RESUMEN

Endophytic microbial communities colonize plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions. Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) is a shrub that develops functionally in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico; these conditions generate an association between the plant and the microorganisms, contributing to the production of enzymes as a defense mechanism for resistance to abiotic stress. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify endophyte fungi of candelilla and bioprospection of these endophytic fungi for enzyme production using candelilla by-products. Fungi were isolated and identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing. Their potency index (PI) was evaluated in producing endoglucanase, xylanase, amylase, and laccase. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 8 days at 200 rpm, with measurements every 2 days, using candelilla by-products as substrate. All fungi exhibited higher cellulase, amylase, and laccase activities on the 2nd, 6th, and 8th day of fermentation, respectively, of fermentation. The fungus Aspergillus niger ITD-IN4.1 showed the highest amylase activity (246.84 U/mg), the genus Neurospora showed the highest cellulase activity, reaching up to 13.45 FPU/mg, and the strain Neurospora sp. ITD-IN5.2 showed the highest laccase activity (3.46 U/mg). This work provides the first report on the endophytic diversity of E. antisyphilitica and its potential role in enzyme production.

Asunto(s)

Bioprospección , Celulasa , Endófitos , Fermentación , Lacasa , Endófitos/aislamiento & purificación , Endófitos/enzimología , Endófitos/metabolismo , Endófitos/genética , Lacasa/metabolismo , Lacasa/biosíntesis , Celulasa/metabolismo , Celulasa/biosíntesis , Amilasas/metabolismo , Aspergillus niger/aislamiento & purificación , Aspergillus niger/enzimología , México , Neurospora , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos/enzimología , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of eugenol on histological, enzymatic, and oxidative parameters in the pancreas, parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands of healthy male rats. DESIGN: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n = 6/group). Control rats received 2% Tween-20 (eugenol vehicle), whereas the other animals received 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol through gavage daily for 60 d. Major salivary and pancreatic glands were weighed and preserved fixed for microscopic analysis and frozen for in vitro assays. RESULTS: Eugenol did not alter glands' weight and serum amylase activity regardless of the concentration. The highest dose of eugenol caused an increase in pancreatic amylase activity and a reduction of lipase activity from serum and pancreas. Eugenol at 40 mg kg-1 diminished the activity of SOD and FRAP in the submandibular gland and CAT and FRAP in the sublingual gland. However, it did not exert any effect on GST regardless of the gland. Additionally, 40 mg kg-1 eugenol increased MDA levels in pancreatic, parotid, and submandibular glands and NO levels in the sublingual. The concentrations of eugenol induced distinct responses in the glands regarding the activity of Na+/K+, Mg2+, and total ATPase activity. They also affected histomorphometrical and histochemistrical parameters in the submandibular gland only. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that 40 mg kg-1 eugenol altered most of the biochemical and oxidatived parameters of digestive glands. Only submandibular glands presented histological changes after eugenol exposure suggesting potential implications for its function.

Asunto(s)

Eugenol , Glándulas Salivales , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Ratas Wistar , Eugenol/farmacología , Eugenol/metabolismo , Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Glándula Parótida/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/metabolismo , Glándula Sublingual , Páncreas/metabolismo , Amilasas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo

