in strategies which are being used to mitigate these limitations.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Aterosclerosis/mortalidad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/complicaciones , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/complicaciones , Infarto del Miocardio/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
Além da obtenção de níveis ideais de lipídios, com base na estratificação de risco, outros fatores de risco clássicos, como a hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e tabagismo devem ser abordados e receber a terapia mais apropriada. Na decisão da melhor estratégia terapêutica, a presença de comorbidades, como insuficiência renal, hepatopatias, doenças gastrointestinais e pulmonares, também constituem aspectos decisivos na prescrição médica mais adequada. Outro quesito que não deve ser negligenciado é o sinergismo entre os fármacos para atenuação de mecanismos da aterosclerose. De forma universal, o estilo de vida saudável deve receber adequada recomendação e, com base nas características individuais do paciente, sugeridas as opções mais apropriadas. Finalmente, deve ser programado o seguimento do paciente com base em testes diagnósticos e funcionais, periodicidade de exames de biomarcadores laboratoriais, aqueles destinados para a segurança, além de futuros exames de imagens.
Beyond the achievement of appropriate lipid levels based on the cardiovascular risk stratification, other classic risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking should also receive adequate therapy. For the best therapeutic decision, other comorbidities, e.g. renal failure, liver disease, gastrointestinal and lung diseases should be taken into account, as they constitute important aspects for medical decision. Another aspect that should not be neglected is the synergism between drugs for the attenuation of mechanisms related to atherosclerosis. As a general recommendation, an appropriate lifestyle should be emphasized, respecting the characteristics of each patient. Finally, a reliable chronogram during the follow up should be discussed with the patient regarding laboratory tests (biomarkers, image), including safety or diagnosis.