RESUMEN

Introducción: La hemivértebra es un raro defecto congénito de la columna vertebral fetal en la que solo se desarrolla el cuerpo vertebral de un lado, lo cual provoca su deformidad. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con diagnóstico ecográfico tridimensional prenatal de hemivértebra, como único defecto. Método: Se realizó evaluación ecográfica prenatal y examen anátomo patológico y radiológico posmortem al feto con escoliosis congénita provocado por hemivértebra. Se revisó la literatura sobre este defecto congénito, su diagnóstico prenatal y otros aspectos genéticos que deben tenerse en cuenta para el asesoramiento a la familia. Presentación de caso: Gestante de 28 años remitida a la consulta provincial de Genética Médica en la ciudad de Camagüey, Cuba, el 25 de septiembre del 2018, por sospecha ultrasonográfica de hemivértebra fetal con 20 semanas de gestación. Se confirma diagnóstico a esta instancia, mediante ultrasonografía tridimensional. Con el consentimiento familiar informado se realiza interrupción de la gestación y se comprueba el diagnóstico prenatal realizado por estudios radiológicos y anátomo patológico de la región dorso lumbar. Conclusiones: Se concluye como un defecto congénito múltiple, aislado, de posible etiología multifactorial. Se destacó el valor de la ecografía tridimensional, vista sagital coronal, como método no invasivo más empleado para el diagnóstico prenatal(AU)

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Introduction: The hemivertebrae is a rare congenital defect of the fetal spine in which only the vertebral body develops on one side, resulting in deformity. Objective: To present a case with three-dimensional prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of hemivertebrae, as the only defect. Method: Prenatal ultrasound evaluation, postmortem anatomopathological and radiological examination were performed in a fetus with congenital scoliosis caused by hemivertebrae. The literature on this congenital defect, the prenatal diagnosis and other genetic aspects that should be taken into account for family counseling was reviewed. Case report: A 28-year-old pregnant woman referred to the provincial office of Medical Genetics in Camagüey, Cuba, on September 25, 2018, due to ultrasonographic suspicion of fetal hemivertebrae. She was 20 weeks of gestation. Diagnosis is confirmed by three-dimensional ultrasonography. After the informed family consent, the pregnancy was interrupted. The prenatal diagnosis was verified by radiological and pathological studies of the lumbar back region. Conclusions: It is concluded as a multiple congenital defect, isolated, of possible multifactorial etiology. The value of three-dimensional ultrasound, coronal sagittal view, was highlighted as the most commonly used, non-invasive method for prenatal diagnosis(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histología , Columna Vertebral/anomalías , Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Anatomía Transversal/métodos

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to develop a method to assess the changes in palatal and lingual cross-sectional areas in patients submitted to rapid maxillary expansion (RME). METHODS: The sample comprised 31 Class I malocclusion individuals submitted to RME and divided into two groups treated with Haas (17 patients) and Hyrax (14 patients) expanders. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were acquired at T0 (before expansion ) and T1 (six months after screw stabilization). Maxillary and mandibular cross-sectional areas were assessed at first permanent molars and first premolars regions and compared at T0 and T1. Mandibular occlusal area was also analyzed. RESULTS: Maxillary cross-sectional areas increased in 56.18 mm2 and 44.32 mm2 for the posterior and anterior regions. These values were smaller for the mandible, representing augmentation of 40.32 mm2 and 39.91 mm2 for posterior and anterior sections. No differences were found when comparing both expanders. Mandibular occlusal area increased 43.99mm2 and mandibular incisors proclined. Increments of 1.74 mm and 1.7 mm occurred in mandibular intermolar and interpremolar distances. These same distances presented increments of 5.5 mm and 5.57 mm for the maxillary arch. CONCLUSION: Occlusal and cross-sectional areas increased significantly after RME. The method described seems to be reliable and precise to assess intraoral area changes. .