RESUMEN

Exogenous enzymes are added to diets to improve nutrient utilization and feed efficiency. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous enzyme products with amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech) and proteolytic (Vegpro, Alltech) activity on performance, excretion of purine derivatives, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. A total of 24 Holstein cows, 4 of which were ruminally cannulated (161 ± 88 d in milk, 681 ± 96 body weight, and 35.2 ± 5.2 kg/d of milk yield), were blocked by milk yield, days in milk, and body weight, and then distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Experimental periods lasted 21 d, of which the first 14 d were allowed for treatment adaptation and the last 7 d were used for data collection. Treatments were as follows: (1) control (CON) with no feed additives, (2) amylolytic enzyme product added at 0.5 g/kg diet dry matter (DM; AML), (3) amylolytic enzyme product at 0.5 g/kg of diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.2 g/kg of diet DM (low level; APL), and (4) amylolytic enzyme products added at 0.5 g/kg diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.4 g/kg of diet DM (high level; APH). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts: CON versus all enzyme groups (ENZ); AML versus APL+APH; and APL versus APH. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments. Sorting index for feed particles with size <4 mm was lower for ENZ group than for CON. Total-tract apparent digestibility of DM and nutrients (organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, and ether extract) were similar between CON and ENZ. Starch digestibility was greater in cows fed APL and APH treatments (86.3%) compared with those in the AML group (83.6%). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater in APH cows compared with those in the APL group (58.1 and 55.2%, respectively). Ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration were not affected by treatments. Molar percentage of propionate tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ treatments than in those fed CON. Molar percentage of propionate was greater in cows fed AML than those fed the blends of amylase and protease (19.2 and 18.5%, respectively). Purine derivative excretions in urine and milk were similar in cows fed ENZ and CON. Uric acid excretion tended to be greater in cows consuming APL and APH than in those in the AML group. Serum urea N concentration tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Milk yield was greater in cows fed ENZ treatments compared with CON (32.0, 33.1, 33.1, and 33.3 kg/d for CON, AML, APL, and APH, respectively). Fat-corrected milk and lactose yields were higher when feeding ENZ. Feed efficiency tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Feeding ENZ benefited cows' performance, whereas the effects on nutrient digestibility were more pronounced when the combination of amylase and protease was fed at the highest dose.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Lactancia , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Propionatos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Detergentes/metabolismo , Digestión , Leche/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Nutrientes , Almidón/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Amilasas/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/veterinaria , Rumen/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Zea mays/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the effects of mate tea [Ilex paraguariensis] on the redox state and biochemical parameters of salivary glands in diabetic male rats. DESIGN: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (3 months old) were randomly divided into groups (n = 8 per group): control rats that received water (C); diabetic rats that received water (D); diabetic rats treated with mate tea (DMT). The treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were given mate tea powder by intragastric gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Content of total protein, amylase, oxidative lipid damage, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), oxidative protein damage, measured as protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were examined by the spectrophotometric method in the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS: The D group showed lower total protein, amylase, TBARs, protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the C group in both salivary glands, as well as higher SOD and CAT activities. The DMT group showed higher total protein, amylase, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the D group in both salivary glands. Moreover, mate tea increased SOD in the parotid gland and CAT in the submandibular gland of diabetic rats but did not influence TBARs and protein carbonyl in either salivary gland compared to D group. CONCLUSION: Mate tea increased tissue protein synthesis and improved antioxidant defenses in the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Ilex paraguariensis , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Lípidos , Masculino , Oxidación-Reducción , Polvos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Estreptozocina , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Tés de Hierbas , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of anti-obesity drug sibutramine hydrochloride (SB) on redox state and biochemical parameters in the salivary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups (n = 8 per group): control rats treated with vehicle (C) and rats treated with SB (10 mg/kg/day) by intragastric gavage for 28 days. The parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were processed using histomorphometric analysis, and total protein, amylase, mucin, and oxidative damage to lipids were determined by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (UA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and AKT phosphorylation. RESULTS: SB decreased the acinar area, and increased the stromal area in PG, while no effect on the morphometric parameters was observed in SMG. SB also increased oxidative damage to lipids (TBARs). The SB group showed lower total protein, amylase, TAC, UA, tGSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx than the C group in PG, while in SMG, SB decreased total protein, mucin, tGSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx. However, increased AKT phosphorylation observed in both salivary glands suggests that SB exerts low-intensity oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: SB impaired enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the salivary glands of rats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Chronic treatment with SB could mitigate salivary gland dysfunction due to disturbance of redox state.

Asunto(s)

Fármacos Antiobesidad , Antioxidantes , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/metabolismo , Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ciclobutanos , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/farmacología , Lípidos , Masculino , Mucinas/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Glándulas Salivales , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/farmacología

RESUMEN

Enzymes are biocatalysts that are widely used in different industries and generate billions of dollars annually. With the advancement of biotechnology, new enzymatic sources are being evaluated, especially microbial ones, in order to find efficient producers. Endophytic fungi are promising sources of biomolecules; however, Amazonian species are still poorly studied as to their enzymatic production potential. In this sense, the production of hydrolases (amylases, lipases, cellulases and pectinases) was evaluated in endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves, roots and stems of açai palms (Euterpe precatoria). A qualitative test was carried out to detect the enzymatic synthesis in each isolate, and the most promising ones were cultivated using submerged fermentation. The enzyme extracts were quantified to determine those with the greatest activity. Cellulolytic and amylolytic extracts showed the highest enzymatic activities and were partially characterized. Among 50 isolates, 82.9% produced pectinase, 58.5% produced cellulase, 31.7% produced amylase, and 12.2% produced lipase. Penicillium sp. L3 was the best producer of amylase and Colletotrichum sp. S1 was the best producer of cellulase in liquid medium cultivation. The amylolytic extract showed the highest enzymatic activity at pH 8.0 and 45 °C, and the cellulolytic extract at pH 5.0 and 35 °C. The cellulase and amylase produced by the endophytes had their molecular masses estimated between 38 and 76 kDa. These results indicate that endophytic fungi from the açai palm can be used as a new source of hydrolytic enzymes, which can be applied in numerous biotechnological processes.

