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SUMMARY: Clear awareness of the vascular variations is critical in surgeries, which may cause massive hemorrhage during surgical procedures. During educational dissection of a male cadaver, we encountered a combined variation of the left obturator artery and ipsilateral aberrant inferior epigastric artery. The left obturator artery originated from the external iliac artery, then coursed inward, adherent to the superior pubic ramus. The left inferior epigastric artery originated from the femoral artery, and coursed behind the femoral vein. These anatomical variations shown in one person were extremely rare. This is particularly true with regard to these variations while performing pelvic and inguinal region surgeries.

El conocimiento claro de las variaciones vasculares es fundamental en las cirugías, ya que pueden causar una hemorragia masiva durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos. Durante la disección educativa de un cadáver de sexo masculino, encontramos una variación combinada de la arteria obturatriz izquierda y la arteria epigástrica inferior ipsilateral aberrante. La arteria obturatriz izquierda se originaba en la arteria ilíaca externa, luego discurrió hacia medial, adhiriéndose a la rama púbica superior. La arteria epigástrica inferior izquierda se originaba en la arteria femoral y discurría por detrás de la vena femoral. Estas variaciones anatómicas mostradas en una sola persona son extremadamente raras. Esto es importante de conocer estas variaciones cuando se realizan cirugías de las regiones pélvica e inguinal.

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BACKGROUND: Dopamine has a favorable therapeutic profile but has not been widely used to treat hypotension during microvascular breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes in patients who received dopamine during breast reconstruction using deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flaps and compare them with patients who did not receive dopamine. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review was performed for patients who underwent breast reconstruction with DIEP free flaps between October 2018 and March 2020. Patient demographics, comorbidities, fluid balance, hospital stay, and adverse outcomes were compared between patients who received at least 1 h of dopamine (DA) and patients who did not receive dopamine (ND). Subgroup analyses were performed for bilateral procedures and patients who received dopamine. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients in the DA group and 43 patients in the ND group met the inclusion criteria. There were no flap-related complications. Patients who had dopamine initiated to maintain blood pressures had a higher total volume of intravenous fluid (ND:3.81L vs. DA:5.04L, p = 0.005). However, DA patients exhibited decreased fluid requirements (ND:839 mL/h vs. DA:479 mL/h, p = 0.004) and increased urine output (ND:98.0 mL/h vs. DA:340 mL/h, p = <0.001) once dopamine was initiated. Intraoperative urine output (ND:1.37 L vs. DA:3.48 L, p < 0.001) and rate (ND:1.9 ml/kg/h vs. DA:3.7 ml/kg/h, p < 0.001) were increased in the DA group. The fluid balance of patients undergoing bilateral procedures was closer to neutral for patients who received dopamine (ND:+3.43 L vs. DA:+2.26 L, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Dopamine is safe to use in microvascular breast reconstruction. It may be beneficial for hemodynamically labile patients by stabilizing blood pressure and facilitating a neutral fluid balance.

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Resumen: El trauma pélvico grave es una situación de extrema gravedad con alta mortalidad, siendo la principal causa de muerte el shock hemorrágico persistente, secundario a varias fuentes de sangrado óseas, viscerales y principalmente venosas y arteriales. Las medidas iniciales van dirigidas a disminuir el volumen de la cavidad pélvica y la reposición hemostática. En los últimos años evidencia creciente respalda la utilización de la angioembolización en el manejo de estos pacientes. Presentamos a través de un caso clínico el primer reporte en Uruguay de angioembolización no selectiva de ambas arterias hipogástricas en el manejo del trauma pélvico grave. Discutiremos a través de un caso clínico la fisiopatología del trauma pélvico grave y principalmente las indicaciones, resultados y complicaciones de la angioembolización.

Summary: Pelvic trauma is an extremely severe condition accounting for high mortality rates, and is the first cause of death in persistent hemorrhagic shock, secondary to several sources of bleeding, such as bone, viscera and mainly veins and arteries. Initial measures aim to reduce the volume of the pelvic cavity and to restore hemostasis. In recent years, growing evidence supports the use of angioembolization in the handling of these patients. The study presents, through a clinical case, the first report in Uruguay of non-selective angioembolization of both hypogastric arteries in the handling of severe pelvic trauma. We will discuss the pathophysiology of severe pelvic trauma through a clinical case, mainly in terms of indications, results and complications of angioembolization.

