RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to monitor, by radiographic examination, the skeletal development of the pelvis and the femorotibial joints of the domestic cat from the first week of life until the closing of the growth plates. METHODS: Radiographic examinations were collected from 15 domestic cats at weekly intervals during the first month and every 2 weeks from the second to the fourth month of age. After that, examinations were performed monthly until the age of 18 months. RESULTS: The ischiopubic growth plate closed at 2 months of age, followed by the fusion of the iliopubic, ilioischial, proximal femoral, greater trochanter and proximal fibular growth plates. The distal femur and proximal tibial growth plates were the last to close, with fusion occurring at 18 months. The mean time to closure of the iliopubic, ilioischial and distal femoral growth plates was shorter in females. The ossification centers first appeared, in ascending order, beginning with the lesser trochanter, followed by the greater trochanter, proximal fibular epiphysis, tibial tuberosity, patella, ischial tuberosity and lateral sesamoid of the popliteus muscle. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The complete closure of the growth plates of domestic cats occurs at approximately 18 months of age. Skeletal maturation at approximately 18 months of age is an important parameter to be considered in radiographic evaluation of certain skeletal changes, evolution of fractures and nutritional imbalance.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Peroné/crecimiento & desarrollo , Articulación de la Cadera/crecimiento & desarrollo , Articulaciones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pelvis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Radiografía/veterinaria , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Femenino , Peroné/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulaciones/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Pelvis/diagnóstico por imagen , Tibia/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Joints enable the relative movement between the connected bones. The shape of the joint is important for the joint movements since they facilitate and smooth the relative displacement of the joint's parts. The process of how the joints obtain their final shape is yet not well understood. Former models have been developed in order to understand the joint morphogenesis leaning only on the mechanical environment; however, the obtained final anatomical shape does not match entirely with a realistic geometry. In this study, a computational model was developed with the aim of explaining how the morphogenesis of joints and shaping of ossification structures are achieved. For this model, both the mechanical and biochemical environments were considered. It was assumed that cartilage growth was controlled by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress. In addition, molecules such as PTHrP and Wnt promote chondrocyte proliferation and therefore cartilage growth. Moreover, the appearance of the primary and secondary ossification centers was also modeled, for which the osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations were taken into account. The obtained results from this model show a coherent final shape of an interphalangeal joint, which suggest that the mechanical and biochemical environments are crucial for the joint morphogenesis process.
Asunto(s)
Simulación por Computador , Articulaciones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Morfogénesis , Membrana Sinovial/crecimiento & desarrollo , Algoritmos , Humanos , Presión Hidrostática , Articulaciones/anatomía & histología , Osteogénesis , Estrés Mecánico , Membrana Sinovial/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Joints connect the skeletal components and enable movement. The appearance and development of articulations is due to different genetic, biochemical, and mechanical factors. In the embryonic stage, controlled biochemical processes are critical for organized growth. We developed a computational model, which predicts the appearance, location, and development of joints in the embryonic stage. Biochemical events are modeled with reaction diffusion equations with generic molecules representing molecules that 1) determine the site where the articulation will appear, 2) promote proliferation, and matrix synthesis, and 3) define articular cartilage. Our model accounts for cell differentiation from mesenchymal cells to pre-cartilaginous cells, then cartilaginous cells, and lastly articular cartilage. These reaction-diffusion equations were solved using the finite elements method. From a mesenchymal 'bud' of a phalanx, the model predicts growth, joint cleavage, joint morphology, and articular cartilage formation. Our prediction of the gene expression during development agrees with molecular expression profiles of joint development reported in literature. Our computational model suggests that initial rudiment dimensions affect diffusion profiles result in Turing patterns that dictate sites of cleavage thereby determining the number of joints in a rudiment.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Óseo/fisiología , Cartílago Articular/embriología , Simulación por Computador , Articulaciones/embriología , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Huesos/embriología , Huesos/metabolismo , Cartílago Articular/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cartílago Articular/fisiología , Comunicación Celular/fisiología , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Condrogénesis/fisiología , Biología Computacional , Falanges de los Dedos de la Mano/embriología , Falanges de los Dedos de la Mano/crecimiento & desarrollo , Falanges de los Dedos de la Mano/metabolismo , Factor 5 de Diferenciación de Crecimiento/administración & dosificación , Factor 5 de Diferenciación de Crecimiento/farmacocinética , Humanos , Articulaciones/citología , Articulaciones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Articulaciones/metabolismo , Modelos Teóricos , Morfogénesis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Locomotion issues in broiler production may decrease performance (carcass yield and traits) and lead to high financial losses. This study evaluates the addition of glucosaminoglycans in broiler diets to minimize the lack of proper bone development and joint weakening. The experiment was conducted using 2,160 broilers randomly distributed in a factorial pattern (3 × 3) using 3 levels of glucosamine sulfate (0, 0.12, and 0.24%) and 3 levels of chondroitin sulfate addition (0, 0.08, and 0.16%). Eight repetitions were used for each treatment, distributed in 72 pens with 30 broilers each. There was a quadratic effect on feed conversion for broilers from 1 to 42 d old (P = 0.0123) for the addition of chondroitin, and better feed conversion was obtained by adding 0.08% of chondroitin. The relative tibia weight, the width of the proximal epiphysis and diaphysis presented a linear increased effect in broilers at 42 d old. An interaction was found between the amount of chondroitin × glucosamine and the number of chondrocytes in the proximal cartilage of the tibia (P = 0.0072). There was a quadratic effect of glucosamine levels (P = 0.0107) in the birds that had received the 0.16% addition of chondroitin, and the presence of 0.18% glucosamine increased the number chondrocytes in the cartilage of broilers. These results provide the first evidence that broilers may benefit from increased dietary chondroitin sulfate. These results indicate that the addition of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates in broiler feed rations might alleviate leg conditions and decrease financial losses in the broiler industry.