RESUMEN
Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) andersoni n. sp. (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) collected in the intestine of the humphead cichlid Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia) from the Pantanal wetlands, State of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) is described and genetically characterized. The new species differs from its congeners mainly by having a conspicuous papilla-like formation slightly anterior to the cloacal aperture. Furthermore, males of R. (S.) lanfrediae and R. (S.) mahnerti have caudal alae, and R. (S.) hypostomi and R. (S.) pimelodi lack lateral alae, whereas in the new species caudal alae are absent and lateral alae present. The remaining congeners, namely, R. (S.) marano and R. (S.) saltaensis differ from Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) andersoni n. sp. mainly because males have three pairs of postcloacal papillae (vs five pairs). In the phylogenetic reconstructions, using three nuclear genetic markers (18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA) and one mitochondrial (cox1 mtDNA), the new species was separated from other representatives of Raphidascarididae, and the absence of monophyly in Hysterothylacium and Raphidascaroides was confirmed. Moreover, the subgenera Sprentascaris and Ichthyascaris appeared to be monophyletic. Therefore, even though Raphidascaris (Raphidascaris) was apparently not monophyletic, the subgenera of Raphidascaris should be re-erected as valid genera. The updated diagnoses of Ichthyascaris, Raphidascaris and Sprentascaris are given. The present study represents the first parasitological survey in G. balzanii.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/clasificación , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/genética , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Cíclidos/parasitología , ADN de Helmintos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Filogenia , HumedalesRESUMEN
The initial developmental stages of Contracaecum multipapillatum (von Drasche, 1882) Lucker, 1941 sensu lato were studied using eggs obtained from the uteri of female nematodes (genetically identified) found in a brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis from Bahía de La Paz (Gulf of California, Mexico). Optical microscopy revealed a smooth or slightly rough surface to the eggs. Egg dimensions were approximately 53 × 43 µm, although after the larvae had developed inside, egg size increased to 66 × 55 µm. Hatching and survival of the larvae were greater at 15°C than at 24°C, and increased salinity resulted in a slight increase in hatching but seemed to reduce survival at 24°C, but not at 15°C. The recently hatched larvae measured 261 × 16 µm within their sheath. When placed in culture medium, the larvae grew within their sheath, and a small percentage (~2%) exsheathed completely (314 × 19 µm). The larvae continued to grow and develop once they had exsheathed, attaining mean dimensions of 333 × 22 µm. Although they did not moult during culture, optical microscopy revealed a morphology typical of third-stage larvae. Finally, the genetic identity between the larval parasites collected from mullet Mugil curema and adult female parasites collected from the brown pelican suggests a life cycle of C. multipapillatum in which the mullet are involved as intermediate/paratenic hosts and the brown pelicans as final hosts in the geographical area of Bahía de La Paz.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Aves/parasitología , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , México/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Third-stage larvae (L3) of Hysterothylacium sp. were collected by the first time in juveniles of pirarucu Arapaima gigas farmed in the Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas state. Ninety-eight (98) out of 100 examined fish showed to be parasitized. Five hundred and ninety larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. were collected from the intestines, stomach and pyloric caeca. The mean intensity of parasite indexes was 6.02 (±5.75) ranging from 1 to 40 larvae per host and the mean abundance was 5.9 (±5.76). The A. gigas is the new host record for larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. in Brazil, and this is the first record of larvae of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) with zoonotic potential in the pirarucu from South America.
Asunto(s)
Ascaridoidea/fisiología , Peces/parasitología , Animales , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brasil , Larva/anatomía & histología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Third-stage larvae (L3) of Hysterothylacium sp. were collected by the first time in juveniles of pirarucu Arapaima gigas farmed in the Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas state. Ninety-eight (98) out of 100 examined fish showed to be parasitized. Five hundred and ninety larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. were collected from the intestines, stomach and pyloric caeca. The mean intensity of parasite indexes was 6.02 (±5.75) ranging from 1 to 40 larvae per host and the mean abundance was 5.9 (±5.76). The A. gigas is the new host record for larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. in Brazil, and this is the first record of larvae of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) with zoonotic potential in the pirarucu from South America.
