RESUMEN
Background: Pharmacopuncture is an acupuncture-related technique that has been used to amplify the therapeutic effects of different medications. Objectives: To investigate the analgesic efficacy of a lidocaine injection at acupoints in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods: Thirty cats were randomly distributed into two groups (n = 15, per group). The experimental group received a bilateral administration of lidocaine at the following acupoints: Stomach 36 (ST-36) and Spleen 6 (SP-6) (Lido group). The control group did not receive lidocaine (Control group). All cats were sedated with dexmedetomidine and anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Intraoperatively, fentanyl was given to control cardiovascular responses to surgical stimulation. Postoperative pain was assessed at various time points, up to 24 hours after extubation, using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (MCPS) and Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale (CMPS-Feline). Sedation scores were measured at the same time points. Morphine/meloxicam was administered as rescue analgesia. Data were analyzed using t-tests, Fisher´s exact test, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Friedman test (p < 0.05). Results: Intraoperatively, more cats in the Control group required analgesic supplementation than those in the Lido group, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.65). Postoperative pain, sedation scores, and analgesic requirements did not differ between groups. Rescue analgesia was given to 67% (10/15) of the cats in each group. Conclusion: The administration of lidocaine at ST-36 and SP-6 acupuncture points did not provide significant perioperative analgesic benefits in healthy cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Asunto(s)
Acupuntura , Analgesia , Femenino , Humanos , Gatos , Animales , Puntos de Acupuntura , Ovariectomía/veterinaria , Ovariectomía/métodos , Lidocaína/uso terapéutico , Histerectomía/veterinaria , Histerectomía/métodos , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Analgesia/veterinaria , Analgesia/métodos , Analgésicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of ketamine, fentanyl, or ketamine-fentanyl constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs undergoing mastectomy were evaluated. Seventeen female dogs received CRI of ketamine (GK [n = 6]: bolus 0.5 mg/kg; CRI 20 µg/kg/min in intra- and postoperative periods], fentanyl (GF [n = 5]: bolus 20 µg/kg; intraoperative CRI 5 20 µg/kg/hour and postoperative CRI 2 20 µg/kg/hour), or combination of ketamine-fentanyl (GKF [n = 6]: aforementioned doses) for 8 h. Cardiorespiratory, blood gas analyses, plasma drug concentrations, sedation score (SS), Pain Scores were evaluated. RESULTS: The heart rate decreased in the GF and GKF (p < 0.04); the mean arterial pressure was lower in the GKF than in the GK at 35 min (p < 0.001). Maximum plasma concentrations were observed 5 min after bolus in the GK (2847.06 ± 2903.03 ng/mL) and GKF (2811.20 ± 1931.76 ng/mL). Plasma concentration in intraoperative period of ketamine was of > 100 ng/mL in 5/5 and 2/5 animals in the GKF and GK, respectively; and > 1.1 ng/mL of fentanyl in 4/5 and 3/5 in GKF and GF, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ketamine with/without fentanyl provided analgesia without significant cardiorespiratory and guaranteed the minimal plasma levels with analgesic potential during the 8 h.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia , Ketamina , Analgesia/veterinaria , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Fentanilo/farmacología , Mastectomía/veterinariaRESUMEN
Background: Pain is the leading cause of animal suffering, hence the importance of validated tools to ensure its appropriate evaluation and treatment. We aimed to test the psychometric properties of the short form of the Unesp-Botucatu Feline Pain Scale (UFEPS-SF) in eight languages. Methods: The original scale was condensed from ten to four items. The content validation was performed by five specialists in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. The English version of the scale was translated and back-translated into Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish by fluent English and native speaker translators. Videos of the perioperative period of 30 cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy (preoperative, after surgery, after rescue analgesia and 24 h after surgery) were randomly evaluated twice (one-month interval) by one evaluator for each language unaware of the pain condition. After watching each video, the evaluators scored the unidimensional, UFEPS-SF and Glasgow composite multidimensional feline pain scales. Statistical analyses were carried out using R software for intra and interobserver reliability, principal component analysis, criteria concurrent and predictive validities, construct validity, item-total correlation, internal consistency, specificity, sensitivity, the definition of the intervention score for rescue analgesia and diagnostic uncertainty zone, according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: UFEPS-SF intra- and