RESUMEN
Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.(AU)
Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Trichechus , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Anatomía Transversal , Hígado/anatomía & histología , Vesícula Biliar/anatomía & histología , Estómago/anatomía & histología , Vejiga Urinaria/anatomía & histología , Tejido Subcutáneo/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.
Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Anatomía Transversal , Vejiga Urinaria/anatomía & histología , Estómago/anatomía & histología , Hígado/anatomía & histología , Tejido Subcutáneo/anatomía & histología , Trichechus , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria , Vesícula Biliar/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to identify the anatomical structures in the head region of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) using computed tomography. For this, three giant anteater corpses, adult and female, were used. The tomographic analysis was performed in sequential order in rostrocaudal direction. Subsequently, the heads of these animals were sectioned in cross sections of approximately 1.5 cm each. Tomographic images were compared with anatomical sections. The association between computed tomography and anatomical sections allowed the visualization of anatomical structures found in the nasal, oral, cranial, pharyngeal and ear cavities. An elongated oral cavity delimited by the elongated mandible was observed. The oral cavity was mainly occupied by a thin and elongated tongue formed mainly by the union of the sternoglossal muscles. The nasopharynx and oropharynx extended up to the neck at the level of the fifth cervical vertebra. The findings of this study suggest that the giant anteater has a head with structures morphologically adapted to its feeding habits, such as an elongated skull, tongue, styloid bones and mandible. In addition, based on the results of this study, it is possible to suggest that computed tomography is a pivotal tool for the veterinary routine of wild animals, since it allowed the identification of anatomical structures found in the head of the giant anteater.
Asunto(s)
Xenarthra , Anatomía Transversal , Animales , Euterios , Femenino , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinaria , Lengua/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if the anterolateral ligament of the knee (ALL) is present in the human fetus and describe its topography along with other structures of the region. METHODS: Forty human fetuses knee joints, at mean age 34 weeks (± 2.57 weeks), fixed in 10% formalin, were submitted to cross-sectional dissection and mesoscopic analysis. RESULTS: The ALL was not identified, although the usual topography of the region was identified in all specimens: skin, subcutaneous tissue, iliotibial tract (ITT), fibular collateral ligament, popliteal muscle tendon, lateral meniscus, patellar ligament, infrapatellar fat pad, lateral patellar retinaculum, knee joint capsule, lateral inferior genicular vessels, and the biceps femoris tendon. The ITT reveals anterior (n = 12) and lateral thickening (n = 17) in some specimens. This thickening was found in both knees of the same subject in 6/20 specimens. CONCLUSION: The anterolateral ligament of the knee is not a congenital or solid structure. Our results suggest that the ALL may be a deep layer of the ITT or part of the knee joint capsule, or its identification is evaluator dependent.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Fetal , Cápsula Articular/embriología , Articulación de la Rodilla/embriología , Ligamentos Articulares/embriología , Anatomía Transversal , Cadáver , Disección , Femenino , Feto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Modern imaging plays a central role in the care of obese patients, and there is an integral focus on its use and accessibility in individuals who have alterations of various in various organs. The objective in this study was to perform an echographic analysis of musculoskeletal system disorders, endothelial dysfunction and the left ventricle (LV) in obese rats. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats (250 ± 5 g) were obtained and divided into two groups: the control (C) group was fed with a standard diet, and the obese (Ob) group was fed hyper caloric diet with a high fructose-fat content for 4 months. Body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) were measured. Additionally, two-dimensional echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound and musculoskeletal system studies were performed in the lower extremities. RESULTS: The body weight in the Ob group was increased compared to that in the control group, (p < 0.001); in addition, increased glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (p < 0.05) as well as increased levels of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and, VCAM-1 (p < 0.01) were found in the Ob group vs the C group. On ultrasound, 75% of the Ob group presented fatty liver and distal joint abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Obese rats exhibit endothelial dysfunction and musculoskeletal changes, also, fatty liver and articular cysts in the posterior region of the distal lower- extremity joints.
Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Corazón/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Musculoesquelético/diagnóstico por imagen , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Anatomía Transversal , Animales , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Corazón/fisiopatología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Hígado/fisiopatología , Masculino , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/etiología , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/patología , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/fisiopatología , Sistema Musculoesquelético/patología , Sistema Musculoesquelético/fisiopatología , Miocardio/patología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ultrasonografía , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Vasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Vasculares/patología , Enfermedades Vasculares/fisiopatología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/etiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/patología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Los cursos de anatomía constituyen un componente esencial del currículo de medicina, aportando las bases morfológicas para el examen clínico, la interpretación de imágenes médicas y la práctica segura de intervenciones quirúrgicas y procedimientos. Recientemente, la tecnología de impresión 3D ha permitido generar réplicas de disecciones de segmentos corporales a escala real que se utilizan como recursos docentes para el estudio de la anatomía humana, generando así modelos docentes de alta verosimilitud que sirven como alternativa al uso de preparaciones cadavéricas para la docencia anatómica. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados obtenidos al utilizar nuestro kit KAN3D que incluye réplicas físicas de secciones transversales del tronco y de las extremidades y una plataforma que aloja los modelos digitales debidamente rotulados, producto financiado con el proyecto FONDEF IT16I10073. La aplicación de estos productos en docencia señalan que las réplicas de secciones transversales de segmentos corporales presentan una alta verosimilitud en términos de forma, color, topografía y texturas, características que las validan como un excelente recurso docente para la docencia y el aprendizaje de la anatomía seccional humana. El kit KAN3D pone a disposición de los estudiantes de las carreras de la salud recursos de alta verosimilitud, disponibles a libre demanda, que les permita reproducir la experiencia de la actividad práctica de Morfología en el momento y lugar en que ellos se encuentren dispuestos, superando así las limitaciones de acceso a los pabellones de Anatomía y a material cadavérico de calidad.
Anatomy courses constitute an essential component of the medical curriculum, providing the morphological basis for the clinical examination, the interpretation of medical images and the safe practice of surgical interventions and procedures. Recently, 3D printing technology has allowed to generate replicas of dissections of body segments on a real scale that are used as teaching resources for the study of human anatomy, thus generating high-likelihood teaching models that serve as an alternative to the use of cadaveric preparations for Anatomical teaching. In this paper we present the results obtained by using our KAN3D kit that includes physical replicas of cross sections of the trunk and extremities and a platform that houses properly labeled digital models, a product financed with the FONDEF IT16I10073 project. The application of these products in teaching indicate that replicas of cross sections of body segments have a high likelihood in terms of shape, color, topography and textures, characteristics that validate them as an excellent teaching resource for teaching and learning the human sectional anatomy. The KAN3D kit makes available to students of health careers a high-likelihood resources, accesible on demand, that allows them to reproduce the experience of the practical activity of Morphology at the time and place where they are willing, exceeding thus the limitations of access to the Anatomy pavilions and quality cadaveric material.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Programas Informáticos , Anatomía Transversal/educación , Educación Médica/métodos , Impresión Tridimensional , Anatomía/educaciónRESUMEN
Dog ear is very important because of disease vulnerability. Therefore, gross anatomy and sectional anatomy on CT and MRI of the dog ear should be mastered by veterinarian. The purpose of this research was to present the digital atlases which high quality sectioned images and 3D models of detailed structures of dog ear could be displayed freely. In the sectioned images of a female beagle, ear structures were reconstructed by surface modeling to make 3D models. The sectioned images and 3D models were put into the browsing software and PDF file, respectively. Using the browsing software and the PDF file, gross and radiological anatomy of dog ear could be learned easily and accurately. The auditory tube of a dog was placed anterior to the tympanic cavity unlike human. The tensor tympani muscle of a dog was connected to the dorsal wall of the tympanic cavity with the malleus. No remarkable difference in the auditory ossicles, semicircular ducts, facial nerve, and endolymphatic duct was observed between dogs and humans. The software and the PDF file will be provided to other researchers freely to help contribute to veterinary research and education.
