RESUMEN
La hernia diafragmática congénita es un defecto en el diafragma que lleva a la herniación del contenido abdominal a la cavidad torácica durante el período intrauterino. La morbimortalidad está determinada por la asociación con otras malformaciones, el grado de hipoplasia pulmonar y la presencia de hipertensión pulmonar secundaria. Presenta una incidencia estimada de 1 cada 2.500-3.000 recién nacidos vivos, constituyendo en un 60% una malformación aislada. Es una patología evolutiva que puede ser diagnosticada a partir de la semana 20-24, la ubicación más habitual es la posterolateral izquierda. Se trata de una patología que requiere ingreso a cuidados intensivos al nacimiento y luego de lograda la estabilización del paciente es de sanción quirúrgica. Los objetivos de este trabajo son conocer las características generales de la patología para sistematizar el manejo logrando así un óptimo asesoramiento de los padres a nivel prenatal y seguimiento postnatal del recién nacido.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a defect in the diaphragm that leads to herniation of theabdominal contents of the thoracic cavity during the intrauterine period. Morbidity and mortality are determined by the association with other malformations, the degree ofpulmonary hypoplasia and the presence of secondary pulmonary hypertension.It has an estimated incidence of 1 every 2,500-3,000 live newborns, and in 60% of the cases it is an isolated malformation. It is an evolutionary pathology that can be diagnosed from week 20-24; it is most commonly located in the left posterolateral. It is a pathology that requires intensive care at birth and after delivery and once the patient has been stabilized, surgical action is required. The objectives of this work are to understand the general characteristics of the pathology in order to refine its manipulation and achieve optimal counseling for parents at the newborn's prenatal and postnatal stages.
A hérnia diafragmática congênita é um defeito no diafragma que leva à herniação doconteúdo abdominal para a cavidade torácica durante o período intrauterino. A morbimortalidade é determinada pela associação com outras malformações, pelo grau de hipoplasia pulmonar e pela presença de hipertensão pulmonar secundária. Apresenta uma incidência estimada de 1 a cada 2.500-3.000 nascidos vivos, constituindo-se em 60% uma malformação isolada. É uma patologia evolutiva que pode ser diagnosticada a partir da semana 20-24 e a localização mais comum é o póstero-lateral esquerdo. É uma patologia que requer internação em terapia intensiva ao nascimento e após o parto. Uma vez que o paciente for estabilizado, é necessária ação cirúrgica. Os objetivos deste paper são conhecer as características gerais da patologia para melhorar o seu manejo, obtendo assim um aconselhamento ideal para os pais no nível pré-natal e no acompanhamento do crescimento pós-natal do recém-nascido.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Recién Nacido , Atención Posnatal/normas , Hernias Diafragmáticas Congénitas/terapia , Periodo Posoperatorio , Diagnóstico Prenatal/normas , Pronóstico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Transferencia de Pacientes/normas , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Periodo Preoperatorio , Hernias Diafragmáticas Congénitas/cirugía , Analgesia/normas , Hipertensión Pulmonar/terapia , Monitoreo Fisiológico/normasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To propose agile strategies for a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, considering the high risk of infection among health workers, the humanitarian treatment that we must provide to patients and the inclusion of patients' families, in a context lacking specific therapeutic strategies against the virus globally available to date and a potential lack of health resources. METHODS: A nonsystematic review of the scientific evidence in the main bibliographic databases was carried out, together with national and international clinical experience and judgment. Finally, a consensus of recommendations was made among the members of the Committee for Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium of the Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. RESULTS: Recommendations were agreed upon, and tools were developed to ensure a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. DISCUSSION: Given the new order generated in intensive therapies due to the advancing COVID-19 pandemic, we propose to not leave aside the usual good practices but to adapt them to the particular context generated. Our consensus is supported by scientific evidence and national and international experience and will be an attractive consultation tool in intensive therapies.
OBJETIVO: Proponer estrategias agile para este abordaje integral de la analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19, considerando el alto riesgo de infección que existe entre los trabajadores de salud, el tratamiento humanitario que debemos brindar al paciente y su familia, en un contexto de falta estrategias terapéuticas específicas contra el virus globalmente disponibles a la fecha y una potencial falta de recursos sanitarios. METODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revision no sistemática de la evidencia científica en las principales bases de datos bibliográficos, sumada a la experiencia y juicio clínico nacional e internacional. Finalmente, se realizó un consenso de recomendaciones entre los integrantes del Comité de Analgesia, Sedación y Delirium de la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. RESULTADOS: Se acordaron recomendaciones y se desarrollaron herramientas para asegurar un abordaje integral de analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente adulto con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19. DISCUSIÓN: Ante el nuevo orden generado en las terapias intensivas por la progresión de la pandemia de COVID-19, proponemos no dejar atrás las buenas prácticas habituales, sino adaptarlas al contexto particular generado. Nuestro consenso está respaldado en la evidencia científica, la experiencia nacional e internacional, y será una herramienta de consulta atractiva en las terapias intensivas.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/normas , COVID-19/complicaciones , Consenso , Delirio/terapia , Manejo del Dolor/normas , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/terapia , Analgesia/métodos , Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Lista de Verificación , Delirio/diagnóstico , Ambulación Precoz , Familia , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodos , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/métodos , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/normas , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/normas , Agitación Psicomotora/terapia , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
RESUMEN Objetivo: Proponer estrategias agile para este abordaje integral de la analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19, considerando el alto riesgo de infección que existe entre los trabajadores de salud, el tratamiento humanitario que debemos brindar al paciente y su familia, en un contexto de falta estrategias terapéuticas específicas contra el virus globalmente disponibles a la fecha y una potencial falta de recursos sanitarios. Metodos: Se llevó a cabo una revision no sistemática de la evidencia científica en las principales bases de datos bibliográficos, sumada a la experiencia y juicio clínico nacional e internacional. Finalmente, se realizó un consenso de recomendaciones entre los integrantes del Comité de Analgesia, Sedación y Delirium de la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Resultados: Se acordaron recomendaciones y se desarrollaron herramientas para asegurar un abordaje integral de analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente adulto con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19. Discusión: Ante el nuevo orden generado en las terapias intensivas por la progresión de la pandemia de COVID-19, proponemos no dejar atrás las buenas prácticas habituales, sino adaptarlas al contexto particular generado. Nuestro consenso está respaldado en la evidencia científica, la experiencia nacional e internacional, y será una herramienta de consulta atractiva en las terapias intensivas.