inter-observer reliability were ≥0.92 and 0.84, respectively, for all observers. According to the principal component analysis, UFEPS-SF is a unidimensional scale. Concurrent criterion validity was confirmed by the high correlation between UFEPS-SF and all other scales (≥0.9). The total score and all items of UFEPS-SF increased after surgery (pain), decreased to baseline after analgesia and were intermediate at 24 h after surgery (moderate pain), confirming responsiveness and construct validity. Item total correlation of each item (0.68-0.83) confirmed that the items contributed homogeneously to the total score. Internal consistency was excellent (≥0.9) for all items. Both specificity (baseline) and sensitivity (after surgery) based on the Youden index was 99% (97-100%). The suggestive cut-off score for the administration of analgesia according to the ROC curve was ≥4 out of 12. The diagnostic uncertainty zone ranged from 3 to 4. The area under the curve of 0.99 indicated excellent discriminatory capacity of UFEPS-SF. Conclusions: The UFEPS-SF and its items, assessed by experienced evaluators, demonstrated very good repeatability and reproducibility, content, criterion and construct validities, item-total correlation, internal consistency, excellent sensitivity and specificity and a cut-off point indicating the need for rescue analgesia in Chinese, French, English, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia , Dolor Postoperatorio , Gatos , Animales , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Dolor Postoperatorio/diagnóstico , Analgesia/veterinaria , Lenguaje , TraducciónAsunto(s)
Analgesia , Enfermedades de los Perros , Conducto Arterial , Bloqueo Nervioso , Analgesia/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Bloqueo Nervioso/veterinaria , Manejo del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía Intervencional/veterinariaRESUMEN
After analgesic administration, we evaluated general activity in the Open-Field and anxiety-like behavior in the Elevated Plus Maze of vasectomized mice. We divided C57BL/6J male mice into eight groups: saline, three non-operated control groups treated with 10 mg/kg meloxicam, 20 mg/kg tramadol, or both intraperitoneally, and four vasectomized mice groups treated with the same analgesic protocol as the control groups. One group of vasectomized mice received both treatments and an additional 10 mg/kg lidocaine at the incision site. We conducted the vasectomy via scrotal approach under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia and performed behavioral tests after full anesthesia recovery. Mice treated with meloxicam demonstrated low ambulation, spontaneous activity, and rearing frequency. Mice treated with tramadol showed spontaneous behavior compared with the saline control. Due to behavior changes demonstrated by meloxicam controls, we were unable to identify whether meloxicam provided adequate analgesia. Vasectomized mice treated with tramadol showed general activity behavior similar to their control but displayed significantly less rearing, suggesting that they were under potential signs of pain or discomfort. In conclusion, the Open Field test and the Elevated Plus Maze can usefully pre-evaluate analgesic protocols to identify possible interference caused by adverse drug effects. For future directions, an appropriate regimen of meloxicam and tramadol for enhancing mice welfare post vasectomy should be better investigated.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Conducta Animal , Bienestar del Animal , Analgesia/veterinaria , Ratones , Tramadol , Vasectomía , MeloxicamRESUMEN
Dehorning is a zootechnical practice that causes severe pain in cattle. Although there are several studies evaluating the effects of analgesics in calf dehorning, none of them used validated pain assessment instruments. We evaluated the analgesic effectiveness of meloxicam administered before dehorning, compared to a control group, using the Unesp-Botucatu, numerical, simple descriptive, and visual analogue scales for pain assessment before and 4, 8, and 24 hours after the dehorning in 44 female calves. All calves received 0.04 mg/kg of xylazine IM 20 minutes before dehorning and local anesthetic block with 2% lidocaine with a vasoconstrictor. Calves were divided into two groups: without (GX; n = 22) or with 0.5 mg/kg of meloxicam (GXM; n = 22) administered intravenously before the procedure. Dehorning was performed through the section of the base of the horn bud, followed by thermocautery disbudding. For comparisons over time, mixed linear or generalized mixed linear model were used. The interaction between groups and study phases was used as fixed effects and each calf as a random effect. Bonferroni post hoc test was used. There was an increase in the pain scores at 4h compared to baseline in both groups (GX and GXM) for the four scales. The scores at 4h were higher in GX compared to GXM for all scales. Meloxicam reduced, but did not eliminate, behavioral expressions of pain in calves submitted to hot-iron dehorning. Therefore, it should be included in the analgesic protocol to improve welfare in calves undergoing dehorning.