Resumo: O traumatismo pélvico grave é uma situação extremamente complicada com alta mortalidade, sendo a principal causa de morte o choque hemorrágico persistente, secundário a várias fontes de sangramento ósseas, viscerais e principalmente venosas e arteriais. As medidas iniciais têm como objetivo diminuir o volume da cavidade pélvica e a reposição hemostática. Nos últimos anos, evidências crescentes apoiam o uso da angioembolização no gerenciamento desses pacientes. Apresentamos um caso clínico com o primeiro registro no Uruguai de angioembolização não seletiva de ambas as artérias hipogástricas no manejo de traumas pélvicos graves. Discutiremos a fisiopatologia do traumatismo pélvico grave e principalmente as indicações, resultados e complicações da angioembolização.

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OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing breast reconstructive surgery with Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Artery (DIEP) flap technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in patients undergoing DIEP-flap breast reconstruction between January 2014 and December 2019. The main goal was the evaluation of acute postoperative pain through visual analogic pain scale (VAS) at rest (VASr) and movement (VASm) in the immediate postoperative period in post-anesthesia care unit (0h), at 24 h and at 48 h post-intervention and intravenous (IV) morphine con- sumption, depending on whether General Anesthesia (GA group) or Combined Anesthesia (CA group) was performed. Secon- dary outcomes were chronic pain incidence, perioperative complications, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), reinterven- tion and readmission rate and lenght of hospital saty. RESULTS: Sixty seven patients were included, 24 in GA group and 43 in CA group. CA group showed better VASm values at 24 h postintervention (p = 0.01). Postoperative IV morphine continuous infusion was required for acute pain management in 10.4% of patients (25% in GA vs 2.3% in the CA group; p = 0.004). Chronic pain rate was 13.4% (25% in GA vs 7% in the CA group; p = 0.038). Patients with worse initial pain control (VASr > 3 at 0 h) showed a higher incidence of chronic pain (66.6% vs 9.6%; p = 0.008). GA group presented higher rate of postoperative complications (66.6% vs 34.9%; p = 0,012), as well reintervention rate (58.3% vs 30.2%; p = 0.025). A sub-analysis showed that of the 10 patients (5 in the AC and 5 in the AG group) who reported poor initial pain control (VASr > 3 at 0 h), those belonging to the AC group, the IV morphine requirements were lower at post-anesthesia care unit (2 (0-5) mg vs 16 (9.5-23) mg; p = 0.016) and throughout the hospitalization period (4 (0-6) vs 24 (17.5-49, 2); p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Locorregional techniques could offer a better control of postoperative acute pain and a lower incidence of chronic pain, without assuming implying a higher risk of complications related to them in patients undergoing breast reconstructive surgery by DIEP flap technique.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el dolor agudo posoperatorio en las pacientes sometidas a cirugía de reconstrucción mamaria mediante colgajo de la arteria perforante epigástrica inferior profunda (colgajo DIEP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las pacientes intervenidas de reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo DIEP entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2019. El objetivo principal fue la valoración del dolor agudo posoperatorio mediante la escala visual analógica (EVA) en reposo (EVAr) y movimiento (EVAm) en el posoperatorio inmediato en la unidad de Reanimación (0 h), a las 24 h y a las 48 h post-intervención y el consumo de morfina endovenosa (ev), según si se realizó una Anestesia General (AG) o una Anestesia Combinada (AC). Los objetivos secundarios fueron: incidencia de dolor crónico posoperatorio, complicaciones peroperatorias, náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios (NVPO), tasa de reintervención y reingreso y estancia hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 67 pacientes, 24 en el grupo AG y 43 en el grupo AC. El grupo AC mostró un mejor control del dolor en movimiento a las 24 h (p = 0,01). Un 10,4% de las pacientes precisaron infusión de morfina endovenosa (ev) para control del dolor agudo posoperatorio en reposo (25% en el grupo AG vs 2,3% en el grupo AC; p = 0,004). La incidencia de dolor crónico fue del 13,4% (25% en el grupo AG vs 7% en el grupo AC; p = 0,038). Las pacientes con mal control inicial del dolor (EVAr > 3 a las 0 h) presentaron mayor incidencia de dolor crónico (66,6% vs 9,6%; p = 0,008). El grupo AG presentó mayor tasa de complicaciones posoperatorias (66,6% vs 34,9%; p = 0,012), así como tasa de reintervención (58,3% vs 30,2%; p = 0,025). Un subanálisis mostró que de las 10 pacientes (5 en el grupo AC y 5 en el grupo AG) que refirieron un mal control inicial del dolor (EVAr > 3 a las 0 h), las pertenecientes al grupo AC requirieron menos morfina ev en unidad de reanimación postanestésica (2 (0-5) mg vs 16 (9,5-23) mg; p = 0,016) y durante toda su hospitalización (4 (0-6) vs 24 (17,5-49,2); p = 0,008). CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas locorregionales podrían ofrecer un mejor control del manejo del dolor agudo y una menor incidencia de dolor crónico, sin suponer un mayor riesgo de complicaciones relacionadas con ellos en pacientes sometidas a cirugía reconstructiva mamaria mediante técnica de colgajo DIEP.