ABSTRACT Objective: To propose agile strategies for a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, considering the high risk of infection among health workers, the humanitarian treatment that we must provide to patients and the inclusion of patients' families, in a context lacking specific therapeutic strategies against the virus globally available to date and a potential lack of health resources. Methods: A nonsystematic review of the scientific evidence in the main bibliographic databases was carried out, together with national and international clinical experience and judgment. Finally, a consensus of recommendations was made among the members of the Committee for Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium of the Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Results: Recommendations were agreed upon, and tools were developed to ensure a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Discussion: Given the new order generated in intensive therapies due to the advancing COVID-19 pandemic, we propose to not leave aside the usual good practices but to adapt them to the particular context generated. Our consensus is supported by scientific evidence and national and international experience and will be an attractive consultation tool in intensive therapies.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido/terapia , Delirio/terapia , Consenso , Manejo del Dolor/normas , COVID-19/complicaciones , Analgesia/normas , Agitación Psicomotora/terapia , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/métodos , Delirio/diagnóstico , Ambulación Precoz , Lista de Verificación , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , COVID-19/tratamiento farmacológico , Analgesia/métodos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Multimodal pain management for surgery patients may include the use of a combination of scheduled oral pain medications with as-needed (PRN) oral opioids. Multiple concurrent time demands on nursing staff frequently cause delays in the delivery of oral PRN pain medication compromising pain management. PURPOSE: Postoperative pain control was compared using a wireless oral patient-controlled analgesia device for the delivery of oxycodone with a control group receiving PRN oxycodone from nursing staff. METHODS: Thirty patients were prospectively randomized into each of 2 groups after total hip arthroplasty. Patient demographics, pain scores, drug dose data, and physical therapy data were collected from chart reviews. Additional data were obtained from patient and nursing surveys. RESULTS: Device patients recorded statistically lower pain scores while taking lower doses of oxycodone on postoperative Day 1 as compared with the control group. Patient surveys indicated that those in the device group reported lower pain scores 24 hours prior to discharge, albeit not statistically different from the control group. Men in the device group reported statistically lower pain scores with physical therapy than men in the control group. Findings from the nursing survey indicate that nurses favored the device over nurse-administered PRN. CONCLUSION: Patients using the wireless patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) (oral) device had less pain at rest and with activity (men) while taking lower doses of oxycodone with each dose. Nursing surveys indicated that nursing staff in this orthopedic postoperative unit found the device easy to use, reliable, and efficient. They also recommended its adoption for those capable of using it.
Asunto(s)
Administración Oral , Analgesia Controlada por el Paciente/normas , Analgesia/normas , Anciano , Analgesia/métodos , Analgesia Controlada por el Paciente/métodos , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Cadera/efectos adversos , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Cadera/instrumentación , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Cadera/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Manejo del Dolor/normas , Manejo del Dolor/estadística & datos numéricos , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify the procedures considered painful and stressful by health professionals from a neonatal intensive care unit and check the measures of analgesia. METHOD: Descriptive exploratory quantitative study with 65 health professionals, from November 2016 to February 2017. RESULTS: The procedures considered painful were removal of adhesives, vein, arterial and lumbar puncture, phlebotomy, and thoracic drainage. Oral suctioning, intravenous catheter removal and tracheal extubation were considered stressful. Fentanyl was the most cited pharmacological measure, and restraint and nonnutritive suction were the most used nonpharmacological measures. CONCLUSION: Professionals were able to classify the painful and stressful procedures; however, low use of measures for analgesia was evidenced.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/normas , Personal de Salud/psicología , Dolor/etiología , Percepción , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Adulto , Analgesia/métodos , Analgesia/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/instrumentación , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the procedures considered painful and stressful by health professionals from a neonatal intensive care unit and check the measures of analgesia. Method: Descriptive exploratory quantitative study with 65 health professionals, from November 2016 to February 2017. Results: The procedures considered painful were removal of adhesives, vein, arterial and lumbar puncture, phlebotomy, and thoracic drainage. Oral suctioning, intravenous catheter removal and tracheal extubation were considered stressful. Fentanyl was the most cited pharmacological measure, and restraint and nonnutritive suction were the most used nonpharmacological measures. Conclusion: Professionals were able to classify the painful and stressful procedures; however, low use of measures for analgesia was evidenced.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los procedimientos considerados dolorosos y estresantes por los profesionales de salud en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal y verificar las medidas de analgesia utilizadas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, de abordaje cuantitativo, con una muestra de 65 profesionales de salud, realizado en el período de noviembre de 2016 a febrero de 2017. Resultados: Los procedimientos considerados dolorosos fueron la retirada de adhesivos, la punción venosa, arterial y lumbar, la flebotomía y el drenaje torácico. Ya los considerados estresantes fueron la aspiración oral, la retirada del catéter intravenoso y la extubación traqueal. La medida farmacológica más citada fue el fentanilo; y las medidas no farmacológicas más utilizadas fueron la contención y la succión no nutritiva. Conclusión: Los profesionales pudieron clasificar los procedimientos en dolorosos y estresantes, sin embargo, se evidenció la baja utilización de medidas para analgesia.