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Reports are increasing on the emergence of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) globally, driven particularly by low- and middle-income countries. The recent unprecedented surge of CAM in India has drawn worldwide attention. More than 28,252 mucormycosis cases are counted and India is the first country where mucormycosis has been declared a notifiable disease. However, misconception of management, diagnosing and treating this infection continue to occur. Thus, European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) felt the need to address clinical management of CAM in low- and middle-income countries. This article provides a comprehensive document to help clinicians in managing this infection. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and inappropriate (high dose or not indicated) corticosteroid use are the major predisposing factors for this surge. High counts of Mucorales spores in both the indoor and outdoor environments, and the immunosuppressive impact of COVID-19 patients as well as immunotherapy are possible additional factors. Furthermore, a hyperglycaemic state leads to an increased expression of glucose regulated protein (GRP- 78) in endothelial cells that may help the entry of Mucorales into tissues. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis is the most common presentation followed by pulmonary mucormycosis. Recommendations are focused on the early suspicion of the disease and confirmation of diagnosis. Regarding management, glycaemic control, elimination of corticosteroid therapy, extensive surgical debridement and antifungal therapy are the standards for proper care. Due to limited availability of amphotericin B formulations during the present epidemic, alternative antifungal therapies are also discussed.

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An efficacious period of two topical antifungal drugs was compared in a Trichophyton mentagrophytes-infected onychomycosis model in guinea pigs treated with antifungal drugs prior to infection. Luliconazole 5% (LLCZ) and efinaconazole 10% (EFCZ) test solutions were applied to the animals' nails once daily for 2 weeks followed by a nontreatment period of 2, 4, and 8 weeks. After each nontreatment period, the nails were artificially infected by the fungus. Drug efficacy was quantitatively evaluated by qPCR and histopathological examination of the nails collected following a 4-week post-infection period. The fungal infection was confirmed in the untreated group. Both LLCZ and EFCZ prevented fungal infection in the treated groups with the nontreatment period of 2 weeks. After the nontreatment period of 4 weeks, no infection was observed in the LLCZ-treated group; however, infection into the nail surface and fungal invasion into the nail bed were observed in the EFCZ-treated group. After the nontreatment period of 8 weeks, fungi were found in the nail surface and nail bed in some nails treated with EFCZ; however, no infection was observed in the nail bed of the LLCZ-treated group. The results suggest that LLCZ possesses longer-lasting antifungal effect in nails of the guinea pigs than EFCZ, and that this animal model could be useful for translational research between preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate the pharmacological efficacy of antifungal drugs to treat onychomycosis. This experimentally shown longer-lasting preventive effects of LLCZ could also decrease the likelihoods of onychomycosis recurrence clinically.

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There are no standard choices on antifungal drugs for talaromycosis due to various factors, and related studies are also limited. This study summarizes and analyzes efficacy of different antifungal drugs for patients with talaromycosis, which can provide more reference evidence for drugs' choices in practice. We conducted a meta-analysis on prognostic impacts of different antifungal drugs against talaromycosis, and primary outcome was all-cause mortality. A total of 975 patients from 8 studies were included. One of the 8 studies was a randomized controlled trial and the others were retrospective studies. Among these patients, 582 cases were initiated with amphotericin B, 31 cases died (9.28%). The other 393 cases were initiated with itraconazole, and 54 cases died (14.00%). The initial use of amphotericin B for talaromycosis significantly reduced mortality compared with itraconazole (risk ratio (RR): 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-0.90; P=0.01; I2=4%). Initial treatment with amphotericin B for talaromycosis in different regions (internal and external) and studies (sample size<100) had no obvious prognostic advantages over itraconazole (RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.32-1.13; P=0.11; I2=44%; RR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.37- 1.00; P=0.05; I2=0%; RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.39-1.29; P=0.26; I2=0%, respectively). However, when study's sample size was ≥ 100, the mortality of amphotericin B group was significantly reduced (RR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32- 0.92; P=0.02; I2=46%). In conclusion, amphotericin B is a better choice as initial therapeutic drug for talaromycosis.