La oreja del perro es importante debido a la vulnerabilidad de enfermedad. Por lo tanto, el veterinario debe conocer plenamente la anatomía macroscópica y la anatomía seccional en la TC y la RM del oído del perro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los atlas digitales que podían mostrar imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad y modelos 3D de estructuras detalladas de orejas de perro. En las imágenes seccionadas de una hembra Beagle, las estructuras de las orejas se reconstruyeron mediante modelado de superficie con el objetivo de crear modelos 3D. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos 3D se colocaron en un software de navegación y un archivo PDF. El uso de software de navegación y el archivo PDF permiten un aprendizaje fácil y preciso de la anatomía macroscópica y radiológica de la oreja de perro. El músculo tensor del tímpano de un perro estaba conectado a la pared dorsal de la cavidad timpánica con el martillo. No se observaron diferencias notables en los huesecillos auditivos, los conductos semicirculares, el nervio facial y el conducto endolinfático entre perros y humanos. El software y el archivo PDF estarán disponibles libremente para los investigadores para ayudar en la investigación y educación veterinaria.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Oído/diagnóstico por imagen , Programas Informáticos , Anatomía Transversal , Imagenología Tridimensional , Oído/anatomía & histología , Proyectos Humanos Visibles , Pabellón Auricular/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The correlation between fetal and extra-fetal structures with the prediction of the day before delivery (PAD) in miniature dog breeds was evaluated. In the experiment, he used 12 female dogs, with body weight between 3kg to 5kg. Biparietal diameter (DBP), thoracic diameter (DTX), abdominal diameter (DAB), cranial caudal length (CCC), diameter of the internal chorionic cavity (DCI) and thickness of the placenta (EP) were measured using ultrasonography, from the 15th day after the last ride. Evaluated the simple correlations and the significance of the simple linear regression coefficients and the determination coefficient (R), with a significance level set at p<0.05. Among the parameters evaluated, DBP, DTX, DAB and CCC were those that showed the highest correlation with gestational time, and can be used to predict the day before delivery in miniature female dogs.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Embarazo , Perros , Anatomía Transversal , Preñez/fisiología , Ultrasonografía/veterinariaRESUMEN
The correlation between fetal and extra-fetal structures with the prediction of the day before delivery (PAD) in miniature dog breeds was evaluated. In the experiment, he used 12 female dogs, with body weight between 3kg to 5kg. Biparietal diameter (DBP), thoracic diameter (DTX), abdominal diameter (DAB), cranial caudal length (CCC), diameter of the internal chorionic cavity (DCI) and thickness of the placenta (EP) were measured using ultrasonography, from the 15th day after the last ride. Evaluated the simple correlations and the significance of the simple linear regression coefficients and the determination coefficient (R), with a significance level set at p<0.05. Among the parameters evaluated, DBP, DTX, DAB and CCC were those that showed the highest correlation with gestational time, and can be used to predict the day before delivery in miniature female dogs.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Perros , Preñez/fisiología , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria , Anatomía TransversalRESUMEN
Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of cross-sectional variations in the apical thirds of the root canals in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Material and Methods: Eighty tooth samples (maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, and mandibular first molar) were scanned using micro-computed tomography. The apical third area of each root canal was sectioned and the maximum and minimum diameters were calculated from the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters. The shapes were categorized as a round, oval, long oval, and flat based on the ratios obtained. Results: The most common shape of the apical third of the root canals in the maxillary second premolars was oval (66.7%), followed by long oval (24.6%), flat (7%), and round (1.7%). The corresponding values in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molars were oval (68.2%), long oval (22.7%), flat (9.1%), 94.1% of the distobuccal roots were oval, while the remaining were long oval (5.9%). All the palatal root canals were oval. In the mesiobuccal root of the mandibular first molars, 47.4% were long oval in shape, followed by 36.8% oval and 15.8% flat canals. All the mesiolingual root canals were oval, whereas, in the distal root, 68.4% were oval, 21.1% long oval, and 10.5% were flat. Conclusion: The oval shape was most commonly observed in the majority of the root canals. Knowledge about the apical anatomy of the root can help the operator improve the root canal treatment's success.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Diente Premolar , Anatomía Transversal/instrumentación , Cavidad Pulpar , Endodoncia , Diente Molar , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/instrumentación , Estudios Transversales/métodos , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Indonesia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: La hemivértebra es un raro defecto congénito de la columna vertebral fetal en la que solo se desarrolla el cuerpo vertebral de un lado, lo cual provoca su deformidad. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con diagnóstico ecográfico tridimensional prenatal de hemivértebra, como único defecto. Método: Se realizó evaluación ecográfica prenatal y examen anátomo patológico y radiológico posmortem al feto con escoliosis congénita provocado por hemivértebra. Se revisó la literatura sobre este defecto congénito, su diagnóstico prenatal y otros aspectos genéticos que deben tenerse en cuenta para el asesoramiento a la familia. Presentación de caso: Gestante de 28 años remitida a la consulta provincial de Genética Médica en la ciudad de Camagüey, Cuba, el 25 de septiembre del 2018, por sospecha ultrasonográfica de hemivértebra fetal con 20 semanas de gestación. Se confirma diagnóstico a esta instancia, mediante ultrasonografía tridimensional. Con el consentimiento familiar informado se realiza interrupción de la gestación y se comprueba el diagnóstico prenatal realizado por estudios radiológicos y anátomo patológico de la región dorso lumbar. Conclusiones: Se concluye como un defecto congénito múltiple, aislado, de posible etiología multifactorial. Se destacó el valor de la ecografía tridimensional, vista sagital coronal, como método no invasivo más empleado para el diagnóstico prenatal(AU)
Introduction: The hemivertebrae is a rare congenital defect of the fetal spine in which only the vertebral body develops on one side, resulting in deformity. Objective: To present a case with three-dimensional prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of hemivertebrae, as the only defect. Method: Prenatal ultrasound evaluation, postmortem anatomopathological and radiological examination were performed in a fetus with congenital scoliosis caused by hemivertebrae. The literature on this congenital defect, the prenatal diagnosis and other genetic aspects that should be taken into account for family counseling was reviewed. Case report: A 28-year-old pregnant woman referred to the provincial office of Medical Genetics in Camagüey, Cuba, on September 25, 2018, due to ultrasonographic suspicion of fetal hemivertebrae. She was 20 weeks of gestation. Diagnosis is confirmed by three-dimensional ultrasonography. After the informed family consent, the pregnancy was interrupted. The prenatal diagnosis was verified by radiological and pathological studies of the lumbar back region. Conclusions: It is concluded as a multiple congenital defect, isolated, of possible multifactorial etiology. The value of three-dimensional ultrasound, coronal sagittal view, was highlighted as the most commonly used, non-invasive method for prenatal diagnosis(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histología , Columna Vertebral/anomalías , Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Anatomía Transversal/métodosRESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: diversos autores reflejan que la morfología de la silla turca constituye un factor predisponente para algunas enfermedades. Por ejemplo, se considera que existe correlación entre la morfología de esta estructura anatómica y varias patologías; como el síndrome de la silla turca vacía, síndrome de Williams, paladar hendido, entre otras. Objetivo: describir las variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca que se observan en las radiografías laterales de cráneo del Hospital Universitario "Faustino Pérez" de la ciudad de Matanzas, en el período de enero del 2017 a enero del 2018. Materiales y métodos: el universo fue 140 radiografías laterales de cráneo, de estas 85 pertenecieron al sexo femenino y 55 al masculino. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo y variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos. Resultados: se observó un predominio de la variación anatómica de la silla turca en forma de U, en ambos sexos. Seguido de la forma de J, predominando la variación en forma de U en el grupo etario de 41 a 50 años y la forma de J en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. Conclusiones: es imprescindible el conocimiento de la anatomía normal de la silla turca y de sus variaciones anatómicas, tanto para las especialidades quirúrgicas como para las no quirúrgicas. Un análisis exhaustivo de la morfología de esta estructura es necesario para establecer parámetros que excluyan determinadas patologías (AU).
ABSTRACT Introduction: several authors declare that sella turcica morphology is a predisposing factor to several diseases. For example, it is considered that there is a correlation between the morphology of this anatomical structure and several pathologies like empty sella turcica syndrome, Williams syndrome, cleft palate and others. Objective: to describe the anatomical variants of sella turcica observed in side cranial radiographies of the University Hospital ¨Faustino Perez¨ of Matanzas, in the period January 2017-January 2018. Materials and methods: the universe was 140 side cranial radiography: 85 belonged to female patients and 55 to male patients. The studied variables were age, sex and sella turcica anatomical variables. Theoretic and empirical methods were used. Results: it was observed a predominance of the U-shaped sella turcica anatomical variant in both sexes, followed by the J-shaped one. The U-shaped form predominated in the 41-50-years-old age-group and the J-shaped form in patients elder than 60 years. Conclusions: it is essential to know sella turcica normal anatomy and its anatomical variables, both for the surgical specialties and for the non-surgical ones. It is necessary the exhaustive analysis of this structure to establish parameters excluding several pathologies (AU).
