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The aim of this report was to present the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of a case including severe unintentional extrusion of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). An 11-year-old boy was referred with a previously traumatized permanent central incisor which was temporarily treated by using calcium hydroxide root canal filling material. Since having an open apex and a large periapical lesion, root canal treatment with MTA apexification was planned. During the apexification process, a huge amount of MTA was unintentionally extruded into periapical tissues. The parents were informed about the complication, and the obturation of the remaining root canal was completed. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed for 4 years. Complete healing of periapical lesion was confirmed by the radiographic follow-up at the 48th month. Patients should be followed-up for giving a chance to observe periapical healing without any surgical removal if the MTA is unintentionally extruded.

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BACKGROUND: During the apexification procedure for teeth with open apices, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) may be unintentionally extruded. The aim of the present study was the retrospective evaluation of the healing of periapical lesions in permanent incisor teeth with open apices after the unintentional extrusion of MTA. METHODS: The clinical and radiographic records of 55 maxillary permanent central teeth treated by MTA apexification were evaluated. Filled teeth with unintentionally extruded MTA were selected as group 1 (n = 21), whereas the teeth with no MTA extrusion were selected as group 2 (n = 34). For each tooth, the clinical and radiographic records from a 3-year follow-up were investigated. RESULTS: Complete healing (CH) was observed in 19 teeth (90.4%) in group 1, whereas the same type of healing was observed in all 34 teeth (100%) in group 2 (p>0.05). At the 6-month follow-up appointment, 25 teeth (73.5%) showed CH in group 2, whereas 15 teeth (71.4%) showed CH at the 1-year follow-up in group 1 (p<0.001). At the end of the 3-year follow-up period, the amount of MTA extrusion was reduced in 17 teeth (85%) (p<0.05), whereas it was almost absent in 2 teeth (10%). CONCLUSIONS: The unintentional extrusion of MTA does not prevent the healing of periapical lesions, but may be a delaying factor for periapical healing.

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Apexification is a procedure performed in young permanent teeth to promote apical closure and root elongation if Hertwig’s epithelial sheath has not been irreversibly damaged. The objective of this article is to describe vertical root fracture as a complication during apexification when using calcium hydroxide for extended periods of time. The patient was a 9-year-old female student who went to the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Andres Bello in Concepcion. She presented strong and spontaneous pain and pressure and swelling on the left cheek. Clinically, the vestibule of the lower left first molar (3.6) was edematous and had pus. Radiographically, lesions and open apices were seen in the apical zone. Diagnosis was pulp necrosis and acute apical abscess. The tooth was trephined to perform intracanal drainage and an oral antibiotic was prescribed. Afterwards, she was referred to the endodontic specialty office. The selected treatment was apexification with calcium hydroxide until achieving the formation of an apical barrier. When the apical formation was observed, a vertical root fracture was discovered as well, confirming that the use of calcium hydroxide should not be prolonged because dehydration processes lead to weakening of the walls and therefore of the tooth...

La apexificación es un procedimiento realizado en dientes permanentes jóvenes que busca un cierre apical y elongación radicular, cuando la vaina epitelial de Hertwig no se encuentre irreversiblemente afectada. El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar a la fractura vertical radicular como una complicación durante una apexificación al trabajar por tiempo prolongado con hidróxido de calcio. Paciente de sexo femenino, estudiante, 9 años, acudió a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Andrés Bello Sede Concepción, presentó dolor fuerte y espontaneo, presión e hinchazón de la mejilla izquierda. Clínicamente el fondo de vestíbulo del primer molar inferior izquierdo (3.6) edematoso y con contenido purulento. Radiográficamente se observó en la zona apical la presencia de lesiones y ápices abiertos. El diagnóstico fue Necrosis pulpar y Absceso Apical Agudo, se trepanó para realizar drenaje intraconducto y se prescribió medicación antibiótica oral, para luego ser remitida a la especialidad de endodoncia, donde el tratamiento seleccionado fue Apexificación con hidróxido de calcio hasta observar la formación de barrera apical. Al cumplirse el objetivo de formación apical se descubrió una fractura radicular vertical. La presencia de la fractura radicular vertical fue asociada al tiempo de uso del hidróxido de calcio, confirmando que este no debe ser prolongado ya que por procesos de deshidratación lleva al debilitamiento de las paredes y por ende de la pieza dental...

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AIM: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is the material of choice for apical barrier techniques during root canal treatment of teeth with open apices. However, the precise control of MTA during the placement of an apical plug is challenging. This article describes the outcomes of unintentional extrusion of MTA into the periradicular tissue during apical barrier treatment in three cases. SUMMARY: Three cases of maxillary central incisors in adult patients with open apices were referred for treatment. After conventional access and canal preparation, MTA was placed into the apical portion of the root canals to act as an apical barrier/plug. A large increment of MTA was extruded in all cases. In Case 1, after a 4-year follow-up, the extruded MTA had resorbed and the periradicular lesion had healed. In Cases 2 and 3, after follow-up, the patients remained symptomatic and were scheduled for periradicular surgery. In Case 2, soft unset particles of MTA were present in the lesion and were curetted. In Case 3, the extruded MTA had set hard but was sandwiched between the oral mucosa and bone; its removal relieved the pain experienced on buccal palpation. KEY LEARNING POINTS: Extruded MTA may not harden and may be associated with ongoing periapical irritation; Extruded set MTA when encapsulated in the mucosa and not surrounded by bony matrix may act as a mechanical irritant on palpation; Mineral trioxide aggregate should be confined to the root canal system; Teeth where MTA has been extruded beyond the foramen should be followed-up to monitor the outcome.

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The use of regenerative endodontic techniques holds great promise for the treatment of immature teeth with necrotic pulp tissue. Several published case reports and case series have demonstrated radiographic evidence of apical bone healing, increases in root length, and root wall thickness. Although histologic changes have been demonstrated in animal models, histology in human teeth is lacking. A summary of these outcomes is discussed in this article.

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