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SUMMARY: The inferior epigastric artery (IEA) is a major blood vessel that supplies the anterior abdominal wall. The aim of the current study was to provide clinicians, surgeons, and obstetricians with sufficient anatomical data on the inferior epigastric artery, such as its origin and branching pattern. The study included 20 embalmed cadavers, these cadavers were dissected, and the inferior epigastric artery and vena comitans/venae comitantes were identified and traced downwards to the external iliac vessels. The origins, caliber, course and pedicle length of both the artery and the vein(s) were studied. The inferior epigastric artery arose independently from the distal external iliac artery deep to the inguinal ligament in 19 (95 %) cadavers. The artery entered the rectus abdominis muscle at its middle third in 13 (65 %) cases and at its lower third in the remaining specimens. In this study, we found that the artery divided into two branches in 18 (90 %) of the cases; in the remaining two cases, it continued as one trunk. The average pedicle length was 7.2 cm. The mean caliber of the IEA was 3.7 mm. In 18 (90 %) dissections, the venous drainage consisted of a pair of venae comitantes that united to form a common vessel at their draining point on the external iliac vein. The average diameter was 3.9 mm. The current study focuses on the anatomical features of the inferior epigastric artery to increase the success rate of abdominal and pelvic operations in clinical practice.

RESUMEN: La arteria epigástrica inferior (AEI) es un vaso sanguíneo principal que irriga la pared abdominal anterior. El objetivo del presente estudio fue proporcionar a los médicos, cirujanos y obstetras suficientes datos anatómicos sobre la arteria epigástrica inferior, como su origen y patrón de ramificación. El estudio incluyó 20 cadáveres embalsamados, los que se disecaron y se identificó la arteria epigástrica inferior y la vena concomitante y se siguieron hasta los vasos ilíacos externos. Se estudiaron los orígenes, calibre, trayecto y longitud del pedículo tanto de la arteria como de la (s) vena (s). La arteria epigástrica inferior surgió independientemente de la arteria ilíaca externa profunda al ligamento inguinal en 19 (95 %) cadáveres. La arteria ingresó al músculo recto del abdomen en su tercio medio en 13 (65 %) casos y en su tercio inferior en las muestras restantes. En este estudio, encontramos que la arteria se dividió en dos ramas en 18 (90 %) de los casos; en los dos casos restantes, continuó como un tronco. La longitud media del pedículo fue de 7,2 cm. El calibre medio del AEI fue de 3,7 mm. En 18 (90 %) disecciones, el drenaje venoso consistió en un par de venas concomitantes las que formaron un vaso común en su punto de drenaje en la vena ilíaca externa. El diámetro medio fue de 3,9 mm. El estudio actual se centra en las características anatómicas de la arteria epigástrica inferior con el propósito de mejorar la tasa de éxito de las cirugías abdominales y pélvicas en la práctica clínica.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Vascular calcification contributes to cardiovascular disease on dialysis patients. Arterial mineral content is modified but not well defined. We aim to define what is the concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the epigastric artery of adult dialysis patients undergoing renal transplantation. Methods: All renal allograft recipients who underwent surgery at our centre between May 2003 and December 2005 and consented to be taken small samples of epigastric artery were included in our cross-sectional study. Histological, radiological and spectrometric methods were used to measure vascular calcification, deposits and concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in epigastric artery, which were correlated with clinical and biochemical characteristics. Mineral vascular content was compared with corresponding samples from cadaveric renal donors free from renal disease (control group). Results: Calcium and magnesium concentrations in epigastric artery were much higher in recipients (n = 100) than in donors (n = 30). Histologically confirmed calcifications were more frequent in recipients. Calcium and magnesium content in epigastric artery were correlated directly with recipient age, pre-transplant serum P and Ca × P product. A high content of calcium and magnesium in this artery was observed in recipients with media and intimal calcification. Multivariate logistic regression showed that dialysis vintage > 3.5 years and calcium concentration in epigastric artery ≥ 4500 mg/kg wet weight were independent predictors of histological calcification. Conclusion: Excess mineral deposition is observed in the epigastric artery of dialysis patients, where the recipient's age, serum P, Ca × P product and time on dialysis play a decisive role.