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Anciano , Silla Turca/anomalías , Silla Turca/patología , Silla Turca/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Estomatognáticas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Estomatognáticas/epidemiología , Síndrome de Williams/epidemiología , Síndrome de Williams/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Silla Turca Vacía/epidemiología , Síndrome de Silla Turca Vacía/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/epidemiología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Causalidad , Anatomía Transversal , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio ObservacionalRESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: diversos autores reflejan que la morfología de la silla turca constituye un factor predisponente para algunas enfermedades. Por ejemplo, se considera que existe correlación entre la morfología de esta estructura anatómica y varias patologías; como el síndrome de la silla turca vacía, síndrome de Williams, paladar hendido, entre otras. Objetivo: describir las variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca que se observan en las radiografías laterales de cráneo del Hospital Universitario "Faustino Pérez" de la ciudad de Matanzas, en el período de enero del 2017 a enero del 2018. Materiales y métodos: el universo fue 140 radiografías laterales de cráneo, de estas 85 pertenecieron al sexo femenino y 55 al masculino. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo y variaciones anatómicas de la silla turca. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos. Resultados: se observó un predominio de la variación anatómica de la silla turca en forma de U, en ambos sexos. Seguido de la forma de J, predominando la variación en forma de U en el grupo etario de 41 a 50 años y la forma de J en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. Conclusiones: es imprescindible el conocimiento de la anatomía normal de la silla turca y de sus variaciones anatómicas, tanto para las especialidades quirúrgicas como para las no quirúrgicas. Un análisis exhaustivo de la morfología de esta estructura es necesario para establecer parámetros que excluyan determinadas patologías.
ABSTRACT Introduction: several authors declare that sella turcica morphology is a predisposing factor to several diseases. For example, it is considered that there is a correlation between the morphology of this anatomical structure and several pathologies like empty sella turcica syndrome, Williams syndrome, cleft palate and others. Objective: to describe the anatomical variants of sella turcica observed in side cranial radiographies of the University Hospital ¨Faustino Perez¨ of Matanzas, in the period January 2017-January 2018. Materials and methods: the universe was 140 side cranial radiography: 85 belonged to female patients and 55 to male patients. The studied variables were age, sex and sella turcica anatomical variables. Theoretic and empirical methods were used. Results: it was observed a predominance of the U-shaped sella turcica anatomical variant in both sexes, followed by the J-shaped one. The U-shaped form predominated in the 41-50-years-old age-group and the J-shaped form in patients elder than 60 years. Conclusions: it is essential to know sella turcica normal anatomy and its anatomical variables, both for the surgical specialties and for the non-surgical ones. It is necessary the exhaustive analysis of this structure to establish parameters excluding several pathologies.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Anciano , Silla Turca/anomalías , Silla Turca/patología , Silla Turca/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Estomatognáticas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Estomatognáticas/epidemiología , Síndrome de Williams/epidemiología , Síndrome de Williams/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Silla Turca Vacía/epidemiología , Síndrome de Silla Turca Vacía/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/epidemiología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Causalidad , Anatomía Transversal , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio ObservacionalRESUMEN
Clinically, anatomy of the appendage of the atrium is associated with atrial fibrillation, with the shape and lobation of the appendage having been used to stratify the risk of thromboembolic events. The aim of this study was to examine the age-dependent change in the shape and lobation of the right atrial appendage. A cross-sectional evaluation of the heart of 172 adults and 61 children, fixed in 4% formalin solution was performed. The morphology of the atrial appendage was assessed based on its shape and number of lobes. The following shapes of the appendage were identified: horse head, parrot beak, anvil, sailboat, and undefined. Using the horse head shape as a reference, the risk for a thromboembolic event was higher for anvil, sailboat and undefined shapes of the appendage (p < 0.001). The number of lobes ranged between 1 and 6 in adults, and 1 and 5 in children. The number of lobes for each shape was equivalent between adults and children (p > 0.05). Our analysis indicated that the number of lobes and the distribution of shapes of the atrial appendage remained unchanged throughout life. The risk for a thromboembolic event increased with the morphological complexity of the appendage (anvil, sailboat, and undefined), with 21% of adult hearts being prone to intra-atrial thrombosis in cases of fibrillation.
