RESUMEN
Graves' disease (GD), an autoimmune thyroid disease, is one of the main autoimmune diseases in the general population. It is known that the pathophysiology of this disease may be related to immunological mechanisms dysregulation. These mechanisms can be influenced by GD therapies, such as iodide or antithyroid drugs (ATD). OBJECTIVE: Verify relation between clinical, biochemical and treatment modalities used prior to surgery and histopathological characteristics observed in total thyroidectomy products from patients previously diagnosed with Graves' disease. Furthermore, these data were related to composition of lymphocytic infiltrate in terms of proportions of lymphocytes CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ and CD20+. We aim to contribute to the understanding of the evolution pattern of GD, whose pathophysiology is not yet completely understood. METHODS: Cross-sectional study assessing thyroidectomy products for the presence of lymphocytic infiltrate, as well as the proportion and intensity of CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ and CD20+ markers. We selected 50 patients who underwent total or partial thyroidectomy in a tertiary service between 1996 and 2013 due to GD with histopathological confirmation. The control group (non-autoimmune disease group) consisted of 12 patients with histopathological data compatible with normal perilesional thyroid parenchyma. The intensity of lymphocytic infiltrate and immunohistochemical expression of the markers CD4+ (helper T lymphocytes), CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD25+ (regulatory T lymphocytes) and CD20+ (B lymphocytes) were retrospectively evaluated and relationship with ultrasound, laboratory and clinical data was assessed. RESULTS: No differences were found in intensity, presence of lymphoid follicles, and expression of CD4+/CD8+/CD25+ in patients with GD who did or did not use ATD or iodide. In the group that did not use ATD, a higher proportion of CD20+ expression was found. The GD group was associated with hyperplastic epithelium and the control group was associated with simple epithelium. There was no difference in ultrasound thyroid volume between the groups. In GD patients with mild lymphocytic infiltrate, higher free thyroxin (FT4) levels were observed than those in patients with no infiltrate or moderate infiltrate. CONCLUSION: We found a lower proportion of intrathyroidal CD20+ B lymphocytes in patients under use of methimazole. However, no difference was observed in intrathyroidal lymphocyte subpopulations related to the short-term use of iodide. The understanding of thyroid autoimmunity, as well as identifying points of pharmacological modulation, are very important for advancement and improvement in treatments for these diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD20 , Enfermedad de Graves , Metimazol , Glándula Tiroides , Humanos , Enfermedad de Graves/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Graves/patología , Enfermedad de Graves/inmunología , Metimazol/uso terapéutico , Metimazol/farmacología , Femenino , Masculino , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antígenos CD20/metabolismo , Yoduros/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Antitiroideos/farmacología , Antitiroideos/uso terapéutico , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/efectos de los fármacos , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/metabolismo , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/inmunología , Tiroidectomía , AncianoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: CD20 is an established therapeutic target in B-cell malignancies. The CD20 × CD3 bispecific antibody mosunetuzumab has significant efficacy in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Because target antigen loss is a recognized mechanism of resistance, we evaluated CD20 expression relative to clinical response in patients with relapsed and/or refractory NHL in the phase 1/2 GO29781 trial investigating mosunetuzumab monotherapy. CD20 was studied using immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing performed centrally in biopsy specimens collected before treatment at predose, during treatment, or upon progression. Before treatment, most patients exhibited a high proportion of tumor cells expressing CD20; however, in 16 of 293 patients (5.5%) the proportion was <10%. Analyses of paired biopsy specimens from patients on treatment revealed that CD20 levels were maintained in 29 of 30 patients (97%) vs at progression, where CD20 loss was observed in 11 of 32 patients (34%). Reduced transcription or acquisition of truncating mutations explained most but not all cases of CD20 loss. In vitro modeling confirmed the effects of CD20 variants identified in clinical samples on reduction of CD20 expression and missense mutations in the extracellular domain that could block mosunetuzumab binding. This study expands the knowledge about the occurrence of target antigen loss after anti-CD20 therapeutics to include CD20-targeting bispecific antibodies and elucidates mechanisms of reduced CD20 expression at disease progression that may be generalizable to other anti-CD20 targeting agents. These results also confirm the utility of readily available IHC staining for CD20 as a tool to inform clinical decisions. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT02500407.