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INTRODUÇÃO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um método para avaliar as mudanças nas áreas transversais palatinas e linguais em pacientes submetidos à expansão rápida da maxila (ERM). MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por 31 indivíduos com má oclusão Classe I de Angle, submetidos a ERM e divididos em dois grupos, tratados com expansores tipo Haas (17 pacientes) e de Hyrax (14 pacientes). Tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico foram adquiridas em T0 e T1 (antes da expansão e seis meses após a estabilização do parafuso). Áreas transversais da maxila e mandíbula foram avaliadas nas regiões de primeiros molares permanentes e pré-molares e comparadas entre T0 e T1. A área oclusal mandibular também foi analisada. RESULTADOS: as áreas transversais maxilares aumentaram 56,18mm2 e 44,32mm2 para regiões posterior e anterior, respectivamente. Esses valores foram menores para mandíbula, representando aumentos de 40,32mm2 e de 39,91mm2 para as seções anterior e posterior. Não foram encontradas diferenças quando se comparam os dois expansores. A área oclusal mandibular aumentou 43,99mm2 e incisivos inferiores vestibularizaram. Incrementos de 1,74mm e 1,7mm ocorreram entre as distâncias intermolares e interpré-molares inferiores. Essas mesmas distâncias apresentaram incrementos de 5,5mm e de 5,57mm para maxila. CONCLUSÃO: as áreas transversais avaliadas e oclusal de mandíbula aumentaram significativamente após a ERM. O processo descrito parece ser um método confiável e preciso para avaliar as mudanças das área intrabucais propostas. .

Asunto(s)

Adolescente , Niño , Humanos , Cefalometría/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Técnica de Expansión Palatina , Hueso Paladar , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia/anatomía & histología , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Diente Premolar , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Arco Dental , Estudios de Seguimiento , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/terapia , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Mandíbula , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Maxilar , Diente Molar , Diseño de Aparato Ortodóncico , Técnica de Expansión Palatina/instrumentación , Hueso Paladar/anatomía & histología

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The morphology of the supernumerary third root (radix) in mandibular first molars was examined by micro-computed tomography (µCT) scanning. METHODS: Nineteen permanent mandibular first molars with radix were scanned in a µCT device to evaluate their morphology with respect to root length, root curvature direction, location of radix, apical foramen, accessory canals and apical deltas, and distance between canal orifices as well as 2- and 3-dimensional parameters of the canals (number, area, roundness, major/minor diameter, volume, surface area, and structure model index). Quantitative data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean length of the mesial, distal, and radix roots was 20.36 ± 1.73 mm, 20.0 ± 1.83 mm, and 18.09 ± 1.68 mm, respectively. The radix was located distolingually (n = 16), mesiolingually (n = 1), and distobuccally (n = 2). In a proximal view, most radix roots had a severe curvature with buccal orientation and a buccally displaced apical foramen. The spatial configuration of the canal orifices on the pulp chamber floor was mostly in a trapezoidal shape. The radix root canal orifice was usually covered by a dentinal projection. The radix differed significantly from the mesial and distal roots for all evaluated 3-dimensional parameters (P < .05). The radix canal had a more circular shape in the apical third, and the mean size of the minor diameter 1 mm short of the foramen was 0.25 ± 0.10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The radix root is an important and challenging anatomic variation of mandibular first molars, which usually has a severe curvature with a predominantly distolingual location, and a narrow root canal with difficult access.

Asunto(s)

Variación Anatómica , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Raíz del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Pulpa Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Odontometría/métodos , Ápice del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuello del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen

RESUMEN

Introducción: El estudio de la superficie externa del cerebro es analizado desde diferentes puntos espaciales, es decir unasuperficie lateral, medial y basal. La superficie lateral del cerebro se distingue por la presencia de dos puntos de referencia quedividen a cada hemisferio cerebral en lóbulos. Estos dos puntos son la fisura de Silvio (fisura lateral) y el surco de Rolando (surcocentral). Estos dos surcos dividen a cada hemisferio en lóbulo frontal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando),el lóbulo temporal (inferior a la fisura de Silvio) y lóbulo parietal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando). Ellóbulo occipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital, y el lóbulo de la ínsula que se sitúa en la profundidad de la fisurade Silvio. Objetivo: Describir la anatomía Microquirúrgica de la superficie cerebral en imágenes estereoscópicas anaglíficas tridimensionales.Material y Métodos: La superficie cerebral fue examinada en 30 cerebros humanos con la ayuda de microscopioquirúrgico D.F. Vasconcellos M900 con una magnificación de 16x y 40x, el equipo fotográfico marca Nikon modelo D60, lenteAF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED de Nikon, instrumental de microcirugía y sistema de vernier calibrado en décimasde milímetros. Resultados: La superficie cerebral de cada hemisferio esta dividida por medio de la fisura de Silvio y el surco deRolando en; Lóbulo frontal que se localiza superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulo temporal que sesitúa inferior a la fisura de Silvio, lóbulo parietal de localización superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulooccipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital. En la profundidad de la fisura de Silvio se encuentra el lóbulo de la ínsula...