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Apéndice Atrial/anatomía & histología , Fibrilación Atrial/etiología , Tromboembolia/etiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anatomía Transversal , Fibrilación Atrial/epidemiología , Niño , Disección , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Tromboembolia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
La disección virtual es una herramienta educativa sumamente valiosa en anatomía. Es particularmente útil cuando hay escasez de cadáveres o en los casos en que la disección no sea posible por motivos religiosos o éticos. En este trabajo los autores presentan una reconstrucción 3D de un corazón masculino a partir de la información del proyecto Korean Visible Human, realizado en el marco de asociaciones de la cátedra de anatomía digital de la UNESCO creada recientemente en la Universidad Descartes. La segmentación manual de 1640 cortes anatómicos se logró a través del software Winsurf, produciendo un modelo vectorial 3D interactivo del corazón y la anatomía que lo rodea. Se reconstruyeron ochenta y cuatro estructuras, incluyendo el corazón y sus vasos (27 estructuras), tráquea, esófago, pulmones, cayado aórtico, vena cava inferior, riñones, sistema esquelético conformado por 58 estructuras, entre ellas: esternón, cartílagos costales, vértebras torácicas y discos intervertebrales, sacro, coxales y piel. El modelo vectorial 3D obtenido se exportó en formato PDF 3D produciendo una verdadera herramienta de disección virtual a través de la interfaz de Acrobat: las estructuras anatómicas pueden individualizarse y manipularse interactivamente como 84 objetos 3D separados. Además, se pueden agregar "etiquetas" con el nombre de cada elemento anatómico. Esta nueva mesa de disección virtual computarizada es una herramienta simple y poderosa tanto para alumnos como para docentes de anatomía. Además, resulta ser la base para futuras herramientas de simulación que contribuirán al entrenamiento de cirujanos
The virtual dissection is a remarkable learning tool in anatomy. It is particularly useful in the case of lack of cadavers or if anatomical dissection is impossible due to ethical or religious reasons. The authors present here a 3D reconstruction of the female's heart from the Visible Korean human data, made in the frame of the projects of the UNESCO chair of digital anatomy created recently at the Descartes University.The manual segmentation of 1640 anatomical slices was achieved with the Winsurf ® software producing an interactive 3D vectorial model of the heart and surrounding anatomy. Eighty four anatomical structures were reconstructed, including the heart and its vessels (27 structures), trachea, oesophagus, lungs, aortic arch, superior vena cava, azygos system, inferior vena cava, right and left kidneys, skeletal system (58) structures including: sternum, xiphoid process, clavicles, ribs, costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae, intervertebrales discs, sacrum, hip bones, and femurs) and skin. The obtained 3D vectorial model was exported in 3D PDF format, producing a true virtual dissection tool through the Acrobat's interface: the anatomical structures can be individually and interactively manipulated as 84 separated 3D objects. 3D labels can be added with the name of each anatomical element. This new computerized virtual dissection table is a simple and powerful learning tool for students and anatomy teachers. It is also the basis of future simulation tools for surgeon's training
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Cadáver , Anatomía Transversal , Vasos Coronarios , Disección/educación , Proyectos Humanos Visibles , Entrenamiento Simulado , Realidad Virtual , Corazón , Modelos AnatómicosRESUMEN
AIM: To compare the efficiency of M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue instruments in the removal of root filling material and in their ability to regain apical patency through micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. METHODOLOGY: Ten anatomically matched pairs of teeth, with a single oval-shaped straight canal, were selected and scanned in a micro-CT device. The root canals were prepared with M-Wire Reciproc R25 instruments and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. The root canals were then randomly allocated into two groups (n = 10), according to the instrument used: M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue. The canals were retreated up to instrument sizes 25 and then 40 in both groups. The surface area and volume of residual filling material were assessed using micro-CT imaging after the retreatment procedures. The time required to remove the root fillings was recorded. Data were analysed statistically using t-test with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the instruments in terms of the volume of residual root filling material. Apical enlargement from size 25 to 40 significantly improved the removal of filling materials (P < 0.05). It was possible to regain apical patency in all specimens from both M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue groups. No difference was observed in the time required to perform the retreatment between the instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Both M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue instruments were effective in removing filling materials from oval-shaped straight canals. Apical patency was reestablished in all specimens.