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Biespecíficos , Antineoplásicos , Linfoma de Células B , Humanos , Antígenos CD20/genética , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises the response to immunotherapy in B-cell malignancies. Here, we showed that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions. Four variants (V1-4) were detected using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform contained upstream open reading frames and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, whereas V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T-cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on 4 postmosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in 2 of them, the downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by a V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr , Neoplasias , Humanos , Empalme Alternativo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 5' , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Antígenos CD20/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Inmunoterapia , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Neoplasias/genéticaRESUMEN
Ublituximab, an intravenous glycoengineered chimeric anti-CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), is a new FDA-approved treatment for relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Reassembling the other three anti-CD20 mAbs already in use for MS (rituximab, ocrelizumab and ofatumumab), ublituximab leads to depletion of B cells but spars long-lived plasma cells. Here, we discuss the main findings obtained during the phase 3 clinical trials (ULTIMATE I and II) for ublituximab versus teriflunomide. The current emergence and approval of new anti-CD20 mAbs with different dose regimens, routes of application, glycoengineering and mechanisms of action may contribute to different clinical outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Esclerosis Múltiple , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Antígenos CD20 , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Rituximab/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
CD20 es una proteína transmembranal expresada en la superficie del linfocito B y desempeña un papel muy importante en su desarrollo y diferenciación. Se expresa en la gran mayoría de neoplasias de células B, como en la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA). Se recopiló información sobre la estructura biológica y molecular del marcador CD20 y su mecanismo de regulación, para mejorar el entendimiento sobre su función dentro de la célula, el efecto que ejerce como marcador de mal pronóstico cuando se encuentra expresado en pacientes adultos diagnosticados con LLA y las ventajas de ser utilizado como blanco terapéutico en esta patología.
CD20 is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of the B lymphocyte and plays a significant role in its development and differentiation. It is expressed in most B-cell neoplasms, such as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Information was collected on the biological and molecular structure of the CD20 marker and its regulation mechanism to improve the understanding of its function within the cell, the effect it exerts as a marker of poor prognosis when expressed in adult patients diagnosed with ALL, and the advantages of being used as a therapeutic target in this pathology.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Antígenos CD20RESUMEN
Introducción: Los linfomas no Hodgkin indolentes se destacan por el reto que suponen desde el punto de vista terapéutico. La introducción de la terapia con rituximab, un anticuerpo monoclonal que se une al antígeno CD20 de la membrana de los linfocitos B, revolucionó los tratamientos hasta ese momento y abrió el camino para el desarrollo de otros anticuerpos monoclonales anti-CD20. Objetivo: Describir las características generales de los linfomas no Hodgkin indolentes y de los anticuerpos monoclonales anti-CD20, así como el rol de la terapia anti-CD20 en dichas enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada en los últimos 20 años, disponible en los repositorios: Scielo, Scopus, Pubmed/Medline, ScienceDirect y Mediagraphic. Se emplearon para elaborar este manuscrito 35 documentos, de ellos 80 por ciento correspondieron a los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: La sólida evidencia científica, acumulada durante las últimas dos décadas, respalda el uso clínico de los anticuerpos monoclonales anti-CD20 en el tratamiento de los linfomas no Hodgkin indolentes. El uso efectivo de estos fármacos como agentes únicos o combinados con quimioterapia demuestran su versatilidad terapéutica(AU)
Introduction: Indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are notable for the challenge they pose from a therapeutic point of view. The introduction of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD20 antigen of the B-lymphocyte membrane, revolutionized treatments up to that time and opened the way for the development of other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Objective: To describe the general characteristics of indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, as well as the role of anti-CD20 therapy in these diseases. Methods: A review of the literature published in the last 20 years, available in the repositories: Scielo, Scopus, Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct and Mediagraphic, was performed. Thirty-five papers were used to prepare this manuscript, 80 percent of which corresponded to the last 5 years. Conclusions: Strong scientific evidence, accumulated over the last two decades, supports the clinical use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The effective use of these drugs as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy demonstrates their therapeutic versatility(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Antígenos CD20/uso terapéutico , Rituximab , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Preparaciones FarmacéuticasRESUMEN