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Introduction: Brain cortex is studied from different views: lateral, medial and basal surfaces. The brain lateral surface is distinguished by the presence of referential points and sulci. Those specific surgical points consist of the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) and the Rolandic sulcus (central sulcus). Those sulci divide each hemisphere in frontal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and anterior to the Rolandic sulcus), temporal lobe (inferior to the Sylvian fissure), and parietal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and posterior to the Rolandic sulcus). The occipital lobe is located posteriorly to the parietooccipital sulci, and the insular lobe is located deep into the Sylvian fissure. Objetive: To describe the microsurgical anatomy of the brain cortex in tridimensional surface imaging reconstruction. Material and Methods: Human cadaveric speciments of 30 human brains were studied through the surgical microscopy D.F. Vasconcellos M900, 16x and 40x magnification, Nikon D60 camera, AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED lens, and microsurgical instruments. Results: Brain surface is divided in each hemisphere basically through the Sylvian fissure and the Rolandic sulcus in frontal lobe, superiorly to the to the Sylvian fissure and anteriorly to the Rolandic sulcus, temporal lobe, inferiorly to the Sylvian fissure, parietal lobe, superiorly to the Sylvian fissure and posteriorly to the Rolandic sulci, and occipital lobe behind the parietooccipital sulci. Deep into the Sylvian fissure is located the insular lobe...

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Cerebro/anatomía & histología , Corteza Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Imagenología Tridimensional , Microcirugia/métodos

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe the anatomy of mandibular central and lateral incisors using micro-computed tomographic imaging. METHODS: One hundred mandibular incisors were scanned in a micro-computed tomographic device using an isotropic resolution of 22.9 µm. The anatomy of each tooth (length of the roots, presence and location of accessory canals and apical deltas, and number of canals) as well as the 2- and 3-dimensional morphologic aspects of the canal (area, roundness, diameter, volume, surface area, and structure model index) were evaluated. Data were statistically compared using the Student t test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean lengths of the mandibular central and lateral incisors were 20.71 and 21.56 mm, respectively. Most of the central (60%) and lateral (74%) incisors had no accessory canals. An apical delta was observed in only 1 specimen. The cross-section analysis of the apical third showed the presence of 1, 2, or 3 canal orifices. No statistical difference was observed in the comparison of the 2- and 3-dimensional morphologic parameters between central and lateral incisors (P < .05). The qualitative analyses of the 3-dimensional models of the root canal systems of the central and lateral incisor teeth confirm that the most prevalent configurations were Vertucci's types I (50% and 62%, respectively) and III (28%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, mandibular central and lateral incisors were similar in terms of the 2- and 3-dimensional analyzed parameters. Vertucci's types I and III were the most prevalent canal configurations of the mandibular incisors; however, 8 new types have also been described.

