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In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) the use of the internal thoracic artery (ITA), is a Class I indication for the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an important complicator of CABG, present in about one-third of the patients with coronary disease. In Leriche Syndrome, ITA can be the source of collateral circulation for arteries below the level of occlusion. Its inadvertent use can lead to serious ischemic complications in the dependent territories.

Na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM), o uso da artéria torácica interna (ATI), é uma indicação de Classe I para a anastomose com a artéria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA). A aterosclerose é uma doença sistêmica, além da doença coronariana, um terço dos pacientes possuem doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP), que é um complicador da CRM. Na Síndrome de Leriche, a ATI pode ser fonte de circulação colateral para artérias abaixo do nível de oclusão. O seu uso inadvertido pode levar a complicações isquêmicas graves nos territórios dependentes.

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INTRODUCTION: Despite its survival benefits, bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting is not commonly utilized due to concerns over deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). We observed the role of routine use of BITA and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) in the incidence of DSWI and associated risk factors. METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2020, 1,207 patients were treated with isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. In all cases, OPCABG was attempted, and BITA was used whenever there was a need for a second arterial graft for the left coronary artery. DSWI was defined as a wound infection requiring surgical intervention and/or the administration of antibiotics. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to model the risk of DSWI. RESULTS: The incidence of DSWI was 0.58%. Mortality rate was higher in DSWI group than in no-DSWI group (28.57% vs. 1.25%; P<0.001). No significant difference in DSWI incidence was observed when BITA (70.6%) or single internal thoracic artery (29.4%) were used (P=0.680). The prevalence of diabetes (100% vs. 40.7%; P=0.001), hyperlipidemia (100% vs. 85.9%; P=0.045), and obesity (71.4% vs. 26.8%; P-0.017) was significantly elevated in DSWI group, when compared with no-DSWI group. Diabetes (P=0.0001), unstable angina (P=0.0064), previous myocardial infarction > 30 days (P=0.0009), left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% (P=0.0074), and emergency surgery (P=0.0002) were independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: The results of routine use of skeletonized BITA after OPCABG were satisfactory regarding DSWI incidence and operative mortality in a single-center experience.

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INTRODUCTION: Left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending artery (LITA-LADA) grafting has become a fundamental part of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This grafting has led to an increased use of other arterial conduits, of which the radial artery (RA) is the most popular. Whether RA can have the same long-term patency as LITA is controversial. The objective of this study is to access the long-term clinical follow-up and, when available, the patency rate of RA grafts. METHODS: Twenty-six patients from a previous study with critical stenosis in all target vessels underwent complete arterial CABG with LITA and RA grafts from 1996 to 2003. They all underwent midterm multidetector computed tomography after surgery with the association of at least one patent LITA and one patent RA graft. RESULTS: Twelve patients (46%) are alive with no angina symptoms. Six patients underwent a second image exam 12 to 16 years (average of 14 years) after surgery, with a total of six LITA-LADA and 14 RA grafts with 100% patency rate. Clinical follow-up five to 23 years after surgery (average of 14 years) showed only one death 12 years after surgery related to coronary artery disease (CAD) (3,8%). Another 12 patients died of non-CAD. CONCLUSION: Patients with midterm associated LITA and RA patent grafts show similar optimal long-term patency rates of both types of grafts with excellent clinical outcome.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate protamine sulfate effects on graft's blood flow by comparing transit-time flow measurement (TTFM) values before and after protamine administration. METHODS: This is an observational study with data collected between years 2018 and 2020. Immediate graft patency was evaluated using TTFM. Only patients with TTFM parameters registered before and after protamine infusion were included. The main three parameters studied were:  mean graft flow  (MGF),  pulsatility index (PI), and  diastolic flow (DF). In the first analysis, all conduits were evaluated regardless of the surgical technique used. In a second analysis, on-pump and off-pump groups were compared. Evaluated grafts were left internal thoracic artery, saphenous vein graft (SVG), radial artery, and right internal thoracic artery. Since SVG was numerically the most used graft, an exclusive analysis was created. RESULTS: Our study included 575 patients, resulting in a total of 1686 grafts, mean 2.93 grafts/patient. Off-pump surgery was performed in 158 patients. Before protamine infusion, inadequate TTFM parameters were observed in 3.8% of grafts. Overall, after protamine administration, MGF decreased in all grafts, but its reduction was not statistically significant. PI values increased in the SVG and DF values reduced in LIMA grafts. SVG group analysis showed that after protamine PI values were higher in OM1 and RCA. DF values increased in RCA. The comparison between off and on-pump surgeries, showed that in off-pump cases TTFM measures did not present statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Significant variations were observed in TTFM values before and after protamine administration. Although different, those values remained within the normal reference ranges. We recommend that flow measurement should be performed before protamine infusion.