Background: Emerging evidence of antibody-independent functions, as well as the clinical efficacy of anti-CD20 depleting therapies, helped to reassess the contribution of B cells during multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate whether CD19+ B cells may share expression of the serine-protease granzyme-B (GzmB), resembling classical cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, in the peripheral blood from relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Methods: In this study, 104 RRMS patients during different treatments and 58 healthy donors were included. CD8, CD19, Runx3, and GzmB expression was assessed by flow cytometry analyses. Results: RRMS patients during fingolimod (FTY) and natalizumab (NTZ) treatment showed increased percentage of circulating CD8+GzmB+ T lymphocytes when compared to healthy volunteers. An increase in circulating CD19+GzmB+ B cells was observed in RRMS patients during FTY and NTZ therapies when compared to glatiramer (GA), untreated RRMS patients, and healthy donors but not when compared to interferon-ß (IFN). Moreover, regarding Runx3, the transcriptional factor classically associated with cytotoxicity in CD8+ T lymphocytes, the expression of GzmB was significantly higher in CD19+Runx3+-expressing B cells when compared to CD19+Runx3- counterparts in RRMS patients. Conclusions: CD19+ B cells may exhibit cytotoxic behavior resembling CD8+ T lymphocytes in MS patients during different treatments. In the future, monitoring "cytotoxic" subsets might become an accessible marker for investigating MS pathophysiology and even for the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Antígenos CD19/uso terapéutico , Antígenos CD20 , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Femenino , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/uso terapéutico , Acetato de Glatiramer/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Interferón beta/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Linfocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Natalizumab/uso terapéutico , Péptidos , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
Obinutuzumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20 used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Fatal cardiovascular events have been described, but only in patients with known cardiovascular records. We report the case of an adult male with a high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed subendocardial injury, with no evidence of coronary atherosclerosis, during the first administration of obinutuzumab.
El obinutuzumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal completamente humanizado contra CD20, empleado en el tratamiento de leucemia linfocítica crónica. Los eventos cardiovasculares fatales han sido descritos, pero solo en pacientes con antecedentes cardiovasculares conocidos. Presentamos el caso de un hombre adulto con diagnóstico de leucemia linfocítica crónica de alto riesgo que desarrolló injuria subendocárdica, sin evidencia de aterosclerosis coronaria, durante la primera infusión de obinutuzumab.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Antígenos CD20/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , MasculinoRESUMEN
ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Institución de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen, el cual expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de baricitinib en pacientes adultos con artritis reumatoide activa, moderada a severa con respuesta inadecuada o intolerancia a dos fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad (FARME) anti-TNF y un FARME anti-CD20. Mediante la Nota N° 264-GHNERM-ESSALUD-2020, la Dra. Claudia Selene Mora Trujillo, médico especialista en reumatología del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, envía al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI la solicitud de uso fuera del petitorio del producto baricitinib. Con el objetivo de hacer precisiones respecto a los componentes de la pregunta PICO inicial, se llevó a cabo una reunión técnica con el médico especialista en reumatología, Dr. Víctor Román Pimentel Quiroz, además de los representantes del equipo técnico del IETSI. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica amplia y exhaustiva con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de baricitinib para el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con artritis reumatoide activa, moderada a severa con respuesta inadecuada o intolerancia a dos FARME anti-TNF y un FARME anti-CD20. RESULTADOS: Luego de la búsqueda bibliográfica hasta noviembre de 2021 se identificaron: tres guías de práctica clínica (GPC) (EULAR, Sociedad de Reumatología de Hong Kong y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología), cinco evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) (NICE, CADTH, SMC, HAS y CONITEC), una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis en red (Bae S-C et al., 2018), un ECA fase III (Genovese et al., 2016) y un estudio observacional (Iwamoto et al., 2018). Los desenlaces de interés fueron: respuesta clínica (escala ACR 20/50/70), actividad de la enfermedad y remisión (DAS28-VSG/DAS28-PCR/SDAI/CDAI), respuesta radiográfica (mTSS), respuesta de la función física (HAQ-DI), eventos adversos y calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI no aprueba el uso de baricitinib en pacientes adultos con artritis reumatoide activa, moderada a severa con respuesta inadecuada o intolerancia a