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os procedimentos considerados dolorosos e estressantes pelos profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e verificar as medidas de analgesia. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, com amostra de 65 profissionais de saúde, no período de novembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017. Resultados: Os procedimentos considerados dolorosos foram a retirada de adesivos, a punção venosa, arterial e lombar, a flebotomia e a drenagem torácica. A aspiração oral, a retirada de cateter intravenoso e a extubação traqueal foram consideradas estressantes. O fentanil foi a medida farmacológica mais citada e a contenção e sucção não nutritiva as medidas não farmacológicas mais utilizadas. Conclusão: Os profissionais souberam classificar os procedimentos em dolorosos e estressantes, entretanto, foi evidenciada a baixa utilização de medidas para analgesia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Adulto , Dolor/etiología , Percepción , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Personal de Salud/psicología , Analgesia/normas , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Manejo del Dolor/instrumentación , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Analgesia/métodos , Analgesia/psicología , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Introducción: el dolor posoperatorio del hemiabdomen superior es intenso y su control es imprescindible para evitar complicaciones. Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia analgésica y seguridad de dosis única de morfina intratecal en el posoperatorio de la cirugía de hemiabdomen superior de gran envergadura. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado a simple ciegas en 40 pacientes, tras intervenciones de hemiabdomen superior. Se emplearon dosis única de morfina intratecal (MIT) de 1 o 2 µg/kg de peso del paciente de acuerdo al grupo de tratamiento. Análisis estadístico con las pruebas Chi cuadrado (x2), exacta de Fisher, análisis de varianza univariado, la prueba de W de Mauchly y la prueba F univariada; nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: la administración de opioides durante el acto quirúrgico fue similar en ambos grupos (3,1 ± 2,2 mL vs. 4,1 ± 2,7 mL). En el grupo de dosis de 2 µg/kg de peso de MIT a las 12 y 24 h los pacientes no refirieron dolor; existieron diferencias entre los tratamientos en cuanto al alivio del dolor (p< 0,001) y también entre los momentos en que se midió el mismo (p= 0,001). Se utilizó analgesia de rescate en 25 por ciento de los pacientes. Solo se presentó como complicación la depresión respiratoria. Conclusiones: la dosis única de 2 µg/kg de morfina intratecal es un método eficaz para la analgesia posoperatoria en la cirugía de hemiabdomen superior, la incidencia de complicaciones fue baja y se demostró que ambas dosis son seguras(AU)
Introduction: The superior hemiabdomen postoperative pain is severe and essential to be managed in order to avoid complications. Objectives: To assess the analgesic effectiveness and safety of single-dose intrathecal morphine in the postoperative period of the upper hemiabdomen major surgery. Method: Single-blind randomized clinical trial in 40 patients, after upper hemiabdomen interventions. We used single doses of intrathecal morphine (ITM) of 1 or 2 mg/kg per patient weight according to the treatment group. The statistical analysis used the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, univariate analysis of variance, Mauchly's test and Univariate F-test; the significance level was 0.05. Results: Opioids administration during surgery was similar in both groups (3.1 ± 2.2 mL vs. 4.1 ± 2.7 mL). In the 2 mg/kg of ITM dose group, the patients reported no pain after 12 and 14 hours; there were differences between treatments regarding pain relief (p< 0.001) and also between the time when it was measured (p= 0.001). Rescue analgesia was used in 25 percent of the patients. Respiratory depression was the only onset complication. Conclusions: ITM at a single dose of 2 µg/kg is an effective method for postoperative analgesia in upper hemiabdomen surgery, the incidence of complications was low and both doses proved safe(AU)
Asunto(s)
Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dosis Única/efectos de los fármacos , Morfina/uso terapéutico , Analgesia/normasRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of analgesia versus neonatologists' perception regarding analgesic use in painful procedures in the years 2001, 2006, and 2011. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of all newborns admitted to four university neonatal intensive care units during one month in 2001, 2006, and 2011. The frequency of analgesic prescription for painful procedures was evaluated. Of the 202 neonatologists, 188 answered a questionnaire giving their opinion on the intensity of pain during lumbar puncture, tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and postoperative period using a 10-cm visual analogic scale (VAS; pain >3 cm). RESULTS: For lumbar puncture, 12% (2001), 43% (2006), and 36% (2011) were performed using analgesia. Among the neonatologists, 40-50% reported VAS >3 for lumbar puncture in all study periods. For intubation, 30% received analgesia in the study periods, and 35% (2001), 55% (2006), and 73% (2011) of the neonatologists reported VAS >3 and would prescribe analgesia for this procedure. As for mechanical ventilation, 45% (2001), 64% (2006), and 48% (2011) of patient-days were under analgesia; 56% (2001), 57% (2006), and 26% (2011) of neonatologists reported VAS >3 and said they would use analgesia during mechanical ventilation. For the first three post-operative days, 37% (2001), 78% (2006), and 89% (2011) of the patients received analgesia and more than 90% of neonatologists reported VAS >3 for major surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increase in the medical perception of neonatal pain and in analgesic use during painful procedures, the gap between clinical practice and neonatologist perception of analgesia need did not change during the ten-year period.