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INTRODUCTION: For many years the abdominal region has been a reliable donor of abundant well-perfused tissue. The subdermal plexus constitutes an intricate network of microvessels that comprise the entire abdominal skin and allow for innumerable and redundant connections. METHOD: Using a retrospective cohort study, we considered the first 100 deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps performed for breast reconstruction in the High Specialty Medical Department #21 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, from January 2010 until December 2015. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients studied, 70 (70%) correspond to the group with abdominal scars and 30 (30%) to the group with no abdominal scars. Of the total patients, only one case of flap necrosis arose secondary to venous thrombosis (1%). This patient had no abdominal scars. The success of the flap was compared between groups using the Fisher exact test, obtaining p = 0.717. CONCLUSION: Abdominal scars do not represent a contraindication for breast reconstruction with DIEP flap even if perforator detection is performed only with hand held 8 MHz doppler.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante muchos años, la región abdominal ha sido donadora de abundante tejido bien perfundido basado en el plexo subdérmico, el cual constituye una red intrincada de microvasos que se distribuyen en toda el área de la piel de la pared de dicha región. MÉTODO: Mediante una cohorte retrospectiva, se tomaron en cuenta los primeros 100 colgajos abdominales basados en la arteria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP, deep inferior epigastric perforator) para reconstrucción mamaria en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 21 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en Monterrey, NL, México, de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2015. RESULTADOS: De las 100 pacientes estudiadas, 70 (70%) corresponden al grupo con cicatrices abdominales y 30 (30%) al grupo sin cicatrices abdominales previas. Del total de las pacientes, solo se presentó un caso de necrosis del colgajo secundaria a trombosis venosa (1%). Esta paciente no presentaba ninguna cicatriz abdominal previa. El éxito de los colgajos fue comparado entre ambos grupos mediante una prueba exacta de Fisher y se obtuvo una p = 0.717. CONCLUSIONES: Las cicatrices abdominales no representan una contraindicación para la reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo DIEP, siempre y cuando se detecte un vaso perforante permeable con un Doppler vascular de 8 MHz.

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OBJECTIVE: to report the prevalence of arterial corona mortis and to describe its surgical and clinical applicabilities. METHODS: We dissected 60 hemipelvises (50 men and 10 women) fixed in a 10% formalin solution for the purpose of gathering information on corona mortis. We measured the caliber and length of the obturator artery and its anastomotic branch with the aid of a digital caliper and submitted the data to statistical analyzes and comparisons with the GraphPad Prism 6 software. RESULTS: arterial corona mortis was present in 45% of the studied sample. The most common origin of the obturator artery was the internal iliac artery; however, there was one exceptional case in which it originated from the femoral artery. The caliber of the anastomotic branch was on average 2.7mm, whereas the caliber of the obturator artery was 2.6mm. CONCLUSION: the vascular connections between the obturator, internal iliac, external iliac and inferior epigastric arterial systems are relatively common over the upper pubic branch. The diameter and a trajectory of the anastomotic artery may vary. Thus, iatrogenic lesions and pelvic and acetabular fractures can result in severe bleeding that puts the patient's life at risk.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to report the prevalence of arterial corona mortis and to describe its surgical and clinical applicabilities. Methods: We dissected 60 hemipelvises (50 men and 10 women) fixed in a 10% formalin solution for the purpose of gathering information on corona mortis. We measured the caliber and length of the obturator artery and its anastomotic branch with the aid of a digital caliper and submitted the data to statistical analyzes and comparisons with the GraphPad Prism 6 software. Results: arterial corona mortis was present in 45% of the studied sample. The most common origin of the obturator artery was the internal iliac artery; however, there was one exceptional case in which it originated from the femoral artery. The caliber of the anastomotic branch was on average 2.7mm, whereas the caliber of the obturator artery was 2.6mm. Conclusion: the vascular connections between the obturator, internal iliac, external iliac and inferior epigastric arterial systems are relatively common over the upper pubic branch. The diameter and a trajectory of the anastomotic artery may vary. Thus, iatrogenic lesions and pelvic and acetabular fractures can result in severe bleeding that puts the patient's life at risk.