dos FARME anti-TNF y un FARME anti-CD20, como producto farmacéutico no incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud. Se recomienda a los especialistas que, en caso de identificar nueva evidencia que responda a la población de la PICO de interés, envíen sus propuestas para ser evaluadas en el marco de la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Antígenos CD20/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/efectos adversos , Evaluación en Salud , EficaciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de tocilizumab, comparado con placebo o la mejor terapia de soporte, para el tratamiento de pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) activa con falla o intolerancia al tratamiento con fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad (FARME) biológicos anti-TNF (etanercept e infliximab), FARME biológicos anti-CD20 (rituximab) y FARME sintético-específicos (tofacitinib). La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad crónica, inflamatoria, degenerativa y progresiva de las articulaciones. La AR es una enfermedad de baja prevalencia. Dos estudios realizados en localidades peruanas reportaron prevalencias del 0.5 % y 1.27 % en los años 2009 y 2018 respectivamente. La AR no tiene cura, pero puede ser controlada con fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad (FARME). No obstante, alrededor del 30 % a 40 % de estos pacientes, presentan intolerancia o falla a los FARME. A la fecha, en EsSalud, los pacientes con AR cuentan con FARME convencionales (leflunomida, sulfasalazina y metrotexato); FARME biológicos de tipo anti-TNF (etanercept e infliximab), anti-CD20 (rituximab) y sintético-específicos (tofacitinib). Sin embargo, algunos pacientes han presentado intolerancia o falla a todas las opciones terapéuticas antes mencionadas; enmarcándose en un contexto de vacío terapéutico. Por ello, algunos especialistas de la institución consideran que el uso de tocilizumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado anti IL-6, podría ser de beneficio para estos pacientes. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura científica con el objetivo de identificar evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad de tocilizumab, comparado con placebo, para el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con AR activa con falla o intolerancia al tratamiento con FARME biológicos anti-TNF (etanercept e infliximab), FARME biológicos anti-CD20 (rituximab) y FARME sintético-específicos (tofacitinib). La búsqueda de la evidencia se realizó en las bases de datos bibliográficas: PubMed, LILACS y The Cochrane Library. Adicionalmente, se revisó la evidencia generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud (CENETEC), Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), y Comissão nacional de incorporação de tecnologías no SUS (CONITEC). También se realizó una búsqueda manual en las bases The Guidelines International Network (G-I-N), el portal de la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) y en las páginas web de sociedades especializadas en AR, como The American College of Rheumatology, The Australian Rheumatology Association, y The Canadian Rheumatology Association. Asimismo, se recolectó información sobre el medicamento de interés del presente dictamen en las páginas web de la EMA y FDA. Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda manual en el portal ClinicalTrials.gov del National Institutes of Health (NIH) para identificar ensayos clínicos en desarrollo o cuyos resultados aún no hayan sido publicados en una revista científica. RESULTADOS: Se presenta la evidencia disponible según el tipo de publicación; siguiendo lo indicado en los criterios de elegibilidad. CONCLUSIONES: El presente dictamen recoge la mejor evidencia científica disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de tocilizumab, en comparación con placebo o la mejor terapia de soporte, para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR activa con falla o intolerancia al tratamiento con FARME biológicos anti-TNF (etanercept e infliximab), FARME biológicos anti-CD20 (rituximab) y FARME sintético-específicos (tofacitinib). Aunque en EsSalud se cuenta con alternativas para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR, algunos pacientes presentan falla o intolerancia a todas las alternativas actualmente disponibles; enmarcándose en un contexto de vacío terapéutico. Se incluyeron tres GPC elaboradas por HKSR, EULAR y TRA que emitieron recomendaciones para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR y falla al tratamiento con FARME biológicos o sintético-específicos y un ECA que evaluó la eficacia y seguridad de tocilizumab, en comparación con placebo, en pacientes con respuesta inadecuada a uno o más FARME. Las tres GPC coinciden en recomendar que los pacientes que presentan falla a un FARME biológico o sintético-específico podrían beneficiarse al cambiar a un FARME (biológico o sintético-específico) con diferente mecanismo de acción. El mecanismo de acción de tocilizumab (un anti-IL-6) es diferente al de los otros FARME actualmente utilizados en EsSalud para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR. Los resultados del ECA de Nishimoto et al. sugieren que, en el corto plazo (12 semanas), tocilizumab sería más eficaz que placebo; pero igual de seguro, en el tratamiento pacientes con AR y falla a uno o más FARME. Sin embargo, las limitaciones de su diseño de estudio afectan la validez de sus resultados. La evidencia de otros estudios que evaluaron la seguridad de tocilizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con AR muestran que, su seguridad es