Asunto(s)

Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Incisivo/diagnóstico por imagen , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Odontometría/métodos , Raíz del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen

RESUMEN

AIM: This was to investigate the root canal morphology of primary molar teeth using micro-computed tomography. METHODS: Primary maxillary (n = 20) and mandibular (n = 20) molars were scanned at a resolution of 16.7 µm and analysed regarding the number, location, volume, area, structured model index (SMI), area, roundness, diameters, and length of canals, as well as the thickness of dentine in the apical third. Data were statistically compared by using paired-sample t test, independent sample t test, and one-way analysis of variance with significance level set as 5%. RESULTS: Overall, no statistical differences were found between the canals with respect to length, SMI, dentine thickness, area, roundness, and diameter (p > 0.05). A double canal system was observed in the mesial and mesio-buccal roots of the mandibular and maxillary molars, respectively. The thickness in the internal aspect of the roots was lower than in the external aspect. Cross-sectional evaluation of the roots in the apical third showed flat-shaped canals in the mandibular molars and ribbon- and oval-shaped canals in the maxillary molars. CONCLUSIONS: External and internal anatomy of the primary first molars closely resemble the primary second molars. The reported data may help clinicians to obtain a thorough understanding of the morphological variations of root canals in primary molars to overcome problems related to shaping and cleaning procedures, allowing appropriate management strategies for root canal treatment.

Asunto(s)

Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Primario/diagnóstico por imagen , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Dentina/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Ápice del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Raíz del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the primary stability of miniscrews inserted into bone blocks of different bone mineral densities (BMDs) with and without cortical bone, and investigate whether some trabecular properties could influence primary stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two bone blocks were extracted from fresh bovine pelvic bone. Four groups were created based on bone type (iliac or pubic region) and presence or absence of cortical bone. Specimens were micro-computed tomography imaged to evaluate trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular separation, bone volume density (BV/TV), BMD, and cortical thickness. Miniscrews 1.4 mm in diameter and 6 mm long were inserted into the bone blocks, and primary stability was evaluated by insertion torque (IT), mini-implant mobility (PTV), and pull-out strength (PS). RESULTS: Intergroup comparison showed lower levels of primary stability when the BMD of trabecular bone was lower and in the absence of cortical bone (P≤.05). The Pearson correlation test showed correlation between trabecular number, trabecular thickness, BV/TV, trabecular BMD, total BMD, and IT, PTV, and PS. There was correlation between cortical thickness and IT and PS (P≤.05). CONCLUSION: Cancellous bone plays an important role in primary stability of mini-implants in the presence or absence of cortical bone.

Asunto(s)

Tornillos Óseos , Huesos/anatomía & histología , Aparatos Ortodóncicos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Animales , Densidad Ósea/fisiología , Huesos/cirugía , Bovinos , Análisis del Estrés Dental/instrumentación , Durapatita/química , Ilion/cirugía , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Miniaturización , Métodos de Anclaje en Ortodoncia/instrumentación , Hueso Púbico/cirugía , Estrés Mecánico , Torque , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the amount of buccal and lingual supporting bone tissue of 60 upper central incisors and the relationship with their inclination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy adult patients with no previous orthodontic treatment were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. Cross-sectional views were analyzed to check the amount of the bone tissue on the cervical (cervical buccal thickness/CBT; lingual/CLT), middle (middle buccal thickness/MBT; lingual/MLT), and apical regions (apical buccal thickness/ABT; lingual/ALT). The Pearson correlation, linear regression, and analysis of variance tests were used (P < .05). RESULTS: The values of ABT of both teeth (11, right upper central incisor; 21, left upper central incisor) were significantly increased with the increase in the angle between the axis of the upper central incisor and the palatal plane (1/PP) (tooth 11 P  =  .034; tooth 21 P  =  .009), yet without a strong linear correlation. At the buccal and lingual surfaces, the mean apical supporting bone tissue was significantly greater than the other areas, and the middle region significantly greater than the cervical (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: For both surfaces (buccal and lingual), the amount of bone tissue in the apical region was significantly higher than the middle and cervical regions, and the middle region was significantly higher than the cervical region. In relation to the upper central incisor's inclination, the higher the 1/PP the higher was ABT. However, the coefficient values for both teeth were low.