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: Confrontar o uso de analgesia versus a percepção de neonatologistas quanto ao emprego de analgésicos para procedimentos dolorosos em 2001, 2006 e 2011. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva de todos recém-nascidos internados em quatro unidades universitárias. Avaliou-se a frequência do emprego de analgésicos para procedimentos dolorosos por um mês dos anos de estudo. Dos 202 neonatologistas atuantes nas unidades nos três períodos, 188 assinalaram em escala analógica visual de 10 cm (dor >3 cm) a intensidade da dor sentida pelo recém-nascido na punção lombar, intubação traqueal, ventilação mecânica e no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Para punção lombar, 12%, 43% e 36% foram feitas com analgesia em 2001, 2006 e 2011 e 40-50% dos neonatologistas referiam indicar analgésicos na punção lombar nos três períodos. Na intubação, 30% foram feitas sob analgesia nos três períodos e 35% (2001), 55% (2006) e 73% (2011) dos médicos diziam indicar analgésicos. Quanto à ventilação mecânica, 45-64% dos ventilados-dia estavam sob analgesia nos três períodos e 56% (2001), 57% (2006) e 26% (2011) dos neonatologistas diziam usar analgésicos. Dos pacientes-dia nos três primeiros dias de pós-operatório, 37% (2001), 78% (2006) e 89% (2011) receberam alguma dose de analgésico. Mais de 90% dos médicos referiam usar analgesia para essa situação. CONCLUSÕES: Entre 2001 e 2011, ocorreu aumento no uso de analgésicos para procedimentos dolorosos nas unidades neonatais e uma percepção mais acentuada por parte dos médicos de que o recém-nascido sente dor, mas o lapso entre a prática clínica e a percepção médica quanto à presença de dor persistiu.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Analgesia/tendencias , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Percepción , Manejo del Dolor/tendencias , Práctica Profesional/tendencias , Analgesia/normas , Estudios de Cohortes , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/métodos , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Dimensión del Dolor , Estudios Prospectivos , Manejo del Dolor/normas , Práctica Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of analgesia versus neonatologists' perception regarding analgesic use in painful procedures in the years 2001, 2006, and 2011. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of all newborns admitted to four university neonatal intensive care units during one month in 2001, 2006, and 2011. The frequency of analgesic prescription for painful procedures was evaluated. Of the 202 neonatologists, 188 answered a questionnaire giving their opinion on the intensity of pain during lumbar puncture, tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and postoperative period using a 10-cm visual analogic scale (VAS; pain >3cm). RESULTS: For lumbar puncture, 12% (2001), 43% (2006), and 36% (2011) were performed using analgesia. Among the neonatologists, 40-50% reported VAS >3 for lumbar puncture in all study periods. For intubation, 30% received analgesia in the study periods, and 35% (2001), 55% (2006), and 73% (2011) of the neonatologists reported VAS >3 and would prescribe analgesia for this procedure. As for mechanical ventilation, 45% (2001), 64% (2006), and 48% (2011) of patient-days were under analgesia; 56% (2001), 57% (2006), and 26% (2011) of neonatologists reported VAS >3 and said they would use analgesia during mechanical ventilation. For the first three post-operative days, 37% (2001), 78% (2006), and 89% (2011) of the patients received analgesia and more than 90% of neonatologists reported VAS >3 for major surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increase in the medical perception of neonatal pain and in analgesic use during painful procedures, the gap between clinical practice and neonatologist perception of analgesia need did not change during the ten-year period.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/tendencias , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Manejo del Dolor/tendencias , Percepción , Práctica Profesional/tendencias , Adulto , Anciano , Analgesia/normas , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/métodos , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Manejo del Dolor/normas , Dimensión del Dolor , Práctica Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: to compare the efficacy of two analgesia protocols (ketamine versus morphine) associated with midazolam for the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children. METHODS: randomized clinical trial comparing morphine (0.1mg/kg; max 5mg) and ketamine (2.0mg/kg, max 70mg) associated with midazolam (0.2mg/kg; max 10mg) in the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children treated at the pediatrics emergency room (October 2010 and September 2011). The groups were compared in terms of the times to perform the procedures, analgesia, parent satisfaction and orthopedic team. RESULTS: 13 patients were allocated to ketamine and 12 to morphine, without differences in relation to age, weight, gender, type of injury, and pain scale before the intervention. There was no failure in any of the groups, no differences in time to start the intervention and overall procedure time. The average hospital stay time was similar (ketamine = 10.8+5.1h versus morphine = 12.3+4.4hs; p=0.447). The median pain (faces pain scale) scores after the procedure was 2 in both groups. Amnesia was noted in 92.3% (ketamine) and 83.3% (morphine) (p=0.904). Parents said they were very satisfied in relation to the analgesic intervention (84.6% in the ketamine group and 66.6% in the morphine group; p=0.296). The satisfaction of the orthopedist regarding the intervention was 92.3% in the ketamine group and 75% in the morphine group (p=0.222). CONCLUSION: by producing results similar to morphine, ketamine can be considered as an excellent option in pain management and helps in the reduction of dislocations and closed fractures in pediatric emergency rooms.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Analgesia/normas , Analgésicos , Fracturas Cerradas/terapia , Luxaciones Articulares/terapia , Ketamina , Midazolam , Morfina , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Niño , Preescolar , Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Urgencias Médicas , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/normas , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Dimensión del Dolor , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