menor a la de placebo (y esta diferencia incrementa con el tiempo); pero es similar a la de los otros FARME utilizados en EsSalud para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR. Los especialistas señalan que, en un contexto de vacío terapéutico para una enfermedad degenerativa y progresiva, como la AR; las ventajas de tocilizumab (diferente mecanismo de acción y similar eficacia y seguridad que otros FARME disponibles en EsSalud) y la capacidad de manejar sus EA de forma eficaz, hacen que tocilizumab pueda ser considerada como una alternativa de tratamiento viable para la población de interés del presente dictamen. Por lo expuesto, el IETSI aprueba el uso de tocilizumab en pacientes con artritis reumatoide activa con falla o intolerancia al tratamiento con FARME biológicos anti-TNF (etanercept e infliximab), FARME biológicos anti-CD20 (rituximab) y FARME sintético-específicos (tofacitinib), según lo establecido en el Anexo N° 1. La vigencia del presente dictamen preliminar es de un año a partir de la fecha de publicación. Así, la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos y de mayor evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Antígenos CD20/efectos adversos , Inhibidores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/efectos adversos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Eficacia , Análisis Costo-BeneficioRESUMEN
Doenças autoimunes são doenças universais, e os diagnósticos e tratamentos primários são habitualmente iniciados por clínicos em enfermarias ou ambulatórios, antes de serem encaminhados a especialistas. Além disso, pacientes em uso de biológicos internados em hospitais gerais têm sido cada vez mais frequentes na prática clínica. Conhecer o perfil de segurança, as indicações e os efeitos colaterais dessas drogas deve ser preocupação dos clínicos. Neste trabalho, foi realizada revisão de literatura sobre terapia biológica com rituximabe no tratamento das principais doenças autoimunes sistêmicas da prática clínica: artrite reumatoide, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, vasculites relacionadas aos anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilo, púrpura trombocitopênica imune e espondilite anquilosante. (AU)
AutoimmunAutoimmune diseases are universal diseases and primary diagnosis and treatment are typically initiated by internists in wards or outpatient clinics before being referred to specialists. In addition, patients on use of biologicals hospitalized in general hospitals have been increasingly common in clinical practice. Knowing the safety profile, the indications, and the side effects of these drugs should be a concern for the internists as well. In this study, the literature review was performed on biological therapy with Rituximab for treating the main systemic autoimmune diseases of clinical practice: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and ankylosing spondylitis. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Rituximab/uso terapéutico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Espondilitis Anquilosante/tratamiento farmacológico , Inmunoglobulinas/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Antígenos CD20/efectos de los fármacos , Rituximab/farmacologíaAsunto(s)
Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Melanoma/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antígenos CD20/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Masculino , Melanoma/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patologíaRESUMEN
Propósito de la revisión: el objetivo de la revisión es delinear la fisiopatología de los linfomas de estirpe B.Buscamos reportes endonde se incluyela descripción del origen de los Linfomas B para una mejor comprensión de esta patología, a la luz de los avances en las diferentes áreas. Recientes hallazgos: El Grupo Euroflow ha publicado una lista de paneles de Expresión de Antígenos de Superficie en Linfoma no Hodgkin, cuya lista se presenta en este artículo. Extracto: Las neoplasias hematológicas han tenido grandes avances en los últimos años en varios campos, evolucionando desde la identificación citológica, pasando por su caracterización inmunofenotípica por medio de la Citometría de Flujo e Inmunohistoquímica y llegando a la caracterización molecular, iniciando por Técnicas de Cariotipo Convencional, continuando por técnicas de Inmunohibridación in situ y actualmente con la identificación molecular por medio de la Secuenciación de Nueva Generación. Esta es la razón por la que los sistemas de estadificación han ido evolucionando también, siendo el que está al momento en vigencia el propuesto por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el año 2016.Los linfomas constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias hematológicas con un amplio espectro de presentación clínica, cuyo origen se encuentra en los precursores de linfoides y que afectan a los diversos órganos linfoides. De estos, los linfomas dela línea B son los más comunes, motivo de esta revisión