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Although the saphenous vein is a widely used conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, revascularization using the saphenous vein as an aortocoronary bypass graft has shown disadvantages of lower long-term graft patency rates and subsequently worse clinical outcomes, compared with revascularization using the internal thoracic artery. Of the various efforts to overcome the limitations of vein conduit that are resulting from structural and functional differences from arterial conduit, recent technical improvement in no-touch vein composite graft construction and outcomes of revascularization using no-touch vein composite grafts based on the left internal thoracic artery will be discussed in this topic.

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The saphenous vein is the most used conduit for coronary artery bypass surgery. However, the patency rate of this graft is inferior to the internal thoracic artery patency rate, which is the gold standard. Using the conventional technique, the saphenous vein is harvested via a large open incision and excised in such a way that causes both vascular damage and wound healing complications. Consequently, vein graft patency and surgical site infection may be compromised. Graft patency is markedly improved when the saphenous vein is harvested atraumatically with minimal damage and with surrounding cushion of perivascular fat intact. However, despite the improved graft performance, wound healing complications and infection remain a problem. Although wound healing complication is reduced when using endoscopic vein harvesting, there may be a negative impact on graft performance. This is due to vascular damage associated with application of forces to the vein that are usually avoided in open vein harvesting, including traction, adventitial stripping, and venous compression. There is evidence to suggest that improved patency of endoscopically harvested saphenous veins is associated with the surgeon's experience of the technique. Recently, endoscopic methods of harvesting have been described where the saphenous vein is removed intact and with minimal vascular damage caused. In addition, wound healing complications, infection, and scarring are reduced. While the effect of these techniques on vein graft patency have yet to be reported, the ability to obtain a superior graft with reduced wound complications will be of great benefit to patients undergoing coronary revascularization procedures.

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Numerous coronary revascularization studies have documented superior results associated with bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting compared with single internal thoracic artery grafting. However, concerns about perioperative complications and the technical challenges inherent in bilateral grafting limit its broad utilization. In this video tutorial we show our routine technique for off-pump bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting, and also discuss the experience of our department and the evolving process of how we have performed myocardial revascularization over the past two decades.

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OBJECTIVE: Coronary complications may present during or after repair of congenital heart defects. We report coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts to either coronary artery in children with congenital anomalies. METHODS: Four cases who underwent CABG with ITA grafts from March 2016 to March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: At the time of operation, patient's ages and weight were 7 and 20 months old and 14 and 15 years old and 6.5, 10, 40, and 45 kg, respectively. Diagnosis were anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with leftward lateral ostial origin (n = 1), neopulmonary annulus hypoplasia post arterial switch with contiguous right coronary artery (RCA) arising from the left facing sinus (n = 1), RCA stenosis after the Ross procedure (n = 1), and right coronary ostial obstruction after aortic valve replacement in truncus arteriosus (n = 1). Procedures included left ITA to left coronary ostium (n = 1), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) enlargement with pulmonary valve replacement with left ITA to RCA (n = 1), RVOT enlargement with pulmonary valve replacement with right ITA to RCA (n = 1), and aortic valve re-replacement, pulmonary valve replacement, and right ITA to RCA (n = 1). At last follow-up, all four patients were asymptomatic, with normal ventricular function, and all grafts were patent. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CABG in children is valuable alternative when dealing with complex coronary anatomy not suitable for classic repairs. In children, graft patency is required to be longer than 50 years; therefore, use of arterial grafts seems mandatory.

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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease. We report the first case in the literature of Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization Using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A 36-year-old man came to the emergency department with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). He presented paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosed in 2016. Coronary angiography revealed tripple vessel disease. The conduits used for coronary revascularization were both internal thoracic arteries (left ITA-right ITA [LITA-RITA]). We consider that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries (BITA) can be safely performed with low in-hospital mortality and complications rates, even in patient with PNH.

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Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease. We report the first case in the literature of Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization Using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A 36-year-old man came to the emergency department with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). He presented paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosed in 2016. Coronary angiography revealed tripple vessel disease. The conduits used for coronary revascularization were both internal thoracic arteries (left ITA-right ITA [LITA-RITA]). We consider that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries (BITA) can be safely performed with low in-hospital mortality and complications rates, even in patient with PNH.