A descorna é uma prática zootécnica que causa dor intensa em bovinos. Há na literatura diversos estudos sobre os efeitos de analgésicos para mitigar a dor frente a descorna, mas nenhum usando escalas validadas. Avaliamos a eficácia do meloxicam administrado previamente à descorna, comparado a um grupo controle, utilizando-se as escalas Unesp-Botucatu, numérica, simples descritiva e analógica visual para avaliação da dor antes e 4, 8 e 24 horas após a descorna em 44 bezerros fêmeas tratadas com 0,04 mg/kg de xilazina IM 20 minutos antes da descorna e bloqueio anestésico local com lidocaína a 2% com vasoconstritor. Os bezerros foram alocados em dois grupos: sem (GX; n=22) ou com 0.5 mg/kg de meloxicam (GXM; n=22) administrado por via intravenosa antes do procedimento. Realizou-se a descorna por secção da base do botão cornual seguido de termocauterização. Para as comparações ao longo do tempo, empregou-se o modelo linear ou linear misto. Considerou-se a interação entre grupos e momentos como efeito fixo e cada bezerro como efeito aleatório. As alterações foram inferidas de acordo com o pós-teste de Bonferroni. Para as quatro escalas houve aumento dos escores às 4h comparado ao basal em ambos os grupos (GX e GXM). Os escores de todas as escalas às 4h foram maiores em GX que em GXM. O meloxicam reduziu, mas não aboliu, a expressão comportamental da dor em bezerros submetidos à descorna com ferro quente, o que sugere o uso de terapia antálgica multimodal para realizar tal procedimento e garantir o bem-estar animal.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Meloxicam/administración & dosificación , Cuernos/cirugía , Analgesia/veterinaria , Bienestar del AnimalRESUMEN
O controle da dor é uma área que atualmente vem ganhando grande importância, principalmente para a bovinocultura. Determinar a origem e as causas do processo doloroso é uma tarefa que demanda grande atenção por parte dos profissionais, especialmente para que possam intervir da melhor maneira possível, além de buscar remover os fatores que incitaram, atuar na prevenção e tratamento do mecanismo da dor com uso de diversos fármacos disponíveis no mercado. O uso de opioides vem sendo alvo de estudos como estratégia farmacológica para controle e manejo do sofrimento animal, fato este que induz graves perdas e prejuízos para a produção bovina, a nível produtivo, reprodutivo e econômico. No entanto, faz-se necessário cada vez mais novos estudos a respeito dos benefícios que eles podem proporcionar aos bovinos, uma vez que existem alguns limitantes como custo e efeitos adversos.(AU)
Pain control is an area that is currently gaining great importance, mainly for beef production. Determining the origin and causes of the painful process is a task that demands great attention from professionals, especially so that they can intervene in the best possible way. In addition to seeking to remove the factors that prompted them, they act in the prevention and treatment of the pain mechanism with the use of various drugs available on the market. The use of opioids has been the subject of studies as a pharmacological strategy for the control and management of animal suffering, a fact that induces serious losses and losses for bovine production, at the productive, reproductive and economic level. However, more and more studies are needed regarding the benefits they can provide to cattle, since there are some limitations such as cost and adverse effects.(AU)
El control del dolor es un área que está cobrando gran importancia en la actualidad, especialmente para la ganadería. Determinar el origen y las causas del proceso doloroso es una tarea que requiere una gran atención por parte de los profesionales, especialmente para que puedan intervenir de la mejor manera posible, además de buscar remover los factores que los incitaron, actuando en la prevención y tratamiento del mecanismo del dolor mediante el uso de diversos fármacos disponibles en el mercado. El uso de opioides ha sido objeto de estudios como estrategia farmacológica para el control y manejo del sufrimiento animal, hecho que induce graves pérdidas y pérdidas para la producción bovina, a nivel productivo, reproductivo y económico. Sin embargo, se necesitan cada vez más estudios sobre los beneficios que pueden brindar al ganado, ya que existen algunas limitaciones como el costo y los efectos adversos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Manejo del Dolor/veterinaria , Analgesia/veterinaria , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Bienestar del AnimalRESUMEN