Purpose of the review: the objective of the review is to delineate the pathophysiology of B-line lymphomas. We are looking for reports that include a description of the origin of B-lymphomas for a better understanding of this pathology, in light of advances in the different areas. Recent Findings: The Euroflow Group has published a list of Surface Antigen Expression panels in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, the list of which is presented in this article. Extract: Hematological neoplasms have had great advances in recent years in several fields, evolving from cytological identification, passing through their immunophenotypic characterization through Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry and reaching molecular characterization, starting with Conventional Karyotype Techniques , continuing with in situ Immunohybridization techniques and currently with molecular identification through New Generation Sequencing. This is the reason why staging systems have also evolved, the one currently in force being the one proposed by the World Health Organization in 2016. Lymphomas constitute a heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, originating from lymphoid precursors and affecting the various lymphoid organs. Of these, line B lymphomas are the most common, which is the reason for this review
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Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B , Antígenos CD20 , Citometría de Flujo , Revisión , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , CariotipoRESUMEN
Treatment with anti-CD20, used in many diseases in which B cells play a pathogenic role, has been associated with susceptibility to intracellular infections. Here, we studied the effect of anti-CD20 injection on CD8+ T cell immunity using an experimental model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, in which CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role. C57BL/6 mice were treated with anti-CD20 for B cell depletion prior to T. cruzi infection. Infected anti-CD20-treated mice exhibited a CD8+ T cell response with a conserved expansion phase followed by an early contraction, resulting in a strong reduction in total and parasite-specific CD8+ T cell numbers at 20 days postinfection. Anti-CD20 injection increased the frequency of apoptotic CD8+ T cells, decreased the number of effector and memory CD8+ T cells, and reduced the frequency of proliferating and cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells. Accordingly, infected anti-CD20-treated mice presented lower cytotoxicity of T. cruzi peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo All of these alterations in CD8+ T cell immunity were associated with increased tissue parasitism. Anti-CD20 injection also dampened the CD8+ T cell response, when this had already been generated, indicating that B cells were involved in the maintenance rather than the induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. Anti-CD20 injection also resulted in a marked reduction in the frequency of interleukin-6 (IL-6)- and IL-17A-producing cells, and recombinant IL-17A (rIL-17A) injection partially restored the CD8+ T cell response in infected anti-CD20-treated mice. Thus, anti-CD20 reduced CD8+ T cell immunity, and IL-17A is a candidate for rescuing deficient responses either directly or indirectly.IMPORTANCE Monoclonal antibody targeting the CD20 antigen on B cells is used to treat the majority of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients and some autoimmune disorders. This therapy generates adverse effects, notably opportunistic infections and activation of viruses from latency. Here, using the infection murine model with the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, we report that anti-CD20 treatment affects not only B cell responses but also CD8+ T cell responses, representing the most important immune effectors involved in control of intracellular pathogens. Anti-CD20 treatment, directly or indirectly, affects cytotoxic T cell number and function, and this deficient response was rescued by the cytokine IL-17A. The identification of IL-17A as the cytokine capable of reversing the poor response of CD8+ T cells provides information about a potential therapeutic treatment aimed at enhancing defective immunity induced by B cell depletion.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/administración & dosificación , Antígenos CD20/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Enfermedad de Chagas/inmunología , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Enfermedad de Chagas/prevención & control , Femenino , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Interleucina-17/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMEN
Introducción: El rituximab, anticuerpo quimérico que reconoce la molécula CD20 humana, se ha utilizado en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos linfoproliferativos de células B. Para la selección de los potenciales beneficiarios del tratamiento con rituximab se han desarrollado técnicas que, mediante el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales, detectan la presencia del CD20 en los linfocitos de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Obtener y caracterizar un anticuerpo recombinante IgG1 de ratón específico para la molécula CD20 humana, que contenga las regiones variables del anticuerpo rituximab. Métodos: Para la expresión estable del anticuerpo recombinante se empleó la transducción lentiviral de células de embrión de riñón humano (HEK293). La caracterización inmunoquímica del anticuerpo se realizó por la técnica de Western Blot y su capacidad de reconocimiento de la molécula CD20 humana se evaluó por citometría de flujo e inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: Se obtuvo el anticuerpo 1F5 que reconoce, por citometría de flujo, la molécula CD20 en líneas celulares humanas de origen linfoide, así como en células de sangre periférica de humanos sanos y pacientes con trstornos linfoproliferativos de células B. Sin embargo, la técnica de inmunohistoquímica solo permitió detectar con este anticuerpo la molécula CD20 en tejidos frescos, no así en los embebidos en parafina. Conclusiones: Este trabajo sugiere las potencialidades del uso del anticuerpo 1F5 para las mediciones de la expresión de CD20 por citometría de flujo en pacientes con leucemias B o linfomas B avanzados en fase de leucemización. Esto complementaría los estudios para la selección apropiada de pacientes para el tratamiento con el rituximab(AU)