Asunto(s)

Proceso Alveolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Incisivo/diagnóstico por imagen , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Proceso Alveolar/anatomía & histología , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Cefalometría/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Arco Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hueso Paladar/anatomía & histología , Hueso Paladar/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores Sexuales , Ápice del Diente/anatomía & histología , Ápice del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuello del Diente/anatomía & histología , Cuello del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to develop a method to assess the changes in palatal and lingual cross-sectional areas in patients submitted to rapid maxillary expansion (RME). METHODS: The sample comprised 31 Class I malocclusion individuals submitted to RME and divided into two groups treated with Haas (17 patients) and Hyrax (14 patients) expanders. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were acquired at T0 (before expansion ) and T1 (six months after screw stabilization). Maxillary and mandibular cross-sectional areas were assessed at first permanent molars and first premolars regions and compared at T0 and T1. Mandibular occlusal area was also analyzed. RESULTS: Maxillary cross-sectional areas increased in 56.18 mm2 and 44.32 mm2 for the posterior and anterior regions. These values were smaller for the mandible, representing augmentation of 40.32 mm2 and 39.91 mm2 for posterior and anterior sections. No differences were found when comparing both expanders. Mandibular occlusal area increased 43.99mm2 and mandibular incisors proclined. Increments of 1.74 mm and 1.7 mm occurred in mandibular intermolar and interpremolar distances. These same distances presented increments of 5.5 mm and 5.57 mm for the maxillary arch. CONCLUSION: Occlusal and cross-sectional areas increased significantly after RME. The method described seems to be reliable and precise to assess intraoral area changes.

Asunto(s)

Cefalometría/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Técnica de Expansión Palatina , Hueso Paladar/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia/anatomía & histología , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia/diagnóstico por imagen , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Diente Premolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Arco Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/terapia , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diseño de Aparato Ortodóncico , Técnica de Expansión Palatina/instrumentación , Hueso Paladar/anatomía & histología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Given the benefits of radiographic cephalometric studies in determining patterns of dental-skeletal-facial normality in orthodontics, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between mandibular dental arch shape and cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was analyzed plaster casts and teleradiographs in frontal and lateral norm belonging to 50 individuals, aged between 15 and 19 years, with no previous history of orthodontic treatment and falling into four of the six Andrews's occlusion keys. The plaster models were scanned (3D) and the images of the dental arches were classified subjectively as oval, triangular and quadrangular by three calibrated examiners, with moderate inter-examiner agreement (Kappa = 0.50). After evaluation of the method error by paired t test (p > 0.05), it was carried out the analysis of cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements to be compared to the shape of the dental arch. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: When the VERT index was compared with the three arch shapes, no measurement showed statistically significant differences (p > 0.05): triangular (0.54); oval (0.43); and quadrangular (0.73); as well as there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the widths of the face (141.20; 141.26; 143.27); maxilla (77.27; 77.57; 78.59) and mandible (105.13; 103.96; 104.28). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that there was no correlation between different shapes of the mandibular dental arch and the cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements investigated.

Asunto(s)

Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Cefalometría/métodos , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Cara/anatomía & histología , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Dimensión Vertical , Adolescente , Mentón/anatomía & histología , Mentón/diagnóstico por imagen , Arco Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Conducto Auditivo Externo/anatomía & histología , Conducto Auditivo Externo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cara/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Masculino , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Cóndilo Mandibular/anatomía & histología , Cóndilo Mandibular/diagnóstico por imagen , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Modelos Dentales , Hueso Nasal/anatomía & histología , Hueso Nasal/diagnóstico por imagen , Nariz/anatomía & histología , Nariz/diagnóstico por imagen , Órbita/anatomía & histología , Órbita/diagnóstico por imagen , Fosa Pterigopalatina/anatomía & histología , Fosa Pterigopalatina/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Base del Cráneo/anatomía & histología , Base del Cráneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