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Instrumentos Dentales , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Obturación del Conducto Radicular/instrumentación , Obturación del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Preparación del Conducto Radicular/instrumentación , Preparación del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Anatomía Transversal , Aleaciones Dentales/química , Cavidad Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagen , Diseño de Equipo , Gutapercha/química , Humanos , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Incisivo/diagnóstico por imagen , Incisivo/cirugía , Mandíbula , Ensayo de Materiales , Níquel/química , Retratamiento , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular , Hipoclorito de Sodio/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Titanio , Ápice del Diente/anatomía & histología , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of volumetric reconstruction of the pharynx by comparing the volume and minimum crosssectional area (mCSA) determined with open-source applications (ITK-Snap, www.itksnap.org ; SlicerCMF) and commercial software (Dolphin3D, 11.8, Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, CA, USA) previously validated in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised of 35 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate, with mean age of 29±15. Three-dimensional volumetric models of the pharynx were reconstructed using semi-automatic segmentation using the applications ITK-Snap (G1) and Dolphin3D (G2). Volumes and minimum cross-sectional areas were determined. Inter- and intra-observer error were calculated using ICC test. Comparison between applications was calculated using the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Volumes and minimum crosssectional area were statistically similar between applications. ITK-Snap showed higher pharynx volumes, but lower mCSA. Visual assessment showed that 62.86% matched the region of mCSA in Dolphin3D and SPHARM-PDM. CONCLUSION: Measurements of volume and mCSA are statistically similar between applications. Therefore, open-source applications may be a viable option to assess upper airway dimensions using CBCT exams.
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Labio Leporino/diagnóstico por imagen , Fisura del Paladar/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Faringe/diagnóstico por imagen , Faringe/patología , Programas Informáticos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anatomía Transversal , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Daily activities involve biomechanical strains acting on skeletal structures. This study identifies differences in activity patterns between males and females, and between young, middle, and older aged individuals within an excavated Muisca skeletal sample from the Eastern Andes region of Northern South America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Tibanica archaeological site (AD 1000-1400) is located at 2600 masl on the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia. Cross-sectional geometric analysis of femurs from 63 individuals and paired-humerii from 33 individuals was used to examine bone size (TA), strength (J) and diaphyseal shape (Imax /Imin , Ix /Iy ). RESULTS: The findings indicate both age- and sex-related differences in activity patterns. An emphasis on upper body strength and robusticity was observed in the females, while males performed more strenuous work using their lower bodies, suggesting gender-based differences in labor. Men showed significant asymmetry in their humerii, with most showing right-hand dominance for upper body activities, while females showed high levels of humeral symmetry indicating similar levels of biomechanical stress for both arms. Female femoral diaphyseal shape changes with age, suggesting more mobility in youth and decreased mobility in middle and older ages. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that daily life may have been structured through patterns of routine labor that united and divided particular age and sex groups. Cross-sectional geometry data indicate women likely spent significant time and energy preparing food, especially grinding maize or other foods, while men may have done more long-distance walking potentially to work in agricultural fields or procure other resources.
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Fenómenos Biomecánicos/fisiología , Diáfisis/anatomía & histología , Fémur/anatomía & histología , Húmero/anatomía & histología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anatomía Transversal , Antropología Física , Colombia , Diáfisis/fisiología , Femenino , Fémur/fisiología , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Húmero/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver's eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.