Introduction: Rituximab, chimeric antibody specific for human CD20 molecule, has been widely used in the treatment of several B-cell linfoproliferative disorders. For the selection of patients with the greatest potential to benefit from the therapy with rituximab, a number of techniques using monoclonal antibodies have been developed to detect the CD20 molecule. Objective: To obtain and to characterize a mouse IgG1 recombinant antibody, specific for human CD20, that contains the variable regions of rituximab. Methods: The lentiviral transduction of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) was used for the stable expression of the recombinant antibody. The immunochemical characterization of the antibody was performed by Western Blot and the recognition of CD20 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results: We generated the antibody 1F5, able to recognize by flow cytometry the CD20 molecule expressed on lymphoid human cell lines, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. However, 1F5 antibody detected the CD20 molecule on fresh tissues, but not on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues,by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: This work suggests the potential use of 1F5 antibody for the measurement of CD20 expression by flow cytometry in patients with B-cell leukemias or B-cell lymphomas in phase of leukemization. This could complement the studies to ensure the appropriate selection of patients for the treatment with rituximab(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Selección de Paciente/ética , Rituximab/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos/uso terapéutico , Formación de Anticuerpos , Western Blotting/métodos , Antígenos CD20/análisisRESUMEN
B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) is a malignant neoplasm of immature B cells that accounts for only 10% of all cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Most commonly, B-LBL presents as bony lesions, but in rare cases, the disease manifests cutaneously. We present a case of simultaneous cutaneous and systemic presentation of B-LBL in an otherwise healthy 28-year-old man in which the lymphoblastic infiltrate stained positive for CD79a, Tdt, CD10, and CD20. A diagnosis of cutaneous B-LBL was made, and systemic work-up revealed widespread involvement of the skin, bone, and lymph nodes. Review of all currently described cases of cutaneous B-LBL with or without systemic involvement revealed that the most frequently positive tumor markers were CD79a (92.3%), Tdt (90.6%), and CD10 (83.3%). Systemic involvement of B-LBL was found in nearly half of all cases with cutaneous presentation.
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Leucemia Linfoide/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células B/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antígenos CD20/análisis , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Biopsia , Antígenos CD79/análisis , ADN Nucleotidilexotransferasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fraccionamiento de la Dosis de Radiación , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Leucemia Linfoide/inmunología , Leucemia Linfoide/patología , Leucemia Linfoide/terapia , Linfoma de Células B/inmunología , Linfoma de Células B/patología , Linfoma de Células B/terapia , Masculino , Neprilisina/análisis , Neoplasias Cutáneas/inmunología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/terapia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: RTXM83 is a rituximab biosimilar with proven clinical safety and efficacy. It is the first rituximab biosimilar developed and approved in South America and is currently marketed in several Latin American, Middle Eastern and African countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present the physicochemical and biological characterization studies utilized to demonstrate the similarity between RTXM83 and its reference product. METHODS: Primary and higher order protein structures were analysed using peptide mapping with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism, and micro-differential scanning calorimetry, among other techniques. Charge variants were determined by cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Glycosylation and glycoforms distribution were analysed using MS, normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). Size variants were evaluated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS). Biological characterization included binding assays for complement C1q, CD20, and several Fc receptors (FcRs), as well as potency determination for in vitro apoptosis induction, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). RESULTS: RTXM83 and the reference product showed identical primary sequences and disulfide bridge patterns, and similarity at higher order protein structures, post-translational modification profiles (amino acid modifications, charge variants, and glycosylation) and levels of purity and process-related impurities. Functional studies demonstrated that RTXM83 is similar to the reference product regarding the three known mechanisms of action of rituximab: CDC, ADCC, and apoptosis induction. Binding affinities to CD20, complement component C1q, and different FcRs were also equivalent. CONCLUSION: RTXM83 is similar to its reference product in all critical quality attributes.