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a prevalência da corona mortis arterial e descrever suas aplicabilidades cirúrgicas e clínicas. Métodos: sessenta hemipelvises (50 homens e 10 mulheres) fixadas em uma solução de formalina a 10% foram dissecadas com o propósito de obter informações sobre a corona mortis. Medidas do calibre e comprimento da artéria obturatória e seu ramo anastomótico foram mensuradas com o auxílio de um paquímetro digital e submetidas a análises e comparações estatísticas no programa GraphPad Prism 6. Resultados: a corona mortis arterial esteve presente em 45% da amostra estudada. A origem mais comum da artéria obturatória foi da artéria ilíaca interna, porém, houve um caso excepcional no qual a artéria obturatória se originou da artéria femoral. O calibre do ramo anastomótico foi em média 2.7mm, enquanto que o calibre da artéria obturatória foi 2.6mm. Conclusão: as conexões vasculares entre os sistemas obturatório, ilíacos interno e externo e epigástrico inferior são relativamente comuns sobre o ramo superior da pube. O diâmetro e a trajetória dessa artéria anastomótica podem variar. Assim, lesões iatrogênicas, fraturas pélvicas e acetabulares podem resultar em hemorragias graves que colocam a vida do paciente em risco.

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Objetivo: Relatar uma condição excepcional de aceso venoso para anestesia por meio da canulação, no campo cirúrgico, da veia epigástrica inferior. Método: Relato de experiência ocorrida em hospital materno-infantil do município de Guarulhos, em São Paulo. Resultado: Relata-se o caso de um paciente de oito meses, submetido ao procedimento de correção de hérnia inguinal esquerda após episódios de encarceramento de difícil redução. Após monitoração de rotina e indução anestésica inalatória, não se conseguiu acesso venoso, mesmo com inúmeras tentativas realizadas por vários profissionais presentes decorrente do excesso de panículo adiposo. Realizado acesso venoso no campo cirúrgico por dissecção e cateterismo com Jelco® da veia epigástrica inferior. Conclusão: Em casos especiais, a veia epigástrica inferior é um vaso passível de cateterização para infusões venosas. É um procedimento de exceção que requer avaliação das condições da criança, preparo para o procedimento e monitorização constante, por todos os profissionais envolvidos na assistência, no período perioperatório.

Objective: To report an exceptional venous access situation for anesthesia by cannulation (at the surgical site) of the inferior epigastric vein. Method: This article reports on the experience obtained in a maternal and children hospital in the city of Guarulhos, São Paulo. Result: We report the case of an eight-month patient who underwent left inguinal hernia repair after incarceration episodes of difficult reduction. After routine monitoring and inhalational anesthetic induction, we obtained no venous access due to excessive adipose panicle, even with numerous attempts by several professionals. Venous access was obtained at the surgical site by dissection and catheterization of the inferior epigastric vein with a Jelco• catheter. Conclusion: In special cases, the inferior epigastric vein is a possible catheterization vessel for venous infusions. It is an exception procedure that requires evaluation of the child's condition, preparation for the procedure and constant monitoring by all professionals involved in the care during the perioperative period.

Objetivo: Relatar una condición excepcional de acceso venoso para anestesia por medio de la canulación, en el campo quirúrgico, de la vena epigástrica inferior. Método: Relato de experiencia ocurrida en hospital materno-infantil del municipio de Guarulhos, en São Paulo. Resultado: Se relata el caso de un paciente de ocho meses, sometido al procedimiento de corrección de hernia inguinal izquierda tras episodios de encarcelamiento de difícil reducción. Tras monitoreo de rutina e inducción anestésica inhalatoria, no se consiguió acceso venoso, mismo con innumerables tentativas realizadas por varios profesionales presentes decurrente del exceso de panículo adiposo. Realizado acceso venoso en el campo quirúrgico por disección y cateterismo con Jelco• de la vena epigástrica inferior. Conclusión: En casos especiales, la vena epigástrica inferior es un vaso pasible de cateterización para infusiones venosas. Es un procedimiento de excepción que requiere evaluación de las condiciones del niño, preparo para el procedimiento y monitorización constante, por todos los profesionales involucrados en la asistencia, en el período perioperatorio.