SummaryObjective:to compare the efficacy of two analgesia protocols (ketamine versus morphine) associated with midazolam for the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children.Methods:randomized clinical trial comparing morphine (0.1mg/kg; max 5mg) and ketamine (2.0mg/kg, max 70mg) associated with midazolam (0.2mg/kg; max 10mg) in the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children treated at the pediatrics emergency room (October 2010 and September 2011). The groups were compared in terms of the times to perform the procedures, analgesia, parent satisfaction and orthopedic team.Results:13 patients were allocated to ketamine and 12 to morphine, without differences in relation to age, weight, gender, type of injury, and pain scale before the intervention. There was no failure in any of the groups, no differences in time to start the intervention and overall procedure time. The average hospital stay time was similar (ketamine = 10.8+5.1h versus morphine = 12.3+4.4hs; p=0.447). The median pain (faces pain scale) scores after the procedure was 2 in both groups. Amnesia was noted in 92.3% (ketamine) and 83.3% (morphine) (p=0.904). Parents said they were very satisfied in relation to the analgesic intervention (84.6% in the ketamine group and 66.6% in the morphine group; p=0.296). The satisfaction of the orthopedist regarding the intervention was 92.3% in the ketamine group and 75% in the morphine group (p=0.222).Conclusion:by producing results similar to morphine, ketamine can be considered as an excellent option in pain management and helps in the reduction of dislocations and closed fractures in pediatric emergency rooms.
ResumoObjetivo:comparar a eficácia de dois protocolos de analgesia (cetamina versus morfina) associados ao midazolam para a redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças.Métodos:ensaio clínico randomizado comparando morfina (0,1 mg/kg; máx. 5 mg) e cetamina (2,0 mg/kg; máx. 70 mg) associados a midazolam (0,2 mg/kg; máx. 10 mg) na redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças atendidas em emergência pediátrica, no período de outubro de 2010 a setembro de 2011. Os grupos foram comparados segundo os seguintes indicadores: tempo para realizar os procedimentos, analgesia, satisfação de pais e da equipe ortopédica.Resultados:treze pacientes foram alocados para cetamina e 12 para morfina, sem diferenças em relação a idade, peso, gênero, tipo de lesão e escala da dor antes da intervenção. Não houve falha em nenhum dos grupos, sem diferenças no tempo para iniciar a intervenção e no tempo total de procedimento. O tempo médio de hospitalização foi similar (cetamina=10,8±5,1 h versus morfina=12,3±4,4 h; p=0,447). A mediana de dor (escala de faces da dor) após o procedimento foi de 2 em ambos os grupos. Amnésia foi observada em 92,3% (cetamina) e 83,3% (morfina) (p=0,904). Os pais declararam estar muito satisfeitos em relação à intervenção analgésica (84,6% no grupo cetamina e 66,6% no grupo morfina; p=0,296). A satisfação do ortopedista em relação à intervenção foi de 92,3% no grupo cetamina e 75% no grupo da morfina (p=0,222).Conclusão:a cetamina, ao apresentar resultados semelhantes à morfina, pode ser considerada uma excelente opção no manejo da dor e no auxílio da redução de luxações e fraturas fechadas em salas de emergência pediátrica.
Asunto(s)
Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adyuvantes Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Analgesia/normas , Analgésicos , Luxaciones Articulares/terapia , Fracturas Cerradas/terapia , Ketamina , Midazolam , Morfina , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Urgencias Médicas , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/normas , Dimensión del Dolor , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The efficacy of three different analgesic techniques during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy, including (i) periprostatic blockage (PPB), (ii) intrarectal gel instillation, and (iii) sedoanalgesia were compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a period of five months, 100 consecutive men were enrolled in this study. A 10-point linear visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain scores during (VAS 1), immediately after (VAS 2) and one hour after (VAS 3) the needle biopsy procedure. The relationship between the level of pain, prostate volume, age and PSA was determined. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups in terms of mean age and PSA values. The pain scores were significantly lower in sedoanalgesia and PPB groups (p = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of complications. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was shown that patient comfort is better and it is possible to get decreased pain scores with PPB or sedoanalgesia. However, PPB is a preferable method in TRUS-guided prostate biopsy since it is much more practical in outpatient clinics.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/métodos , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Biopsia por Aspiración con Aguja Fina Guiada por Ultrasonido Endoscópico/efectos adversos , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Administración Oral , Administración Rectal , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Analgesia/normas , Biopsia por Aspiración con Aguja Fina Guiada por Ultrasonido Endoscópico/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Dimensión del Dolor , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía IntervencionalRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The efficacy of three different analgesic techniques during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy, including (i) periprostatic blockage (PPB), (ii) intrarectal gel instillation, and (iii) sedoanalgesia were compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a period of five months, 100 consecutive men were enrolled in this study. A 10-point linear visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain scores during (VAS 1), immediately after (VAS 2) and one hour after (VAS 3) the needle biopsy procedure. The relationship between the level of pain, prostate volume, age and PSA was determined. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups in terms of mean age and PSA values. The pain scores were significantly lower in sedoanalgesia and PPB groups (p = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of complications. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was shown that patient comfort is better and it is possible to get decreased pain scores with PPB or sedoanalgesia. However, PPB is a preferable method in TRUS-guided prostate biopsy since it is much more practical in outpatient clinics.