This study assessed the exploratory behavioral responses in BALB/c mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma after 3 consecutive days of treatment with morphine or methadone. Fifty-three female mice, 60 ± 10 d old, were used. Seven days after intraperitoneal tumor inoculation (2 × 106 cells), the animals were randomized into 7 groups: morphine 5 mg/kg (MO5), morphine 7.5 mg/kg (MO7.5), morphine 10 mg/kg (MO10), methadone 2.85 mg/kg (ME2.85), methadone 4.3 mg/kg (ME4.3), methadone 5.7 mg/kg (ME5.7), and 0.9% NaCl (Saline) (n = 7). Drug treatments were administered subcutaneously every 6 h for 3 d. The animals were evaluated for analgesia using the mouse grimace scale (MGS) and for general activity using the open field test. The MGS was performed before tumor inoculation (day 0), on day 7 at 40, 90, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection, and on days 8 and 9 at 40, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection. The open field test was performed before tumor inoculation (day 0), on day 7 after inoculation at 40, 90, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection, and on days 8 and 9 after inoculation at 40, 150, and 360 min after drug injection. MGS results indicated that administration of morphine promoted analgesia for up to 240 min. Conversely, methadone reduced MGS scores only at 40 min. All tested doses promoted a significant dose-dependent increase in the total distance traveled and the average speed, and increase that was markedly pronounced on days 8 and 9 as compared with day 7. The frequencies of rearing and self-grooming decreased significantly after morphine or methadone administration. Despite the difference in analgesia, both drugs increased locomotion and reduced the frequency of rearing and self-grooming as compared with the untreated control animals.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia , Carcinoma , Analgesia/veterinaria , Analgésicos Opioides , Animales , Femenino , Metadona , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , MorfinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence of analgesic efficacy of tramadol for the management of postoperative pain and the presence of associated adverse events in dogs. DATABASES USED: A comprehensive search using PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Google Scholar and CAB databases with no restrictions on language and following a prespecified protocol was performed from June 2019 to July 2020. Included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed in dogs that had undergone general anesthesia for any type of surgery. Two authors independently classified the studies, extracted data and assessed their risk of bias using Cochrane's tool. RevMan and GRADE methods were used to rate the certainty of evidence (CoE). CONCLUSIONS: Overall 26 RCTs involving 848 dogs were included. Tramadol administration probably results in a lower need for rescue analgesia versus no treatment or placebo [moderate CoE; relative risk (RR): 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-0.85; I2 = 0%], and may result in a lower need for rescue analgesia versus buprenorphine (low CoE; RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.20-1.24), codeine (low CoE; RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.16-3.41) and nalbuphine (low CoE; RR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00-0.72). However, tramadol administration may result in an increased requirement for rescue analgesia versus methadone (low CoE; RR: 3.45; 95% CI: 0.66-18.08; I2 = 43%) and COX inhibitors (low CoE; RR: 2.27; 95% CI: 0.68-7.60; I2 = 45%). Compared with multimodal therapy, tramadol administration may make minimal to no difference in the requirement for rescue analgesia (low CoE; RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.48-2.60; I2 = 0%). Adverse events were inconsistently reported and the CoE was very low. The overall CoE of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol for postoperative pain management in dogs was low or very low, and the main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia , Enfermedades de los Perros , Nalbufina , Tramadol , Analgesia/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Manejo del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Tramadol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
O controle da dor é uma área que atualmente vem ganhando grande importância, principalmente para a bovinocultura. Determinar a origem e as causas do processo doloroso é uma tarefa que demanda grande atenção por parte dos profissionais, especialmente para que possam intervir da melhor maneira possível, além de buscar remover os fatores que incitaram, atuar na prevenção e tratamento do mecanismo da dor com uso de diversos fármacos disponíveis no mercado. O uso de opioides vem sendo alvo de estudos como estratégia farmacológica para controle e manejo do sofrimento animal, fato este que induz graves perdas e prejuízos para a produção bovina, a nível produtivo, reprodutivo e econômico. No entanto, faz-se necessário cada vez mais novos estudos a respeito dos benefícios que eles podem proporcionar aos bovinos, uma vez que existem alguns limitantes como custo e efeitos adversos.
Pain control is an area that is currently gaining great importance, mainly for beef production. Determining the origin and causes of the painful process is a task that demands great attention from professionals, especially so that they can intervene in the best possible way. In addition to seeking to remove the factors that prompted them, they act in the prevention and treatment of the pain mechanism with the use of various drugs available on the market. The use of opioids has been the subject of studies as a pharmacological strategy for the control and management of animal suffering, a fact that induces serious losses and losses for bovine production, at the productive, reproductive and economic level. However, more and more studies are needed regarding the benefits they can provide to cattle, since there are some limitations such as cost and adverse effects.