RESUMEN: Los modelos hepáticos dimensionales (3D) consisten en ocho segmentos que incluyen la tríada portal (vena porta, arteria hepática y conducto biliar), y son necesarios ya que es difícil disecar un hígado y sus estructuras internas. Sin embargo, es difícil producir modelos 3D a partir de imágenes en alta resolución e imágenes seccionadas en color. Este estudio presenta métodos automáticos y precisos para producir modelos 3D de hígado a partir de las imágenes seccionadas. Sobre la base de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes del hígado llenas de color, se realizó un modelo 3D que incluía tanto la tríada portal como la vena hepática. En referencia al modelo 3D, se completaron modelos 3D de los ocho segmentos del hígado que incluían las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática y se guardaron como formato STL. Todos los archivos STL fueron combinados y guardados como Liver-3D en formato PDF para el usuario común. Por subdivisión funcional del hígado, el hígado-3D se dividió en hígado izquierdo (segmentos II, III y IV) y derecho (segmentos V, VI, VII y VIII) en la ventana de marcador del archivo PDF. Además, en Liver-3D, las ramas segmentarias primarias a terciarias de la tríada portal podrían mostrarse en diferentes colores. Debido a la dificultad del modelado 3D del hígado, incluidos ocho segmentos y ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y hepática, comenzamos esta investigación para encontrar métodos automáticos para producir modelos 3D. Los métodos para producir modelos 3D de hígado ayudarán en la selección 2D y el modelado 3D de otras estructuras complicadas.
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Humanos , Anatomía Transversal , Imagenología Tridimensional , Venas Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Proyectos Humanos Visibles , Venas Hepáticas/anatomía & histología , Hígado/irrigación sanguínea , Modelos AnatómicosRESUMEN
The sectional anatomy of a cat head is essential when interpreting CTs and MRIs of the region. In learning the sectional anatomy, sectioned images of a cat could be quite effective data. The main objective was to assist veterinary physicians who learn the sectional anatomy of a cat head by presenting high-quality sectioned images. A short-haired female cat was frozen and sectioned frontally using a cryomacrotome. Every sectioned surface in real body color was photographed with a digital camera. The frontal planes were stacked to produce dorsal and sagittal planes. High-quality sectioned images of a cat head allowed the identification of small, complicated structures. The notable structures were as follows: each bone of the cranium, structures of the brain, tympanic cavity (larger than human), oval window (larger than human), vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, ear ossicles, six extraocular muscles, pupil (larger than human), retractor bulbi muscle (not found in human), optic nerve, olfactory bulb (considerably large), vomeronasal organ duct (not found in human), infraorbital gland (not found in human), masticatory muscles (larger than human), maxillary nerve (larger than human), and mandibular nerve. This pacesetting report describes the detailed head structures of a cat from the viewpoint of sectional anatomy. The sectioned images will be given to other interested researchers free of charge.
El conocimiento de la anatomía seccional de cabeza de gato es esencial para interpretar estudios por tomografía computada y resonancia magnética de la región. En el conocimiento de esta anatomía seccional, las imágenes seccionadas de un gato podrían aportar datos bastante efectivos. El objetivo principal consistió en ayudar a los médicos veterinarios para que aprendan la anatomía seccional de una cabeza de gato mediante la presentación de imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad. Una gata de pelo corto fue congelada y seccionada frontalmente usando un criomicrótomo. Cada sección, con el color real del cuerpo, fue fotografiada con una cámara digital. Los planos frontales se apilaron para producir planos dorsales y sagitales. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad de una cabeza de gato permitieron la identificación de estructuras pequeñas y de dificil visualización. Las estructuras destacadas fueron las siguientes: cada hueso del cráneo, las estructuras del cerebro, la cavidad timpánica (más grande que en el humano), la ventana oval (más grande que en el humano), el nervio vestibular, el nervio coclear, los huesecillos del oído, seis músculos extraoculares, la pupila, el músculo retractor del ojo (no se encuentra en el ser humano), nervio óptico, bulbo olfatorio (considerablemente grande), conducto del órgano vomeronasal (no se encuentra en el ser humano), glándula infraorbitaria (no se encuentra en los humanos), músculos masticatorios (más grandes que en el humano), nervio maxilar (más grande que en el humano) y nervio mandibular. En este trabajo describimos detalladamente, desde el punto de vista de la anatomía seccional, las estructuras de la cabeza de un gato. Las imágenes seccionadas estarán a disponibles para otros investigadores en forma gratuita.