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BACKGROUND: Because Candida spp is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants, fluconazole prophylaxis has been suggested by some experts and hospital policy. In our hospital, fluconazole prophylaxis was used in eligible preterm infants and set as the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) practice in 2014. PURPOSE: This study focused on fungal bloodstream infections and aimed to evaluate the benefit and harm of fluconazole prophylaxis. METHODS/SEARCH STRATEGY: This retrospective, descriptive study involved medical record reviews in our hospital from April 2005 to October 2016. NICU patients were included if Candida species, yeast-like organisms, or Malassezia species were cultured from their venous catheter tips or blood cultures. FINDINGS/RESULTS: After fluconazole prophylaxis, cases of Candida spp decreased and those of Malassezia furfur emerged. We reviewed 19 cases of catheter-related M furfur colonization and 1 case of M furfur fungemia. The gestational age was 27.3 ± 2.0 weeks and birth weight was 959.2 ± 229.8 g. Hyperalimentation with lipid infusion was used in all cases. All of the neonates survived with antifungal agent use. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study highlights that prophylactic fluconazole may be an associated factor of Malassezia colonization; M furfur remains a potential concern for fungemia in the care of premature infants and thus requires our attention. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Future studies should further investigate the incidence and impact of noncandidal fungal infections with fluconazole prophylaxis use in premature infants.

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Aspergillus infection is a significant cause of morbi-mortality in an at-risk population. The Study Group of Fungal Infections (GEMICOMED) from the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) has reviewed announcements made in invasive aspergillosis management. We have organized our recommendations in such a way as to provide a guide in resolving different clinical situations concerning the entire spectrum of invasive diseases caused by Aspergillus in various populations. Diagnostic approach, treatment and preventions strategies are outlined. It is not our aim that these guidelines supplant clinical judgment with respect to specific patients; however, it is our objective to perform a comprehensive summary of quality of care evidence for invasive aspergillosis management in different settings

Las infecciones causadas por Aspergillus causan una elevada morbimortalidad en la población susceptible. EL Grupo de Estudio de Micología Médica de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (GEMICOMED/SEIMC) ha revisado las novedades más importantes sobre el manejo de las infecciones invasoras causadas por Aspergillus. Hemos organizado nuestras recomendaciones en 3 apartados: diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis en diferentes grupos de pacientes susceptibles de padecer estas infecciones. Se revisan distintas situaciones clínicas que pueden estar causadas por este hongo. Nuestro objetivo no es que estas guías de tratamiento suplanten el juicio clínico de los médicos ante un determinado paciente; sin embargo, sí deseamos poder ofrecer un resumen comprensible sobre las evidencias que existen para realizar un óptimo manejo de la infección invasora causada por Aspergillus en diferentes situaciones clínicas

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Liquid chromatography is one of the main techniques used in pharmaceutical quality control analytical procedures. However, there will always be a measurement uncertainty (MU) associated with them, that can lead to the approval of an out of specification lot (consumer risk) or rejection of a lot within specification (producer risk). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of liquid chromatography analytical procedures based on their measurement uncertainty and to estimate the risk of false conformity decisions. The uncertainties of the analytical procedures were estimated based on the results of validation (trueness and precision). Then, the ratio between overall uncertainty and specification range (U/T%) was calculated. It was noted that in most cases (73%), random errors (precision) contributes more significantly to the overall uncertainty when compared to systematic errors (trueness). Monte Carlo method was used, generating different manufacturing processes scenarios, and analytical results based on the MU of each analytical procedure. Then, consumer's and producer's risks were estimated from the simulated values. Pharmaceutical dosage forms that require more steps in sample preparation had higher measurement uncertainties, often above the recommended target uncertainty. As most of the analytical procedures showed U/T% values above recommended, the majority presented high estimated risk values and did not fit for purpose. Therefore, it is important to considerate the measurement uncertainty as part of analytical procedures validation, since trueness and precision values affect directly the measurement uncertainty and the risk of false conformity decisions.