AIM: To investigate the anatomy of single-rooted mandibular canine teeth using microcomputed tomography (µCT). METHODOLOGY: One hundred straight single-rooted human mandibular canines were selected from a pool of extracted teeth and evaluated using µCT. The anatomy of each tooth (length of the roots, presence of accessory canals and apical deltas, position and major diameter of the apical foramen and distance between anatomical landmarks) as well as the two- and three-dimensional morphological aspects of the canal (area, perimeter, form factor, roundness, major and minor diameter, volume, surface area and structure model index) were evaluated. The results of the morphological analysis in each canal third were compared statistically using Friedman's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The length of the roots ranged from 12.53 to 18.08 mm. Thirty-one specimens had no accessory canals. The location of the apical foramen varied considerably. The mean distance from the root apex to the major apical foramen was 0.27 ± 0.25 mm, and the major diameter of the major apical foramen ranged from 0.16 to 0.72 mm. Mean major and minor diameters of the canal 1 mm short of the foramen were 0.43 and 0.31 mm, respectively. Overall, the mean area, perimeter, form factor, roundness, major and minor diameters, volume, surface area and structure model index (SMI) were 0.85 ± 0.31 mm(2) , 3.69 ± 0.88 mm, 0.70 ± 0.09, 0.59 ± 0.11, 1.36 ± 0.36 mm and 0.72 ± 0.14 mm, 13.33 ± 4.98 mm(3) , 63.5 ± 16.4 mm(2) and 3.35 ± 0.64, respectively, with significant statistical difference between thirds (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The anatomy and morphology of the root canal of single-rooted canines varied widely in different levels of the root.

Asunto(s)

Diente Canino/diagnóstico por imagen , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia/diagnóstico por imagen , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Odontometría/métodos , Ápice del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuello del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Raíz del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the variations in canal and root cross-sectional area in three-rooted maxillary premolars between high-resolution computed tomography (µCT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen extracted maxillary premolars with three distinct roots and fully formed apices were scanned using µCT and CBCT. Photoshop CS software was used to measure root and canal cross-sectional areas at the most cervical and the most apical points of each root third in images obtained using the two tomographic computed (CT) techniques, and at 30 root sections equidistant from both root ends using µCT images. Canal and root areas were compared between each method using the Student t test for paired samples and 95 % confidence intervals. RESULTS: Images using µCT were sharper than those obtained using CBCT. There were statistically significant differences in mean area measurements of roots and canals between the µCT and CBCT techniques (P < 0.05). Root and canal areas had similar variations in cross-sectional µCT images and became proportionally smaller in a cervical to apical direction as the cementodentinal junction was approached, from where the area then increased apically. CONCLUSION: Although variation was similar in the roots and canals under study, CBCT produced poorer image details than µCT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although CBCT is a strong diagnosis tool, it still needs improvement to provide accuracy in details of the root canal system, especially in cases with anatomical variations, such as the three-rooted maxillary premolars.

Asunto(s)

Variación Anatómica , Diente Premolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Raíz del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Maxilar , Odontometría/métodos , Intensificación de Imagen Radiográfica/métodos , Ápice del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuello del Diente/diagnóstico por imagen

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Feto/anatomía & histología , Palpación/métodos , Auscultación Cardíaca/métodos , Tacto Rectal/métodos , Ultrasonido

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare fetal upper arm and thigh volume measurements acquired by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound using the multiplanar and the eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL) methods with different number of sectional planes. METHODS: This study enrolled 40 healthy pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. The volume of fetal limbs was calculated using the multiplanar (with 5.0 mm intervals) and the XI VOCAL (with 5, 10, 15, and 20 slice planes) methods. Comparison between the techniques was made by analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests. RESULTS: Mean fetal upper arm volume measured by the 15 sectional planes XI VOCAL method was lower than the same method using 5 and 10 planes instead (p = 0.025 and 0.039, respectively). Fetal thigh volume showed no statistically significant differences among all studied methods. CONCLUSION: The XI VOCAL using 15 sectional planes method underestimated the fetal upper arm volume by 5 and 10 planes XI VOCAL techniques.

Asunto(s)

Brazo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Muslo/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Adulto , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Brazo/embriología , Brazo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Feto/anatomía & histología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Tamaño de los Órganos , Embarazo , Muslo/embriología , Muslo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, canal transportation and the centering ability of nickel-titanium rotary instruments manufactured by twisting and by traditional grinding, with the use of microscopic computerized tomography (µCT). STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen mandibular molars were embedded in a rubber-based impression material and submitted to µCT before and after instrumentation. Images were reconstructed, and cross-sections corresponding to distances 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mm from the anatomic apex were selected for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Canal transportation and centering ability results were similar for both instruments. Statistically significant differences (P < .05) were observed only at the 3 and 4 mm cross-sections, with lower levels of apical transportation and a better centering ratio associated with twisted instruments than with ground instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that twisted and ground instruments behaved similarly, allowing the preparation of curved canals with little transportation, which occurred in both mesial and distal directions.