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Biosimilares Farmacéuticos/química , Biosimilares Farmacéuticos/uso terapéutico , Rituximab/química , Rituximab/uso terapéutico , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos/fisiología , Antígenos CD20/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Dicroismo Circular/métodos , Complemento C1q/metabolismo , Dispersión Dinámica de Luz/métodos , Electroforesis Capilar/métodos , Glicosilación , Humanos , Mapeo Peptídico/métodos , Receptores Fc/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Ultracentrifugación/métodosRESUMEN
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and remains one of the most neglected diseases in Latin America. One of its clinical forms is Chagas megacolon. Despite being known for more than half a century, detailed causes are still obscure. Recent evidence indicates a close relationship between the immune system and the enteric nervous system in the etiology of chagasic megacolon pathology. It is believed that low expression of the 5-HT3A serotonin receptor on lymphocytes could be linked to megacolon development. To test this hypothesis, this work investigated the distribution of CD4, CD8, and CD20 lymphocytes and their 5-HT3A receptor expression. The results demonstrated that Chagas patients without megacolon present a higher expression of the 5-HT3A receptor in all analyzed lymphocytes compared with Chagas patients with megacolon. These data suggest that the high expression of this receptor may lead to immunomodulation and prevent the development of Chagas megacolon.
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Enfermedad de Chagas/patología , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/patología , Sistema Inmunológico/patología , Megacolon/patología , Receptores de Serotonina 5-HT3/metabolismo , Antígenos CD20/análisis , Antígenos CD4/análisis , Antígenos CD8/análisis , Humanos , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Linfocitos/parasitología , Megacolon/parasitología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Serotonina , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Classical conditioning (CC) with a sweet flavored is useful for experimental models of immune response. The objective this work was analyze spleen cell response on the differentiation of B-lymphocytes associated with the CC with sweet flavored in adult rats. Twelve adult male rats were divided (n = 3) in Group 1 (control); Group 2 without conditioned stimulus (WCS) received only water; Group 3 receiving only water with salt; Group 4 (experimental) with CS of sweet flavored and salty flavored afterwards. In every work group, all animals were subjected to the unconditioned stimulus (US) treated by 10 mg/kg body weight of cyclophosphamide injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). Subsequently an immunological challenge with sheep red blood cells i.p. was applied. Spleen samples were obtained 15 days after using euthanasia with 1% sodium thiopental i.p. The evaluation B lymphocyte (immature and mature) was performed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against CD20 and against CD37, and revealed with HRP/DAB. The results show in every work group significant increases of CD20+ and CD37+ cell densities in the red pulp of the spleen of male adult rats from different groups of the experimental design. We concluded that the immunomodulatory response under CC might facilitate a less aggressive and more physiological immunological response against immunosuppression. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The immune response can be reinforced by classical conditioning. The sweet taste allows to positively condition the immune response. B lymphocytes actively participate in the immune response and classical conditioning.
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Linfocitos B/citología , Animales , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Antígenos CD20/inmunología , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Diferenciación Celular , Eritrocitos/citología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ovinos , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Tetraspaninas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Among the complex of HTLV-associated diseases, Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is one of the most controversial. This work aims to detect morphological and inflammatory alterations, including clues of the presence of HTLV-1, in minor salivary glands of patients with dryness symptoms. METHODS: We have assessed HTLV-1-seropositive patients (HTLV-1 group) and patients with SS (SS group). We used formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded minor salivary gland tissue to evaluate the morphological aspects and, by means of immunohistochemistry, the presence of Tax protein, CD4, CD8 and CD20 cells. Additionally, viral particles and proviral load were analysed by PCR. RESULTS: The HTLV-1 group had the highest prevalence of non-specific chronic sialadenitis (85.71%; P = 0.017) and greater amount of T CD8+ cells. In the SS group, focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (80%; P = 0.017) prevailed, with a greater amount of B CD20+ . Both immunohistochemistry and PCR identified the Tax protein and its gene in the salivary glands of both groups and in similar proportions. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that HTLV-1-seropositive patients have different patterns of morphological/inflammatory alterations, suggesting a likely difference in the process of immune activation.