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Similarity evaluation of complicated chromatographic profiles is a potential protocol for the identification and quality control of herbal medicinal products to ensure their biological activity. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established for controlling the batch quality of the extract from Portulaca oleracea L. Using this method, the coefficients of correlation of the similarity of 10 batches extract of P. oleracea L. were ≥ 0.97. The 10 batch extracts from P. oleracea L. possessed stable antiproliferative activity in Aspergillus flavus. The antiproliferative activity stability is correlated with the stability quality of the of the extract from P. oleracea L. Therefore, the present study successfully set up a sensitive and efficient method which might be used to guarantee stable biological activity of the extract from P. oleracea L.

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OBJECTIVES: Rezafungin (CD101) is a novel echinocandin currently under development. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic literature review of published evidence on rezafungin and an antimicrobial stewardship audit of real-world use of echinocandins to determine areas of unmet medical needs and potential places in therapy for rezafungin. METHODS: The systematic literature review identified 8 peer-reviewed manuscripts and 19 separate abstracts. A stewardship audit was performed on hospitalised patients receiving echinocandins to better understand potential future areas of use for rezafungin. RESULTS: Rezafungin is a cyclic hexapeptide with a lipophilic tail derived from anidulafungin, with a choline moiety at the C5 ornithine position resulting in increased in vitro and in vivo stability compared with other echinocandins. Microbiological data showed similar susceptibility and resistance development between rezafungin and other echinocandins. Rezafungin has a long half-life (80h) and a favourable safety profile that allows for high doses (up to 400mg) given once weekly. A phase 2 study is ongoing. The antimicrobial stewardship audit of echinocandin identified several areas of possible use for rezafungin, including patients receiving daily echinocandins for >7 days, patients who remained in the hospital to complete a full course of daily echinocandin therapy, and patients who required an echinocandin scheduled via an infusion clinic after discharge. CONCLUSION: Rezafungin is a novel echinocandin currently in phase 2 studies, differentiated by a long half-life that allows once-weekly dosing and a safety profile that allows higher doses. Several potential areas of use for rezafungin were identified.

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As antimicrobial stewardship increasingly receives worldwide attention for improving patient care by optimizing antimicrobial therapy, programs are evaluating new tools that may augment antimicrobial stewardship activities. Biomarkers are objective, accurate, and reproducible measures that provide information about medical conditions. A systematic literature search using PubMed/MEDLINE databases was performed to evaluate the use of novel biomarkers as additions to the antimicrobial stewardship armamentarium. Procalcitonin may help clinicians discriminate between bacterial and viral infections, help with antimicrobial discontinuation decisions, and predict mortality. ß-d-glucan, Candida albicans germ tube antibody, and galactomannan are useful in suspected fungal infections and may reduce inappropriate antifungal use. Adrenomedullin and soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 may be useful for mortality prediction and the determination of a need for empiric antibacterials. Although studies evaluating these biomarkers are promising, these biomarkers are not without limitations and should be used in combination with clinical signs, symptoms, or other biomarkers. For successful implementation of biomarker use, stewardship programs should consider the populations most likely to benefit, without using them indiscriminately in all patients. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should facilitate education of clinicians through institutional guidelines to ensure the appropriate use and interpretation of these biomarkers.