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Introducción. La reconstrucción mamaria sigue siendo hoy en día un verdadero desafío para la cirugía reparadora, que tiene como objetivo principal recuperar la imagen corporal y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Para lograr este cometido se cuenta con un amplio arsenal terapéutico. La reconstrucción con implantes es la forma más común de reconstrucción en el mundo. Sin embargo, las técnicas con tejidos autólogos han ganado terreno en los últimos años por su mejor calidad reconstructiva y durabilidad en el tiempo. Material y método. El colgajo DIEP consiste en un colgajo libre, compuesto por piel y tejido celular subcutáneo de la región abdominal inferior, basado en perforantes de la arteria epigástrica inferior profunda. Brinda buenos resultados reconstructivos, sin sacrifi cio funcional de la pared abdominal. El objetivo del trabajo es resaltar algunas de las características más relevantes de esta técnica y la experiencia de nuestro servicio en su utilización para la reconstrucción mamaria. Resultados y discusión. La experiencia del servicio con la utilización de este colgajo ha sido satisfactoria, con buenos resultados, bajas complicaciones y aceptación por parte de las pacientes. Conclusiones. Si bien se trata de un colgajo que requiere una técnica microquirúrgica, con una importante curva de aprendizaje, logra devolver una mama con características similares a la contralateral en forma, volumen y textura, con el benefi cio estético del contorneado corporal abdominal y sin las complicaciones del uso del material protésico, considerándose hoy en día como una herramienta más a tener en cuenta para la reconstrucción mamaria.

Background: Breast reconstruction remains as a real challenge for restorative surgery today, with the main objective of recovering the body image and the quality of life of these patients. To achieve this, there is a broad therapeutic arsenal. Reconstruction with implants is the most common form of reconstruction in the world; however, autologous tissue techniques have gained ground in recent years for their improved reconstructive quality and durability over time. Material and Method:The DIEP fl ap is a free fl ap, composed of skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue of the lower abdominal region, based on perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery, providing good reconstructive results, without functional sacrifi ce of the abdominal wall. The objective of this work is to highlight some of the most relevant characteristics of this technique and the experience of our service in its use for breast reconstruction. Results and Discussion: The experience of the Service with the use of this fl ap has been satisfactory, with good results, low complications and acceptance by the patients. Conclusions: Although it is a fl ap that requires a microsurgical technique, with an important learning curve, it manages to return a breast with similar characteristics to the contralateral in shape, volume and texture, with the esthetic benefi t of abdominal body contouring and without complications of the use of prosthetic material, being considered nowadays as one more tool to take into account for the reconstruction mammary.

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The inferior epigastric artery usually arises from the external iliac artery. It may arise from different origin. The aim of current study is to provide sufficient date of the inferior epigastric artery for clinician, radiologists, surgeons, orthopaedic surgeon, obstetricians and gynaecologists. The current study includes 171 dissected cadavers (92 male and 79 female) to investigate the origin and branch of the inferior epigastric artery in United Kingdom population (Caucasian) as well as in male and female. The inferior epigastric artery found to be a direct branch arising independently from the external iliac artery in 83.6 %. Inferior epigastric artery arises from common trunk of external iliac artery with the obturator artery or aberrant obturator artery in 15.1 % or 1.3 %. Further, the inferior epigastric artery gives obturator and aberrant obturator branch in 3.3 % and 0.3 %. Therefore, the retropubic connection vascularity is 20 % which is more in female than male. As the retropubic region includes a high vascular variation, a great precaution has to be considered prior to surgery such as hernia repair, internal fixation of pubic fracture and skin flap transplantation. The radiologists have to report treating physicians to decrease intra-pelvic haemorrhage due to iatrogenic lacerating obturator or its accessory artery.

La arteria epigástrica inferior se origina generalmente de la arteria ilíaca externa, pudiendo presentar diferentes orígenes. El objetivo del presente estudio es proporcionar suficiente información de la arteria epigástrica inferior de su importancia para los clínicos, radiólogos, cirujanos, cirujanos ortopédicos, obstetras y ginecólogos. El estudio incluyó 171 cadáveres disecados (92 masculinos y 79 femeninos) pertenecientes a individuos caucásicos de Arabia Saudita con la finalidad de investigar el origen y las ramas de la arteria epigástrica inferior. La arteria epigástrica inferior fue hallada como rama directa independiente de la arteria ilíaca externa en un 83,6 %. La arteria epigástrica inferior se originaba de la arteria iliaca externa en un tronco común con la arteria obturatriz o arteria obturatriz accesoria en el 15,1 % y 1,3 %, respectivamente. La arteria epigástrica inferior daba una rama obturatriz y una obturatriz accesoria en el 3,3 % y 0,3 %, respectivamente. De esta manera, la vascularización retropúbica fue del 20 %, siendo mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Como la región retropúbica incluye una elevada variación vascular, esta arteria tiene que ser considerada antes del acto quirúrgico, como en los casos de la cirugía de hernia, la fijación interna en fracturas del pubis y el trasplante de colgajo de piel. Los radiólogos tienen que informar a los médicos tratantes de estas variaciones para contribuir en la disminución de la hemorragia intra-pélvica debido a la lesión iatrogénica de la arteria obturatriz o su arteria accesoria.