Asunto(s)

Aleaciones Dentales/química , Cavidad Pulpar/ultraestructura , Níquel/química , Preparación del Conducto Radicular/instrumentación , Titanio/química , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Quelantes/uso terapéutico , Ácido Edético/uso terapéutico , Diseño de Equipo , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Diente Molar/ultraestructura , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/uso terapéutico , Preparación del Conducto Radicular/normas , Rotación , Hipoclorito de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Propiedades de Superficie , Ápice del Diente/ultraestructura

RESUMEN

Simultaneous measurement of pressure and diameter in blood vessels or vascular prosthesis is of great importance in cardiovascular research. Knowledge of diameter changes as response to intravascular pressure is the basis to estimate the biomechanical properties of blood vessel. In this work a new method to quantify arterial diameter based in high resolution ultrasonography is proposed. Measurements on an arterial phantom placed on a cardiovascular simulator were performed. The results were compared to sonomicrometry measurements considered as gold standard technique. The obtained results indicate that the new method ensure an optimal diameter quantification. This method presents two main advantages respect to sonomicrometry: is noninvasive and the vessel wall strain can be measured directly.

Asunto(s)

Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Arterias/diagnóstico por imagen , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Humanos , Fantasmas de Imagen , Ultrasonografía/instrumentación

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Trastornos de la Menstruación/diagnóstico , Anatomía Transversal/métodos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Selective laser sintering (SLS), three-dimensional printing (3DP) and PolyJet are rapid prototyping (RP) techniques to fabricate prototypes from virtual biomedical images. To be used in maxillofacial surgery, these models must accurately reproduce the craniofacial skeleton. PURPOSE: To analyze the capacity of SLS, 3DP and PolyJet models to reproduce mandibular anatomy and their dimensional error. MATERIAL: Dry mandible, helical CT images, SLS, 3DP and PolyJet prototypes, and digital electronic caliper. METHODS: Helical CT images were acquired from a dry mandible (criterion standard) and manipulated with the InVesalius software. Prototypes were produced using SLS, 3DP and PolyJet techniques. Thirteen linear measurements of each prototype were made and compared with the dry mandible measurements. RESULTS: The results showed a dimensional error of 1.79%, 3.14% and 2.14% for SLS, 3DP and PolyJet models, respectively. The models satisfactorily reproduced anatomic details and the SLS and PolyJet prototypes showed greater dimensional precision and reproduced mandibular anatomy more accurately than the 3DP model. CONCLUSIONS: The SLS prototype had a greater dimensional accuracy than the PolyJet and 3DP models. The PolyJet technique reproduced anatomic details of the mandible more accurately.

Asunto(s)

Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Cefalometría/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Modelos Anatómicos , Anatomía Transversal/instrumentación , Cefalometría/instrumentación , Simulación por Computador , Diseño Asistido por Computadora , Humanos , Rayos Láser , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Orales/métodos , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Diseño de Prótesis/instrumentación , Diseño de Prótesis/métodos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Tomografía Computarizada Espiral

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences between three methods for the measurement of experimental infarction in rats in comparison to the traditional method. METHODS: Histological analysis of the infarction area (AREA), histological analysis of the internal cavity perimeter (PER) and echocardiogram analysis of the internal perimeter (ECHO) were compared to the traditional method (histological analysis of the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarction region - CIR). Repeated ANOVA measurements were used in conjunction with the Dunn multiple comparison test, the Bland and Altman concordance method and the Spearman correlation test. Significance was established as p < 0.05. RESULTS: The data of 122 animals were analyzed, 3 to 6 months after the infarction. Infarction size assessments revealed differences between CIR and the other three methods (p < 0.001): CIR = 42.4% (35.9-48.8), PER = 50.3% (39.1-57.0), AREA = 27.3% (20.2-34.3), ECHO = 46.1% (39.9-52.6). Therefore, measurement by area underestimated the infarct size by 15%, whereas the echocardiogram and histological internal perimeter measurements overestimated the infarct size by 4% and 5%, respectively. In relation to ECHO and PER, even though the difference between the methods was only 1.27%, the concordance interval ranged from 24.1% to -26.7%, suggesting a low level of concordance between the methods. In relation to associations, statistically significant correlations were found between: CIR and PER (r = 0.88 and p < 0.0001); CIR and AREA (r = 0.87 and p < 0.0001) and CIR and ECHO (r = 0.42 and p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Despite the high level of correlation, there was a low level of concordance between the methods to define infarct size.