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Resumen Introducción: La cirugía de revascularización de miocardio (RVM) sigue siendo el gold standard en el tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria multiarterial. Se ha demostrado que la RVM con ambas arterias mamarias internas (AMI) tiene mejor resultado de sobrevida a largo plazo. Metodología: Investigación retrospectiva de las cirugías de RVM con AMI bilateral, realizadas en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular-INCOR-EsSalud entre enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2015. Los objetivos fueron determinar la mortalidad por cualquier causa y los eventos cardiovasculares mayores a 30 días de seguimiento. Resultados: Treinta y seis pacientes fueron operados con AMI bilateral. No tuvimos mortalidad a 30 días. Los eventos cardiovasculares mayores se presentaron en el 5.56% de los pacientes (stroke 0%, infarto de miocardio posquirúrgico 5.56%, necesidad de nueva intervención coronaria 0%). La incidencia de mediastinitis y/o reconstrucción esternal fue de 0%. Siete pacientes tuvieron infección superficial de la herida, no hubo diferencia significativa entre los diabéticos y los no diabéticos (25% vs. 16.66%, OR: 3.3, p = 0.88) o entre los pacientes con o sin sobrepeso (19.23% vs. 20%, respectivamente, OR: 0.95, IC 95%, p = 0.68) para presentar infección de herida. Conclusiones: La RVM con AMI bilateral es un procedimiento seguro, con bajas tasas de mortalidad y de eventos cardiovasculares mayores a corto plazo. © 2016 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains the reference standard in the treatment of multivessel coronary disease. Several studies have shown that CABG with bilateral internal mammary arteries (BIMA) has better results in long-term survival. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted on CABG surgeries with BIMA from January 2012 to December 2015 in the National Cardiovascular Institute, INCOR, EsSalud, Peru. The objectives were to determine the mortality and major cardiovascular events at 30 days followup. Results: Of the 36 patients subjected to CABG surgery with BIMA, the 30-day mortality was 0%, with major cardiovascular events occurring in 5.56% of patients (Stroke 0%, postoperative myocardial infarction 5.56%, need of new coronary intervention 0%). The incidence of mediastinitis and/or sternal reconstruction was 0%. Superficial wound infection was observed in 7 patients, with there being no significant difference between diabetics and non-diabetics (25% vs. 16.66%, OR = 3.3, P = .88), or between patients with or without overweight (19.23% vs. 20%, respectively,OR = .95; 95% CI, P = .68). Conclusions: CABG surgery with BIMA is a safe procedure, with low rates of mortality and major cardiovascular events in the short-term. © 2016 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains the reference standard in the treatment of multivessel coronary disease. Several studies have shown that CABG with bilateral internal mammary arteries (BIMA) has better results in long-term survival. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted on CABG surgeries with BIMA from January 2012 to December 2015 in the National Cardiovascular Institute, INCOR, EsSalud, Peru. The objectives were to determine the mortality and major cardiovascular events at 30 days follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients subjected to CABG surgery with BIMA, the 30-day mortality was 0%, with major cardiovascular events occurring in 5.56% of patients (Stroke 0%, postoperative myocardial infarction 5.56%, need of new coronary intervention 0%). The incidence of mediastinitis and/or sternal reconstruction was 0%. Superficial wound infection was observed in 7 patients, with there being no significant difference between diabetics and non-diabetics (25% vs. 16.66%, OR=3.3, P=.88), or between patients with or without overweight (19.23% vs. 20%, respectively, OR=.95; 95% CI, P=.68). CONCLUSIONS: CABG surgery with BIMA is a safe procedure, with low rates of mortality and major cardiovascular events in the short-term.

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There is a significant variety of vascular conduits options for coronary bypass surgery. Adequate graft selection is the most important factor for the success of the intervention. To ensure durability, permeability, and bypass function, there must be a morphological similarity between the graft and the coronary artery. The objective of this review was to analyze the morphological characteristics of the grafts that are most commonly used in coronary bypass surgery and the coronary arteries that are most frequently occluded. We included clinical information regarding the characteristics that determine the behavior of the grafts and its permeability over time. Currently, the internal thoracic artery is the standard choice for bypass surgery because of the morphological characteristics of the wall that makes less prone to developing atherosclerosis and hyperplasia. The radial and right gastroepiploic arteries are the following second and third best options, respectively. The ulnar artery is the preferred choice when other conduits are not feasible.

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As deformidades da parede torácica apresentam uma ampla variedade de possibilidades em sua reconstrução. Nas últimas décadas, o tratamento cirúrgico de afecções que comprometem a parede torácica tem progredido muito, sendo que o método de reconstrução dependerá do tipo da lesão e do objetivo da ressecção prévia. O uso de retalho fasciocutâneo de perfurante da artéria mamária interna tem sido uma boa opção para reconstrução de defeitos de tamanho pequeno a médio da parede torácica, com bons resultados e mínima morbidade ao sítio doador. O presente trabalho apresenta o uso do retalho de perfurante de artéria mamária interna na reconstrução torácica de um paciente com recidiva tumoral após duas ressecções do mesmo tumor(AU)

Chest wall deformities allow a wide variety of approaches to their reconstruction. In recent decades the surgical treatment of diseases that compromise the chest wall has progressed a lot, and the reconstruction method will depend on the type of injury and the aim of prior resection. The use of internal mammary artery fasciocutaneous perforator flap is a good option for reconstruction of small defects in the middle of the chest wall with good results and minimal donor-site morbidity. This paper presents the use of internal mammary artery perforator flap in chest reconstruction of a patient with tumor recurrence after two resections of the same tumor(AU)

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