Asunto(s)
Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Humanos , Masculino , Analgesia/métodos , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Biopsia por Aspiración con Aguja Fina Guiada por Ultrasonido Endoscópico/efectos adversos , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Administración Oral , Administración Rectal , Analgesia/normas , Biopsia por Aspiración con Aguja Fina Guiada por Ultrasonido Endoscópico/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Próstata , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Ultrasonografía IntervencionalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy often have significant postoperative pain despite the use of concurrent multimodal pain strategies. Neuraxial anesthesia has opioid-sparing effects and may provide better postoperative recovery to patients when compared with general anesthesia. Our main objective in this study was to compare the effects of neuraxial and general anesthesia on postoperative quality of recovery after abdominal hysterectomy. METHODS: The study was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Seventy healthy females were recruited and randomized to a general anesthesia or neuraxial technique as their primary anesthetic regimen. The primary outcome was the global quality of recovery-40 questionnaire (QoR-40) at 24 hours after the surgical procedure. Other data collected included postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test, and linear regression. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The median difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) in the global QoR-40 score at 24 hours between the neuraxial and general anesthesia groups was 17 (11 to 21.5) (P < 0.001). Patients in the neuraxial anesthesia group had better quality of recovery scores in all the QoR-40 subcomponents than did the general anesthesia group (all P < 0.005). The median difference in global QoR-40 scores at 48 hours between the neuraxial anesthesia and the general anesthesia groups was 8 (6-10) (P < 0.001). Postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores were higher in the general anesthesia group than in the neuraxial anesthesia group. There was an inverse linear relationship between opioid consumption and postoperative quality of recovery at 24 hours, r(2) = 0.67 (P < 0.0001, 95% CI of 0.77 to 0.51), and at 48 hours, r(2) = 0.58 (P < 0.0001, 95% CI of 0.72 to 0.42). CONCLUSION: Neuraxial anesthesia provides better quality of recovery than does general anesthesia for patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. The opioid-sparing effects of neuraxial anesthesia were associated with a better quality of recovery in patients after the surgical procedure. In the absence of contraindications, neuraxial anesthesia seems to be a better anesthetic plan for those patients.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/normas , Periodo de Recuperación de la Anestesia , Anestesia Epidural/normas , Anestesia General/normas , Histerectomía/efectos adversos , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Adulto , Analgesia/métodos , Anestesia Epidural/métodos , Anestesia General/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Histerectomía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
This is a first-time study in Brazil, which identified the relations between the analgesic standard and trauma severity. To do this, an analysis was performed in a population of 200 traffic accident victims admitted for treatment at the emergency unit of a referral hospital for trauma care in the city of São Paulo. Trauma and lesion severity were characterized by anatomic severity indexes. Based on the analysis of the analgesic therapy, analgesia standards were constructed, founded on the World Health Organization analgesic scale. The results permitted to identify the statistic association between trauma severity and distinct analgesia standards. The dissemination of these findings could serve as the basis to design analgesia protocols in trauma and improve care quality, besides encouraging the development of studies in an area with so many knowledge gaps.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Tránsito , Analgesia/normas , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/etiología , Heridas y Lesiones/complicaciones , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del TraumatismoRESUMEN
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio do plexo lombar pela via posterior promove analgesia pós- operatória efetiva na artroplastia totaldo quadril. Ropivacaína e bupivacaína não apresentaram qualquer diferença na eficácia analgésica em diferentes bloqueios de nervos periféricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da analgesia pós-operatória resultante da administração em dose única da bupivacaína a 0,5% ou da ropivacaína a 0,5% no bloqueio doplexo lombar pela via posterior na artroplastia total do quadril. MÉTODO: Trinta e sete pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos, segundo o anestésico local utilizado no bloqueio: Grupo B û bupivacaína a 0,5% com epinefrina 1:200.000 ou Grupo R -ropivacaína a 0,5%. Durante o período pós-operatório, os escores de dor e o consumo de morfina na analgesia controlada pelo paciente foram comparados entre os grupos. O sangramento durante a operação e a incidência de efeitos adversos e de complicações também foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Apesar dos escores de dor terem sido menores no Grupo R 8, 12 e 24 horas após o bloqueio, essas diferenças não foram clinicamente significativas. Regressão linear múltipla não identificou o anestésico local como variável independente. Não houve diferença noconsumo de morfina, no sangramento intraoperatório e na incidência decomplicações e efeitos adversos entre os dois grupos.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Posterior lumbar plexus block promotes effective postoperative analgesia in total knee arthroplasty. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine do not show differences in analgesic efficacy when used in different peripheral nerve blocks. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of postoperative analgesiaresulting from the administration of a single dose of 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.5% ropivacaine in posterior lumbar plexus block for total hip arthroplasty.METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were randomly divided in two groups according to the local anesthetic used: Group B û 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine; or group R û 0.5% ropivacaine. During the postoperative period, pain scores and morphine consumption in patient controlled analgesia were compared between groups. Bleeding during surgery and the incidence of side effects and complications were also compared.RESULTS: Although pain scores were lower in Group R 8 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after the blockade, these differences were not clinically significant. Multiple linear regression identified the local anesthetic as an independent variable. Differences in morphine consumption, intraoperative bleeding, and the incidence of complications and side effects were not observed between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: 0.5% Bupivacaine and 0.5% ropivacaine produced effective and prolonged postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty, without clinical differences, when equivalent doses were administered for posterior lumbar plexus block.
JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo del plexo lumbar por la vía posterior, genera una analgesia postoperatoria efectiva en la artroplastia total de la cadera. La ropivacaína y la bupivacaína no arrojaron ninguna diferencia en la eficacia analgésica en diferentes bloqueos de nervios periféricos. El objetivo de este estudio, fue comparar la eficacia de la analgesia postoperatoria, resultante de la administración en dosis única de la bupivacaína a 0,5% o de la ropivacaína a 0,5% en el bloqueo del plexo lumbar por la vía posterior en la artroplastia total de la cadera. MÉTODO: Treinta y siete pacientes fueron ubicados aleatoriamente en dos grupos según el anestésico local utilizado en el bloqueo:Grupo B û bupivacaína a 0,5% con epinefrina 1:200.000 o Grupo R - ropivacaína a 0,5%. Durante el período postoperatorio, los puntajes de dolor y el consumo de morfina en la analgesia controlada por el paciente, fueron comparados entre los grupos. El sangramiento durante la operación y la incidencia de efectos adversos y de complicaciones también fueron comparados. RESULTADOS: Pese a que los puntajes de dolor hayan sido menores en el Grupo R 8 horas, 12 horas y 24 horas después del bloqueo,esas diferencias no fueron clínicamente significativas. La regresión lineal múltiple no identificó el anestésico local como una variable independiente. No hubo diferencia en el consumo de morfina, en el sangramiento intraoperatorio y en la incidencia decomplicaciones y efectos adversos entre los dos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: La bupivacaína a 0,5% y la ropivacaína a 0,5%, ofrecieron un alivio eficaz y prolongado del dolor postoperatoriodespués de la artroplastia total de la cadera, sin diferencia clínica, cuando dosis equivalentes fueron administradas en el bloqueo del plexo lumbar por la vía posterior.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Analgesia/métodos , Analgesia/normas , Bupivacaína/administración & dosificación , Epinefrina/administración & dosificación , Periodo Posoperatorio , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Cadera , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Trata-se de um estudo inédito realizado no país, que identificou relações entre o padrão analgésico e a gravidade do trauma. Para tal, analisou-se uma população de 200 acidentados de transporte admitidos para tratamento na unidade de emergência de um hospital referência para o atendimento ao trauma no Município de São Paulo. A gravidade das lesões e do trauma foi caracterizada por índices de gravidade anatômicos. A partir da análise da terapia analgésica encontrada, construíram-se padrões de analgesia, tendo como base a escala analgésica da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os resultados permitiram identificar associação estatística entre a gravidade do trauma e padrões distintos de analgesia. Espera-se que a divulgação desses achados possa servir de base para a criação de protocolos de analgesia em trauma e melhoria da qualidade da assistência, além de servir de estímulo para o desenvolvimento de estudos em uma área com tantas lacunas de conhecimento em nosso meio.
This is a first-time study in Brazil, which identified the relations between the analgesic standard and trauma severity. To do this, an analysis was performed in a population of 200 traffic accident victims admitted for treatment at the emergency unit of a referral hospital for trauma care in the city of São Paulo. Trauma and lesion severity were characterized by anatomic severity indexes. Based on the analysis of the analgesic therapy, analgesia standards were constructed, founded on the World Health Organization analgesic scale. The results permitted to identify the statistic association between trauma severity and distinct analgesia standards. The dissemination of these findings could serve as the basis to design analgesia protocols in trauma and improve care quality, besides encouraging the development of studies in an area with so many knowledge gaps.