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Objetivo: Analizar nuestra experiencia en la reconstrucción mamaria terciaria tras el fracaso de procedimientos basados en implantes. Material y métodos: Entre 2005 y 2014, los autores (BH y CA) realizaron reconstrucción mamaria terciaria en 17 casos utilizando el colgajo de perforantes de arteria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP). Se revisaron en forma retrospectiva las fichas clínicas de dichas pacientes, registrando edad, comorbilidades, índice de masa corporal (IMC), presencia de cicatrices abdominales, historia de radioterapia y quimioterapia. Asimismo, se registraron los detalles de las cirugías realizadas, tanto de la reconstrucción con implante como de la reconstrucción terciaria. Resultados: Las complicaciones más frecuentes que motivaron el cambio de estrategia reconstructiva fueron: contractura capsular, rotura, exposición/infección del implante, dolor crónico y el fracaso de la expansión de la piel. En la reconstrucción terciaria se utilizó el colgajo DIEP en todos los casos, presentando pérdida parcial del colgajo un solo caso, sin pérdidas totales del mismo. Conclusiones: Las opciones actuales en reconstrucción terciaria con tejido autógeno incluyen principalmente colgajos perforantes, siendo el colgajo DIEP el más utilizado. De acuerdo con los resultados de esta serie y lo reflejado en la literatura, creemos que la reconstrucción terciaria es un procedimiento seguro, con una tasa de complicaciones similar a las de reconstrucción primaria y secundaria, y que otorga una serie de beneficios a las pacientes afectadas.

Objective: Analyze our experience on tertiary breast reconstruction after failed implant-based procedures. Methods: Between 2005 and 2014, the authors (BH and CA) performed tertiary breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap (DIEP) flap in 17 cases. The medical charts of these patients were retrospectively reviewed, registering age at tertiary reconstruction, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), presence of abdominal scars and history of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Likewise, details from surgeries were also gathered, both form the implant-based procedures and tertiary autologous reconstruction. Results: Complications motivating the change of reconstructive strategy included capsular contracture, implant rupture, implant exposure/infection, chronic pain and failure of skin expansion. Regarding tertiary reconstruction, the DIEP flap was used in all cases with one partial flap loss and no total failures. Conclusions: Current options for autologous tertiary reconstruction include mainly perforator flaps with the DIEP being by far the most utilized. Additionally, tertiary reconstruction is a safe procedure, with a rate of complications similar to that of primary and secondary free flap breast reconstruction.

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Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia que afecta en forma más frecuente a las mujeres en el mundo. Posterior a una mastectomía, el uso de tejidos autógenos para la reconstrucción mamaria tiene mejores resultados a largo plazo. La utilización de colgajos libres obtenidos del abdomen se ha planteado como una alternativa adecuada. Objetivos: Se reportan una serie de casos con el uso de colgajos libres de vasos perforantes de la arteria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP) y vasos epigástricos inferiores superficiales (SIEA) en la reconstrucción de mama. Pacientes y método: Describimos 21 casos de reconstrucción mamaria utilizando el colgajo DIEP y 3 casos de colgajo SIEA en la Clínica Las Condes (CLC) entre el 2007 y 2015. Resultados: De un total de 24 pacientes con un rango de edad de entre 48 y 60 años, 18 de ellas fueron sometidas a reconstrucción unilateral, 3 a reconstrucción bilateral con DIEP, y 3 fueron sometidas a reconstrucción unilateral con colgajo SIEA. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 6,5 h y el tiempo de hospitalización, de 6 días. En una reconstrucción bilateral hubo pérdida del colgajo izquierdo por trombosis venosa, la cual se sometió a una segunda reconstrucción con colgajo libre. Discusión: En nuestra experiencia en la CLC, la reconstrucción mamaria con colgajos libres perforantes de la zona inferior del abdomen tiene una baja morbilidad. La literatura avala esta técnica como una alternativa válida en pacientes seleccionadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia affecting women worldwide. After mastectomy for breast cancer, autologous tissue breast reconstruction offers better long-term results. The use of abdominal free flaps has shown to be an adequate option. Aim: We report a series of cases of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP flap) and superficial inferior epigastric artery flap reconstructions. Patients and methods: We describe 21 patients with breast reconstruction using DIEP flap and 3 cases of SIEA flap in CLC between 2007 and 2012. Results: 24 patients underwent the procedure with an age range of 48 to 60 years; 18 patients underwent a unilateral reconstruction and 3 patients bilateral reconstructions with DIEP flaps; 3 patients underwent unilateral breast reconstruction with SIEA flap. Mean operative time was 6,5 h and mean hospitalization was 6 days. In one bilateral reconstruction the left flap was lost, which required a second free flap reconstruction. Discussion: In our experience, microvascular breast reconstruction using perforator flaps has a low morbidity. As described in the literature, this is a valid alternative in selected patients.