El control del dolor es un área que está cobrando gran importancia en la actualidad, especialmente para la ganadería. Determinar el origen y las causas del proceso doloroso es una tarea que requiere una gran atención por parte de los profesionales, especialmente para que puedan intervenir de la mejor manera posible, además de buscar remover los factores que los incitaron, actuando en la prevención y tratamiento del mecanismo del dolor mediante el uso de diversos fármacos disponibles en el mercado. El uso de opioides ha sido objeto de estudios como estrategia farmacológica para el control y manejo del sufrimiento animal, hecho que induce graves pérdidas y pérdidas para la producción bovina, a nivel productivo, reproductivo y económico. Sin embargo, se necesitan cada vez más estudios sobre los beneficios que pueden brindar al ganado, ya que existen algunas limitaciones como el costo y los efectos adversos.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Analgesia/veterinaria , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Manejo del Dolor/veterinaria , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Bienestar del AnimalRESUMEN
A scale with robust statistical validation is essential to diagnose pain and improve decision making for analgesia. This blind, randomised, prospective and opportunist study aimed to develop an ethogram to evaluate behaviour and validate a scale to assess acute ovine postoperative pain. Elective laparoscopy was performed in 48 healthy sheep, filmed at one preoperative and three postoperative moments, before and after rescue analgesia and 24 hours after. The videos were randomised and assessed twice by four evaluators, with a one-month interval between evaluations. Statistical analysis was performed using R software and differences were considered significant when p <0.05. Based on the multiple association, a unidimensional scale was adopted. The intra- and inter-observer reliability ranged from moderate to very good (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.53). The scale presented Spearman correlations > 0.80 with the numerical, simple descriptive, and visual analogue scales, and a correlation of 0.48 with the facial expression scale. According to the mixed linear model, the scale was responsive, due to the increase and decrease in pain scores of all items after surgery and analgesic intervention, respectively. All items on the scale demonstrated an acceptable Spearman item-total correlation (0.56-0.76), except for appetite (0.25). The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.81) and all items presented specificity > 0.72 and sensitivity between 0.61-0.90, except for appetite. According to the Youden index, the cut-off point was ≥ 4 out of 12, with a diagnostic uncertainty zone of 4 to 5. The area under the curve > 0.95 demonstrated the excellent discriminatory capacity of the instrument. In conclusion, the Unesp-Botucatu pain scale in sheep submitted to laparoscopy is valid, reliable, specific, sensitive, with excellent internal consistency, accuracy, discriminatory capacity, and a defined cut-off point.
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Dolor Abdominal , Dimensión del Dolor , Dolor Postoperatorio , Oveja Doméstica , Animales , Femenino , Dolor Abdominal/diagnóstico , Dolor Abdominal/veterinaria , Analgesia/métodos , Analgesia/veterinaria , Brasil , Laparoscopía/veterinaria , Modelos Anatómicos , Modelos Animales , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor Postoperatorio/diagnóstico , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Oveja Doméstica/fisiología , Oveja Doméstica/cirugía , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current scenario in Brazil regarding pain assessment and control in experimental animals. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective survey. METHODS: A confidential questionnaire was available online and sent by e-mail to Brazilian scientists working with animal experimentation in Brazil. Data collection was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017. The exclusion criteria included blank questionnaires or with <80% completed responses, researchers not performing experiments involving animals and foreign scientists. RESULTS: A total of 96 questionnaires from 104 respondents were analyzed. The Fisher's exact test showed a disparity between the proportions of scientists who recognized the importance of analgesia and their application of analgesic techniques in painful procedures (p < 0.0003), and also for the researchers who assumed that experiments inflicted pain and their classification of the degree of invasiveness (p < 0.0001), indicating their insufficient knowledge of these topics. Overall, 77% of institutions did not offer specific training to assess pain in experimental animals, and 24% of respondents had no training to work with animal experimentation. In total, 62% of the studies inflicted pain, 48% of respondents used pain scales, and the drugs administered most frequently for pain management were morphine (44%), meloxicam (43%) and tramadol (37%); 15% of respondents did not include analgesics even though their studies inflicted pain. Commonly used animals were rats (33%), mice (29%) and rabbits (8%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this preliminary survey indicated that in Brazil there is a gap in the knowledge and training on pain assessment and management of experimental animals. Therefore, there is a necessity for an educational program to prepare and train scientists to assess and manage pain in laboratory or experimental animals. Further studies using a psychometrically validated survey instrument are warranted.