Asunto(s)

Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Animales , Enfermedad Crónica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Ligadura , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Ultrasonografía

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as diferenças entre três métodos para medida do infarto experimental em ratos, em relação ao método tradicional. MÉTODOS: A área infartada por histologia (AREA), o perímetro interno da cavidade infartada por histologia (PER) e o perímetro interno por ecocardiograma (ECO) foram comparados ao método tradicional (análise histológica das circunferências epicárdicas e endocárdicas da região infartada - CIR). Utilizaram-se ANOVA de medidas repetidas, complementada com o teste de comparações múltiplas de Dunn, o método de concordância de Bland & Altman e o teste de correlação de Spearman. A significância foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de 122 animais, após 3 a 6 meses do infarto. Houve diferença na avaliação do tamanho do infarto entre CIR e os outros três métodos (p < 0,001): CIR = 42,4 por cento (35,9-48,8), PER = 50,3 por cento (39,1-57,0), AREA = 27,3 por cento (20,2-34,3), ECO = 46,1 por cento (39,9-52,6). Assim, a medida por área resultou em subestimação de 15 por cento do tamanho do infarto, enquanto as medidas por ecocardiograma e pelo perímetro interno por meio de histologia resultaram em superestimação do tamanho do infarto de 4 por cento e 5 por cento, respectivamente. Em relação ao ECO e PER, apesar de a diferença entre os métodos ser de apenas 1,27 por cento, o intervalo de concordância variou de 24,1 por cento a -26,7 por cento, sugerindo baixa concordância entre os métodos. Em relação às associações, houve correlações estatisticamente significativas entre: CIR e PER (r = 0,88 e p < 0,0001); CIR e AREA (r = 0,87 e p < 0,0001) e CIR e ECO (r = 0,42 e p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Na determinação do tamanho do infarto, apesar da alta correlação, houve baixa concordância entre os métodos.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences between three methods for the measurement of experimental infarction in rats in comparison to the traditional method. METHODS: Histological analysis of the infarction area (AREA), histological analysis of the internal cavity perimeter (PER) and echocardiogram analysis of the internal perimeter (ECHO) were compared to the traditional method (histological analysis of the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarction region - CIR). Repeated ANOVA measurements were used in conjunction with the Dunn multiple comparison test, the Bland and Altman concordance method and the Spearman correlation test. Significance was established as p < 0.05. RESULTS: The data of 122 animals were analyzed, 3 to 6 months after the infarction. Infarction size assessments revealed differences between CIR and the other three methods (p < 0.001): CIR = 42.4 percent (35.9-48.8), PER = 50.3 percent (39.1-57.0), AREA = 27.3 percent (20.2-34.3), ECHO = 46.1 percent (39.9-52.6). Therefore, measurement by area underestimated the infarct size by 15 percent, whereas the echocardiogram and histological internal perimeter measurements overestimated the infarct size by 4 percent and 5 percent, respectively. In relation to ECHO and PER, even though the difference between the methods was only 1.27 percent, the concordance interval ranged from 24.1 percent to -26.7 percent, suggesting a low level of concordance between the methods. In relation to associations, statistically significant correlations were found between: CIR and PER (r = 0.88 and p < 0.0001); CIR and AREA (r = 0.87 and p < 0.0001) and CIR and ECHO (r = 0.42 and p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Despite the high level of correlation, there was a low level of concordance between the methods to define infarct size.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Anatomía Transversal/métodos , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Infarto del Miocardio , Enfermedad Crónica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Ligadura , Ratas Wistar