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Abstract Anatomical variations of the celiac trunk and its branches are particularly important from a surgical perspective due to their relationships with surrounding structures. We report here a particularly rare variant involving absence of the celiac trunk in association with trifurcation of the common hepatic artery. These variations were found in an adult male cadaver. We perform a review of the literature and discuss the clinical and embryological significance of these variations. Recognition of celiac trunk and hepatic artery variations is of utmost importance to surgeons and radiologists because multiple variations can lead to undue complications.

Resumo As variações anatômicas do tronco celíaco e seus ramos são particularmente importantes do ponto de vista cirúrgico devido a sua relação com as estruturas adjacentes. Nós descrevemos aqui uma variante particularmente rara envolvendo ausência do tronco celíaco associada a trifurcação da artéria hepática comum. Essas variações foram observadas no cadáver de um adulto do sexo masculino. Neste artigo revisamos a literatura e discutimos a significância clínica e embriológica dessas variações. O reconhecimento das variações do tronco celíaco e da artéria hepática é extremamente importante para cirurgiões e radiologistas uma vez que variações múltiplas podem levar a complicações inesperadas.

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Aberrant obturator artery (AOA) is an anatomical variation in the origin and course of the obturator artery, which is clinically important because of their vulnerability during surgical procedures performed in the pelvis. This article describes the case of a symmetrical AOA found in both hemipelvises of a male cadaver. Morphological and morphometric characteristics are presented, while their clinical significance is discussed.

La arteria obturatriz aberrante (AOA) es una variación anatómica del origen y trayecto de la arteria obturatriz que tiene importancia clínica debido a su vulnerabilidad durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en la pelvis. En este artículo se describe el caso de una AOA simétrica encontrada en ambas hemipelvis de un cadáver masculino. Se presentan sus características morfológicas y morfométricas, y se discute su importancia clínica.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of remote ischemic post-conditioning (RIPoC) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury on flaps of rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the Sham, Control, RIPoC1 and RIPoC2 groups. All the animals were submitted to a 5×4 cm superficial inferior epigastric artery flap. Eight hours of flap ischemia was induced and two protocols of limb RIPoC were applied. Tissue MDA level and SOD activity in 24-h reperfusion were assessed. Flap survival was assessed 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Compared to the Control group, the RIPoC1 group showed statistically decreased MDA level at 6-, 12-, and 24-h reperfusion (P = 0.01, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively), and statistically increased SOD activity at 12- and 24-h reperfusion (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Flap survival rate on the 7th day was significantly higher in the RIPoC1 group than the control group (47.9 ± 6.4 vs . 29.4 ± 7.1 %, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Three cycles of 5-min Limb remote ischemic post-conditioning rather than a single cycle of 15-min limb RIPoC has protective effect on flaps against ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of remote ischemic post-conditioning (RIPoC) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury on flaps of rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the Sham, Control, RIPoC1 and RIPoC2 groups. All the animals were submitted to a 5×4 cm superficial inferior epigastric artery flap. Eight hours of flap ischemia was induced and two protocols of limb RIPoC were applied. Tissue MDA level and SOD activity in 24-h reperfusion were assessed. Flap survival was assessed 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Compared to the Control group, the RIPoC1 group showed statistically decreased MDA level at 6-, 12-, and 24-h reperfusion (P = 0.01, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively), and statistically increased SOD activity at 12- and 24-h reperfusion (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Flap survival rate on the 7th day was significantly higher in the RIPoC1 group than the control group (47.9 ± 6.4 vs . 29.4 ± 7.1 %, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Three cycles of 5-min Limb remote ischemic post-conditioning rather than a single cycle of 15-min limb RIPoC has protective effect on flaps against ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress.

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