Se trata de un estudio inédito, realizado en el país, que identificó relaciones entre el estándar analgésico y la gravedad del trauma. Para esto, se analizó una población de 200 accidentados en el tránsito, admitidos para tratamiento en una Unidad de emergencia de un hospital de referencia para la atención de traumas, en el Municipio de San Pablo. La gravedad de las lesiones y del trauma fue caracterizada por índices de gravedad anatómicos. Del análisis de la terapia analgésica encontrada se construyeron estándares de analgesia, teniendo como base la escala analgésica de la Organización Mundial de Salud. Los resultados permitieron identificar una asociación estadística entre la gravedad del trauma y los distintos estándares de analgesia. Se espera que la divulgación de lo encontrado pueda servir de base para crear protocolos de analgesia en traumas, mejorar la calidad de la asistencia y servir de estímulo para el desarrollo de estudios en un área con tantas lagunas de conocimiento en nuestro medio.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Accidentes de Tránsito , Analgesia/normas , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/etiología , Heridas y Lesiones/complicaciones , Puntaje de Gravedad del TraumatismoRESUMEN
Nonpharmacological interventions are important alternatives for pain relief during minor procedures in preterm neonates. Skin-to-skin contact or kangaroo mother care is a human and efficient way of caring for low-weight preterm neonates. The aim of the present study was to assess the analgesic effect of kangaroo care compared to oral glucose on the response of healthy preterm neonates to a low-intensity acute painful stimulus. Ninety-five preterm neonates with a postmenstrual age of 28-36 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups in a single-blind manner. In group 1 (isolette, n=33), the neonate was in the prone position in the isolette during heel lancing and did not receive analgesia. In group 2 (kangaroo method, n=31), the neonate was held in skin-to-skin contact for 10 min before and during the heel-lancing procedure. In group 3 (glucose, n=31), the neonate was in the prone position in the isolette and received oral glucose (1 ml, 25%) 2 min before heel lancing. A smaller variation in heart rate (p=0.0001) and oxygen saturation (p=0.0012), a shorter duration of facial activity (brow bulge, eye squeeze and nasolabial furrowing) (p=0.0001), and a lower PIPP (Premature Infant Pain Profile) score (p=0.0001) were observed in group 2. In conclusion, skin-to-skin contact produced an analgesic effect in preterm newborns during heel lancing.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia/métodos , Glucosa/administración & dosificación , Cuidado del Lactante/métodos , Recien Nacido Prematuro/fisiología , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Tacto/fisiología , Administración Oral , Analgesia/normas , Femenino , Humanos , Conducta del Lactante/fisiología , Conducta del Lactante/psicología , Cuidado del Lactante/normas , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro/psicología , Masculino , Dolor/diagnóstico , Dolor/prevención & control , Dolor/psicología , Dimensión del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Dimensión del Dolor/normas , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Piel/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
La sedación y la analgesia son parte integral en el manejo de los pacientes críticos en las unidades intensivas, estos pacientes tienen mayor riesgo de presentar ansiedad, agitación, combatividad, delirio y síndromes de abstinencia. Con el fin de proporcionar una guía simple y práctica para la toma de decisiones en sedación y analgesia en el año 2005 la Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva (FEPIMCTI) propuso la realización de un consenso con un enfoque regional, basado en la mejor evidencia disponible en la literatura médica. En este contexto nosotros realizamos la presente guía de sedación vigil y agitación. Se tratan temas importantes relacionados con el uso cauto de la sedación y optimización de la sincronía ventilador paciente, como también el control de la agitación y de los procedimientos invasivos mínimos en UCI. Cada recomendación está hecha en base a dos criterios: su aceptabilidad como recomendación fuerte o débil (considerada de acuerdo al consenso de los asistentes expertos) y su sostén en la literatura médica obtenida mediante revisión sistemática y calificada por, al menos, dos grupos de expertos en epidemiología clínica.
Sedation and analgesia play a major role in critical patients management in ICUs. These patients face a higher risk of developing anxiety, agitation, combativity, delirium, and deprivation syndromes. In order to offer a simple and practical guideline for decision making in sedation and analgesia, the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy Societies (FEPIMCTI) proposed a regional-focused consensus based on best available evidence in medical literature. It is in this context that the current Guideline on Conscious Sedation and Agitation has been developed. Important issues related to the appropriate use of sedation and improvement of ventilator-patient synchrony, as well as control of agitation and minimally invasive procedures in ICU are dealt with. Each proposed recommendation is based on two main criteria: its acceptability as a strong or weak recommendation (according to consensus of participating experts) and its support in medical literature, which has been systematically reviewed and assessed by, al least, two groups of clinical epidemiology experts.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Agitación Psicomotora/prevención & control , Analgesia/normas , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Sedación Consciente/efectos adversos , Sedación Consciente/normas , Analgesia/efectos adversosRESUMEN
El dolor por cáncer es un problema frecuente en nuestro medio, se presenta en 80 a 90 % de los pacientes y en aproximadamente 90 % de ellos se resuelve con medidas relativamente sencillas. No obstante, aproximadamente 40 % de los pacientes se encuentra insatisfecho con el médico o la enfermera respecto al manejo de su dolor. Por tal motivo, se convocó a un grupo de consenso con la finalidad de generar parámetros de práctica clínica fundamentados en la evidencia publicada y en la opinión de los expertos. Este grupo estuvo integrado por 31 médicos líderes de opinión es este campo, quienes con base en 599 documentos emitieron esta serie de recomendaciones, identificadas cada una según su nivel de evidencia.
Cancer pain is a frequent medical problem in our society. This syndrome affects from 80 to 90% of cancer patients and can be solved with relatively simple measures in 90% of the cases. Approximately 40% of cancer patients reported to be unsatisfied with the physician or nurse about their pain management. For these reasons, we gathered a task force in order to generate practice guidelines based on medical evidence and on the opinion of experts in this area. These guidelines were generated by a task force of 31 physicians who were leaders in this field and based on 599 papers selected by a previous literature search. This group evaluated the results of this search in three work sessions, during which a level of evidence was assigned to each recommendation.