Resumo Larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) de Hysterothylacium sp. foram coletadas pela primeira vez em juvenis de pirarucu Arapaima gigas cultivados no Rio Preto da Eva, Estado do Amazonas. Noventa e oito (98) dos 100 peixes examinados estavam parasitados. Quinhentos e noventa larvas de Hysterothylaciumsp.foram coletados no intestino, estômago e cecos pilóricos. O índice parasitário de intensidade média foi de 6,02 (±5,75) variando de 1 a 40 larvas por hospedeiro e o de abundância média foi de 5,9 (±5,76). A. Gigas é um novo registro de hospedeiro para larvas de Hysterothylacium sp. no Brasil, também sendo, o primeiro registro de larvas de Hysterothylacium sp. com potencial zoonótico em pirarucu da América do Sul.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ascaridoidea/fisiología , Peces/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brasil , Larva/anatomía & histología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We describe a new nematode species, Baylisascaris potosis n. sp., isolated from captive kinkajou, Potos flavus, from the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. The nematode was found in fecal specimens, identified morphologically, and confirmed genetically. The new species is similar to Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris columnaris, and other Baylisascaris species, but is distinguished by the position of the male phasmidial pole. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses confirmed that the new species is phylogenetically distinct from all the members of the genus Baylisascaris, and groups with B. procyonis and B. columnaris. This nematode is the 10th species assigned to the genus Baylisascaris.
Asunto(s)
Animales de Zoológico , Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/clasificación , Ascaridoidea/fisiología , Procyonidae/parasitología , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Femenino , Guyana , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Óvulo/clasificación , Óvulo/citología , Óvulo/fisiología , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 28S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Larvae of Hysterothylacium use various invertebrates as intermediate hosts. Definite hosts include fish, birds, reptiles or marine mammals. This study describes the occurrence of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda, Anisakidae) larvae parasitizing the pericardic cavity of Diplodon suavidicus (Unioniformes, Hyriidae) specimens collected in the Amazon basin, Brazil. This is the first record of this nematode parasitizing freshwater bivalves in South America. The high prevalence, medium intensity and medium abundance suggest that D. suavidicus acts as intermediate host for Hysterothylacium species in that environment.
Asunto(s)
Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bivalvos/parasitología , Animales , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Larva/fisiología , Densidad de Población , Ríos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The nematode Lagochilascaris minor is the causative agent of lagochilascariosis, a human disease that affects the neck region causing exudative abscesses with eggs, larvae, and adult parasites. Mice are currently considered intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection and the possibility of mice as definitive hosts for L. minor, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in two distinct isogenic mouse strains: BALB/c and C57BL/6. Our results indicate that BALB/c mice are more resistant to L. minor infection than C57BL/6, having less intense lesions in the lungs, a lower number of nodules with encysted larvae and fewer adult worms, and displaying a higher serum level of IFN gamma. Both mouse strains had low levels of serum IL-10. We also observed adult parasites in both mouse strains, raising the possibility that mice are definitive hosts of L. minor. This is the first description of adult parasite development of L. minor in mice.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Citocinas/sangre , Tejido Adiposo/patología , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/inmunología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Ascaridida/patología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ascaridoidea/inmunología , Gatos , Femenino , Humanos , Hígado/parasitología , Hígado/patología , Pulmón/parasitología , Pulmón/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/parasitología , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Bazo/patología , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Dissemination of parasitic infections depends on migration through tissues and evasion from both hemostatic processes and immune responses from hosts. Metalloproteases play major roles in these mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions and, thus, are considered drug targets. In this study, we characterized metalloprotease activities in excretory/secretory (ES) products from third stage larvae (L3) of the ascarid Lagochilascaris minor, the causative agent of lagochilascariosis, which demonstrates an impressive migrating capacity across host tissues, including bone. Gel enzymography showed that ES products of L3 display two major gelatinolytic activities. Optimal proteolytic activity was found to occur at neutral/alkaline pH and was associated with two L. minor-secreted metalloproteases of 59 (SM59(Lm)) and 114kDa (SM114(Lm)). We next showed that ES products of L3 were able to hydrolyze fibrinogen and collagen I at neutral pH, but not BSA, in an extensive manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ES products of L3 mediate hydrolysis of the triple helical structure of collagen I fibers in mouse mesentery. These results suggest that ES proteases of L3 might facilitate both L. minor migration through host tissues by hydrolyzing collagens of the extracellular matrix and evasion from host hemostatic mechanisms by degrading fibrinogen.