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The Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan, Medical Foundation in Memory of Dr. Deh-Lin Cheng, Foundation of Professor Wei-Chuan Hsieh for Infectious Diseases Research and Education, and CY Lee's Research Foundation for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines have updated the guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in adult patients with invasive fungal diseases in Taiwan. This guideline replaces the 2009 version. Recommendations are provided for Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and Mucormycetes. The focus is based on up-to-date evidence on indications for treatment or prophylaxis of the most common clinical problems. To support the recommendations in this guideline, the committee considered the rationale, purpose, local epidemiology, and key clinical features of invasive fungal diseases to select the primary and alternative antifungal agents. This is the first guideline that explicitly describes the quality and strength of the evidence to support these recommendations. The strengths of the recommendations are the quality of the evidence, the balance between benefits and harms, resource and cost. The guidelines are not intended nor recommended as a substitute for bedside judgment in the management of individual patients, the advice of qualified health care professionals, and more recent evidence concerning therapeutic efficacy and emergence of resistance. Practical considerations for individualized selection of antifungal agents include patient factors, pathogen, site of infection and drug-related factors, such as drug-drug interaction, drug-food intervention, cost and convenience. The guidelines are published in the Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection and are also available on the Society website.

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The Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan (IDST), the Hematology Society of Taiwan, the Taiwan Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Medical Foundation in Memory of Dr. Deh-Lin Cheng, Foundation of Professor Wei-Chuan Hsieh for Infectious Diseases Research and Education, and CY Lee's Research Foundation for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines cooperatively published this guideline for the use of antifungal agents in hematological patients with invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) in Taiwan. The guideline is the first one endorsed by IDST focusing on selection of antifungal strategies, including prophylaxis, empirical (or symptom-driven) and pre-emptive (or diagnostic-driven) strategy. We suggest a risk-adapted dynamic strategy and provide an algorithm to facilitate decision making in population level as well as for individual patient. Risk assessment and management accordingly is explicitly emphasized. In addition, we highlight the importance of diagnosis in each antifungal strategy among five elements of the antimicrobial stewardship (diagnosis, drug, dose, de-escalation and duration). The rationale, purpose, and key recommendations for the choice of antifungal strategy are summarized, with concise review of international guidelines or recommendation, key original articles and local epidemiology reports. We point out the interaction and influence between elements of recommendations and limitation of and gap between evidences and daily practice. The guideline balances the quality of evidence and feasibility of recommendation in clinical practice. Finally, this version introduces the concept of health economics and provides data translated from local disease burdens. All these contents hopefully facilitate transparency and accountability in medical decision-making, improvements in clinical care and health outcomes, and appropriateness of medical resource allocation.

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This declaration, signed by an interdisciplinary task force of 234 experts from 83 different countries with different backgrounds, highlights the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance and the need for appropriate use of antibiotic agents and antifungal agents in hospitals worldwide especially focusing on surgical infections. As such, it is our intent to raise awareness among healthcare workers and improve antimicrobial prescribing. To facilitate its dissemination, the declaration was translated in different languages.

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OBJECTIVES: Preparation of amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-d) in different volumes of 5% dextrose (D5W) was studied to investigate a interesting phenomenon that AmB-d was easy to bring pipe blockage when diluted in 500 ml but not in 50 ml. METHODS: AmB-d (25 mg/vial) in 50 ml, 250 ml or 500 ml D5W was prepared. Fluids were collected before and after infusion, then were assayed by validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Light obscuration assay was used to detect the particles in transfusions. KEY FINDINGS: pH values of different volumes of D5W were all about 3.7, which was lower than the requirement of AmB-d package insert (pH > 4.2). The number of insoluble particles >10 µm/25 µm in 25 mg/500 ml infusions exceeded China Pharmacopoeia limit. Filters in 25 mg/500 ml infusion set were full of AmB-d after dripping slowly for 6 h, and 331.3 ml solution was left in the bottles and only 11.3% of AmB-d could flow out. Whereas the AmB-d infusion consists of 25 mg/50 ml, 25 mg/250 ml and 50 mg/500 ml could meet with China Pharmacopoeia standards, and they flowed out easily and completely. CONCLUSIONS: In practice, 25 mg/250 ml and 50 mg/500 ml would be more suitable for clinical use, rather than 25 mg/500 ml. We provided a convenient method for AmB-d preparation.