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Analgesia/veterinaria , Bienestar del Animal , Ciencia de los Animales de Laboratorio , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor/veterinaria , Veterinarios , Analgesia/ética , Analgésicos , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Brasil , Humanos , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Manejo del Dolor/ética , Manejo del Dolor/veterinaria , Dimensión del Dolor/ética , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The creation of species-specific valid tools for pain assessment is essential to recognize pain and determine the requirement and efficacy of analgesic treatments. This study aimed to assess behaviour and investigate the validity and reliability of an acute pain scale in pigs undergoing orchiectomy. Forty-five pigs aged 38±3 days were castrated under local anaesthesia. Behaviour was video-recorded 30 minutes before and intermittently up to 24 hours after castration. Edited footage (before surgery, after surgery before and after rescue analgesia, and 24 hours postoperatively) was analysed twice (one month apart) by one observer who was present during video-recording (in-person researcher) and three blinded observers. Statistical analysis was performed using R software and differences were considered significant when p<0.05. Intra and inter-observer agreement, based on intra-class correlation coefficient, was good or very good between most observers (>0.60), except between observers 1 and 3 (moderate agreement 0.57). The scale was unidimensional according to principal component analysis. The scale showed acceptable item-total Spearman correlation, excellent predictive and concurrent criterion validity (Spearman correlation ≥ 0.85 between the proposed scale versus visual analogue, numerical rating, and simple descriptive scales), internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient >0.80 for all items), responsiveness (the pain scores of all items of the scale increased after castration and decreased after intervention analgesia according to Friedman test), and specificity (> 95%). Sensitivity was good or excellent for most of the items. The optimal cut-off point for rescue analgesia was ≥ 6 of 18. Discriminatory ability was excellent for all observers according to the area under the curve (>0.95). The proposed scale is a reliable and valid instrument and may be used clinically and experimentally to assess postoperative acute pain in pigs. The well-defined cut-off point supports the evaluator´s decision to provide or not analgesia.
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Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Porcinos/fisiología , Analgesia/veterinaria , Animales , Masculino , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Orquiectomía/efectos adversos , Orquiectomía/veterinaria , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/normas , Dolor Postoperatorio/diagnóstico , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Análisis de Componente Principal , Programas Informáticos/normasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated and compared cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters, as well as sedation, analgesia and recovery of two protocols: ketamine (10 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), IM (KBM and DBM, respectively) in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve brown howler monkeys were selected in two groups and evaluated for cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation, from 5-30 minutes after latency. Blood gas and arterial lactate were taken at 5 and 30 minutes. In the end, time and quality of recovery were evaluated. RESULTS: The HR in DBM group was significantly lower at all times. The sedation score was higher in DBM. Recovery in DBM was faster. All animals had moderate hypoxaemia. CONCLUSION: Both protocols produce satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia, but DBM provides deeper sedation with faster recovery. Oxygen supplementation is recommended in both due to hypoxaemia.
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Alouatta/fisiología , Analgesia/veterinaria , Butorfanol/uso terapéutico , Dexmedetomidina/uso terapéutico , Ketamina/uso terapéutico , Midazolam/uso terapéutico , Vasectomía/veterinaria , Alouatta/cirugía , Analgesia/instrumentación , Combinación de Medicamentos , Vasectomía/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
The study evaluated the effect of a 1/10 dose of flunixin meglumine administered into the governing vessel 1 (GV1) acupoint in horses that underwent castration. Twenty animals received 0.02 mg/kg detomidine intravenously, followed by 2.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 mg/kg diazepam by the same route, and also a local anesthesia with 30 mL lidocaine. As postoperative analgesia, the animals received 1.1 mg/kg flunixin meglumine IV (FIV) or 0.11 mg/kg flunixin meglumine into the GV1 acupoint (FGV). Behavioral parameters were assessed 12 hours before the procedure (baseline) and at 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; physiological parameters were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The groups did not differ regarding pain scores. Heart rate was higher in the FIV group than in the FGV group 2 hours after surgery (46 ± 5.2 bpm vs. 37 ± 8.2 bpm); gut sounds decreased at 2, 4, and 6 hours in both groups. The temperature showed a decrease after 2 hours compared with baseline in the FGV group, and the systolic blood pressure was higher in the FGV group than in the FIV group at 8 hours (158 ± 18.1 mmHg vs. 134 ± 14.5 mmHg), 10 hours (157 ± 15.5 mm Hg vs. 130 ± 11.5 mmHg), and 12 hours (151 ± 18.7 mmHg vs. 134 ± 15.8 mmHg). Pharmacopuncture was as effective as conventional dose and route of flunixin meglumine in horses that underwent elective castration under those conditions.