Asunto(s)
Ascaridoidea/enzimología , Colágeno/metabolismo , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Metaloproteasas/metabolismo , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/patología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Gelatina/metabolismo , Histocitoquímica , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Larva/enzimología , Mesenterio/patología , Metaloproteasas/biosíntesis , Metaloproteasas/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Peso Molecular , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nematode infection indices were recorded in Hoplias malabaricus captured in six different rivers and a marsh belonging to the North Coast Basin of Colombia, and from the Amazon River, during February 2003-December 2004. Preliminary morphological analysis of nematodes indicated the presence of Contracaecum sp. Parasites were mostly found in the intestinal mesenteries and a very low percentage in muscle. Parasite prevalence in all sampling locations at the north of Colombia was 100%, whereas in the Amazon River it was 6.12%. The mean intensity in the different stations were as follows: Magdalena River at the City of Magangué (58.92+/-7.59), Magdalena river at the city of Zambrano (128.9+/-7.08), Sinú River (53.88+/-4.92), Dique Channel (207.3+/-59.52), Cauca River (77.26+/-9.35), Atrato River (21.11+/-2.6), San Jorge River (39.5+/-7.13), and Totumo Marsh (62.5+/-6.38). In average, all specimens of Hoplias malabaricus from the north coast basin of Colombia were infected with a mean intensity of 77.82+/-4.81 (1-466 parasites per host) whereas in fish from the Amazon River this value was significantly lower (intensity 1.0+/-0.0). Size and weight correlated significantly with parasite intensity in fish collected from sampling locations at the north of Colombia (R=0.240, P<0.001 and R=0.199, P=0.008, respectively). Moreover, a significant, but low and negative correlation was found between condition factor and parasite intensity (R=-0.159, P=0.034), suggesting a possible impact of parasites on fish health. These results suggest, for the first time, that the parasitism in Moncholo is a widespread phenomenon in Colombian rivers and could represent a risk factor for human consumers.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Animales , Infecciones por Ascaridida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Peso Corporal , Colombia/epidemiología , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Peces , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Ríos , Alimentos Marinos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The life cycle of Lagochilascaris major was studied using eggs collected from a natural clinical case in a domestic cat. Twenty-seven white mice (Mus musculaus), 5 hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), and 1 vesper mouse (Calomys callosus) were orally inoculated with 800-1,300 embryonated eggs. When examined from 73 to 246 days postinoculation (PI), encysted third-stage larvae were seen in skeletal muscles and less frequently in connective tissue, liver, and lungs. Twenty-two of the 23 cats orally inoculated with 40-430 encysted larvae from these rodents, and necropsied from 1 hr to 185 days PI, became infected. Third-stage larvae were located in the stomach, esophagus, and oropharynx from 1 to 24 hr PI. At 48 hr, larvae, from mainly the fourth stage, were only found, unilaterally or bilaterally, inside a "sac" in the region of the semilunar fold of the palatine tonsil at the base of the tongue. Adult worms were found in this location from 10 to 175 days PI. No fistulated abscess to the outside medium was found. Adult worms were also found in the middle ears of 2 cats showing purulent otitis. Eggs in the ear secretion were under different stages of development. Eggs in feces were first observed on days 14 and 15 PI, and 1 cat shed them until 178 days PI. Six infected cats were treated with fenbendazole at 50 mg/kg of body weight for 3 consecutive days, eliminating all the parasites present in the tonsils. The drug was not effective against the parasites present in the middle ear. No stage of the parasite was found in the tissues of 5 cats given 4,000-5,200 eggs orally and examined after 19 and 50 days PI. This indicates that the life cycle of L. major requires an obligate paratenic host and is characterized by heteroxenic cycle.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Animales , Antinematodos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Ascaridida/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Gatos , Cricetinae , Oído Medio/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Fenbendazol/uso terapéutico , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiología , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Ratones , Muridae , Tonsila Palatina/parasitología , Tonsila Palatina/patología , RatasRESUMEN
Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) is reported from five fishes and one invertebrate species. Third-stage larvae were found in the crustacean Themisto gaudichaudii and in mesenteries of the fishes Engraulis anchoita and Merluccius hubbsi; fourth-stage larvae were recovered from the digestive tract of M. hubbsi and Scomber japonicus and adult specimens were obtained from the stomach and intestine of M. hubbsi, S. japonicus, Genypterus blacodes and Genypterus brasiliensis. Nematodes are described, measured and illustrated. Parasitic prevalence, mean intensity and range were calculated in relation to different geographic zones, from the Argentinean-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone to Patagonic areas. An increase of parasitism from the northern areas southwards was observed. The life-cycle of H. aduncum, involving the host species considered, is also postulated.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/anatomía & histología , Crustáceos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Ascaridoidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Océano Atlántico , Sistema Digestivo/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Peces , Larva/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Mesenterio/parasitología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) from the fish market in Granada, southern Spain, were surveyed for anisakid nematodes. The fish came from fishing ports all over the country. Larval anisakids were found in 39.4% of the fish examined; 26.1% were infected with third-stage larvae (L3s) of Anisakis simplex; 0.3%, with A. physeteris L3s; 31.1%, with Hysterothylacium aduncum L3s; and 1.7%, with fourth-stage larvae (L4s) of Hysterothylacium sp. Horse mackerel from Mediterranean Sea coastal ports (South and South-east Spain) had the lowest levels of infection, and those from Cantabrian Sea coastal ports (North Spain) had the highest. The variation in infection levels with host size (age) and season of capture are surveyed.