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Topical monotherapy is a valid therapeutic approach in onychomycosis. Due to its lengthy course and its non-reimbursed product status, cost and compliance are important issues and non-pharmacological properties such as over-the-counter price and ease of use should be considered when deciding which product to recommend. We investigated surrogate parameters for patient-friendliness and treatment cost in Germany in a questionnaire-based prospective, comparative, intra-individual, open-label trial of the two common topical antifungal nail lacquers Loceryl(®) (amorolfine 5%) and Ciclopoli(®) (ciclopirox 8%) in eight patients with clinically diagnosed onychomycosis. The 2.5 ml bottle of Loceryl(®) covered a treatment period of 308 days, resulting in treatment costs of €0.10 per day in comparison to the 3.3 ml bottle of Ciclopoli(®), covering 127 days at €0.21 per day, given once-daily application for Ciclopoli(®) and once-weekly application for Loceryl(®) in accordance with regulatory approval. Six out of eight patients favoured the Loceryl(®) treatment regimen. Furthermore, four out of eight patients found Loceryl(®) easier to apply, whereas three preferred Ciclopoli(®). In total, seven out of eight stated a clear preference for Loceryl(®) over Ciclopoli(®). Loceryl(®) therapy is less expensive and less time-consuming. The therapeutic period that can be covered is longer and more patients stated a clear preference for Loceryl(®) in comparison to Ciclopoli(®). The differences are statistically significant, underlining probable clinical relevance.

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Candida albicans, one of the pathogenic Candida species, causes high mortality rate in immunocompromised and high-risk surgical patients. In the last decade, only one new class of antifungal drug echinocandin was applied. The increased therapy failures, such as the one caused by multi-drug resistance, demand innovative strategies for new effective antifungal drugs. Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents highlight the pragmatic strategy to reduce the development of drug resistant and potentially repurpose known antifungals, which bypass the costly and time-consuming pipeline of new drug development. Anti-virulence and synergistic combination provide new options for antifungal drug discovery by counteracting the difficulty or failure of traditional therapy for fungal infections.

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BACKGROUND: Dermatomycosis, caused by fungi or dermatophytes is often accompanied by considerable inflammatory changes and is, therefore, of great clinical significance. Hence, it is reasonable to eliminate both the pathogen and all signs of inflammation by applying a drug combination of antimycotic and corticosteroid. OBJECTIVES: How do national and international guidelines support this kind of therapy? Does consensus prevail, or are there a variety of recommendations? MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present article uses the internationally recognized scientific search method to evaluate pharmaceuticals and discusses the results of the international recommendations. RESULTS: The use of a corticosteroid/antimycotic combination therapy for the treatment of various types of inflammatory dermatomycosis is explicitly recommended by national and international guidelines. Although two significant German guidelines for treatment of dermatomycoses do not include usage of combination preparations, in view of their current relevance, however, their adaptation to international recommendations appears to make sense.

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This study assessed the ability of two bio-based films, obtained from sodium alginate (NaAlg) and locust bean gum (LBG), to protect the viability of Wickerhamomyces anomalus cells and control the growth of Penicillium digitatum. The effect of microbial cell incorporation on physical properties of the developed films was evaluated in terms of barrier, mechanical and optical properties. Furthermore, the application of these two matrices as bioactive coatings was investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy in preserving the postharvest quality of 'Valencia' oranges and inhibiting the growth of P. digitatum on artificially inoculated fruits. Results showed that NaAlg and LBG films were able to maintain more than 85% of the initial W. anomalus yeast population and that the developed films incorporating the killer yeast completely inhibited the growth of P. digitatum in synthetic medium. Likewise, NaAlg and LBG coatings enriched with W. anomalus yeast were effective at reducing weight loss and maintaining firmness of 'Valencia' oranges during storage, and reduced green mold in inoculated fruits by more than 73% after 13 days.

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