Asunto(s)
Acupuntura , Analgesia , Puntos de Acupuntura , Analgesia/veterinaria , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Clonixina/análogos & derivados , Caballos , Masculino , Dolor/veterinariaRESUMEN
Background: Parrots frequently require veterinary medical care. To reduce their stress, it is necessary to use chemical restraint or anesthesia. The use of balanced anesthesia techniques such as combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs is recommended. However, there is a shortage of anesthetic and analgesic protocols and data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in wild birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and the quality of anesthetic recovery in blue-front parrots (Amazona aestiva) anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with various doses of butorphanol. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four clinically healthy animals, based on their clinical and hematological results (hematocrit and total plasma protein), were divided into 3 groups: 1- sevofluoran alone (GS); 2- associated with butorphanol at 3 mg/kg (GB3), and 3- 6 mg/kg (GB6) doses administered via the intramuscular (IM) route; digital clamping was used as a nociceptive stimulus. Induction and anesthetic maintenance were performed with sevoflurane at 5 and 2.5 V%, respectively, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and an anesthetic system adequate for the weight of the animals that were kept under spontaneous ventilation. It took 15 min after induction for the expired sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) to stabilize, after which one intramuscular treatment was applied. The digital clamping was continued as a supramaximal nociceptive stimulus; if it presented a positive response, EtSevo increased by 10%, and when the stimulus decreased by 20%, digital clamping was repeated every 15 min until a positive response to the stimulus was observed. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), EtSevo, expired CO2 (EtCO2 ), and body temperature (T°C) were measured during digital clamping. At the end, anesthetic...
Asunto(s)
Animales , Butorfanol/administración & dosificación , Loros/metabolismo , Sevoflurano , Analgesia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Neuropathic pain occurs when there is a lesion or a dysfunction of the nervous system. Humans and veterinary patients may develop neuropathic pain, but in veterinary it is not often reported probably because of its mistaken diagnosis. A canine patient was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of UNESP-Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil with a nodule on the left thoracic limb. The nodule was surgically removed, and histopathological analysis demonstrated the tumor was a soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and the margins were not clean. Based on the patient's health condition and the lack of suitable equipment, the next procedure was limb amputation. The patient received analgesic medication in the post-surgery period; nevertheless, clinical signs of neuropathic pain were present, such as compulsive licking and other behavioral disorders. Medications were administered for forty days, but clinical signs ceased only when replaced with a tryciclic antidepressant drug, Amitriptyline. Therapeutic management of the patient in this report can be considered effective, since five years after the end of the treatment there was no recurrence or presence of metastasis.(AU)
A dor neuropática ocorre quando há uma lesão ou disfunção do sistema nervoso. Tanto pacientes humanos quanto veterinários podem desenvolver a dor neuropática, mas na medicina veterinária ela é pouco relatada provavelmente por não ser corretamente diagnosticada. Um paciente canino foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Unesp-Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, com um nódulo em membro torácico esquerdo. O nódulo foi removido cirurgicamente, e o exame histopatológico evidenciou a presença de sarcoma de tecidos moles (STM) e de margens comprometidas. Baseando-se nas condições de saúde do paciente e na ausência de equipamentos adequados, o próximo procedimento foi a amputação do membro. No pós-cirúrgico, o animal recebeu medicações analgésicas, todavia, mesmo assim, apresentava sinais de dor neuropática, como lambedura compulsiva e outros distúrbios comportamentais. O tratamento para dor aguda se estendeu por 40 dias; no entanto, os sinais clínicos cessaram apenas quando os analgésicos comuns foram substituídos por um medicamento antidepressivo tricíclico, a amitriptilina. O manejo terapêutico do paciente do presente relato pode ser considerado satisfatório, uma vez que, após cinco anos do término do tratamento, não houve recidiva nem presença de metástase.(AU)