Asunto(s)

Endófitos/enzimología , Endófitos/metabolismo , Euterpe/microbiología , Hongos/enzimología , Hongos/metabolismo , Amilasas/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Celulasa/metabolismo , Celulasas/metabolismo , Colletotrichum , Hongos/clasificación , Hidrólisis , Lipasa/metabolismo , Penicillium , Péptido Hidrolasas , Poligalacturonasa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of orchiectomy (ORX) and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on redox balance and function of salivary glands. Forty-five young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were subsequently distributed into 3 groups: SHAM, ORX, and TRT (castrated rats that received an intramuscular injection of testosterone cypionate 10 mg/kg/weekly). All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition, and the parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were sampled for redox balance markers and histomorphometric analyses. ORX increased salivary flow rate, calcium, phosphate, and chloride, and decreased total protein and amylase, while not changing the salivary buffer capacity, pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TRT restored all salivary parameters to SHAM values. ORX increased oxidative lipid and protein damage, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid in both salivary glands compared to SHAM. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were greater only in the SMG of the ORX group in relation to SHAM. ORX decreased duct and acini area, while increasing connective tissue in the PG. On the other hand, ORX reduced duct area and increased acini area in the SMG compared to SHAM. TRT restored the redox balance and histomorphometric parameters to close to SHAM values in both salivary glands. Orchiectomy-induced salivary gland dysfunction was characterized by an increase in the salivary flow rate and changes in the secretion of total protein, amylase, and electrolytes, which are key factors, considered important for maintaining oral health status. To sum up, orchiectomy impaired the redox balance of the salivary glands. Our results also showed that TRT reversed the oxidative damage, morphological alterations, and salivary gland dysfunction induced by orchiectomy. Therefore, these results suggest an important action of testosterone on the redox balance and secretory ability of salivary glands.

Asunto(s)

Orquiectomía , Testosterona , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Masculino , Oxidación-Reducción , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Testosterona/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the biochemical and morphological effects of ethanol (EtOH) binge drinking during pregnancy on parotid glands (PG), submandibular glands (SMG), and saliva of offspring rats. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 8) were exposed to EtOH consumption (3 g/kg/day - 20 % w/v) for three consecutive days. The saliva of 40-day-old offspring rats was collected to determine amylase activity and total protein concentration. PG and SMG were collected to performe oxidative biochemistry, morphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses (Student's t-test, p < .05). RESULTS: EtOH consumption during pregnancy significantly decreased the total protein concentration and decreased amylase activity. In the PG, the EtOH group showed increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant capacity against peroxyl. In the SMG, the EtOH group showed increased lipid peroxidation and NOx metabolite levels. PG exposed to EtOH showed a decrease of acini, ducts, and total parenchymal area. SMG exposed to EtOH showed an increase in the total stromal area. The expression of CK-19 and Vimentin were found not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a three-day EtOH binge-drinking protocol during pregnancy is associated with oxidative stress and morphometric alterations in the salivary glands of offspring rats and with the functional reduction of the main salivary enzyme (amylase). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: EtOH consumption during pregnancy altered the morphology and physiology of the salivary glands of offspring rats.

Asunto(s)

Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Etanol/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Parótida/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Salivación/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Submandibular/efectos de los fármacos , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Parótida/metabolismo , Glándula Parótida/patología , Glándula Parótida/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Ratas , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/patología , Glándula Submandibular/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Saliva is a complex secretion produced daily by the salivary glands. Saliva consists mainly of water, enzymes, ions and amino acids and performs several important functions in oral health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the flow rate and concentrations of amylase and total proteins in the saliva of hospitalized patients due to AIDS complications. METHODS: Ninety-three men and women (20-64 years of age) were divided into two groups (46 HIV-infected patients and 47 controls) and had salivary flow rate and levels of amylase enzyme and total proteins evaluated. RESULT: The mean salivary flow rate was lower in individuals with HIV when compared to controls (P < 0.05). No significant difference between amylase enzyme levels and total proteins were observed in the saliva of patients with HIV infection when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Individuals with HIV / AIDS infection (in hospital treatment) suffer no interference in levels of amylase and total salivary proteins, but they have significantly reduced salivary flow.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Seropositividad para VIH/complicaciones , Saliva/metabolismo , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/metabolismo , Salivación/fisiología , Xerostomía/complicaciones , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Amilasas/análisis , Amilasas/metabolismo , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/efectos adversos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Seropositividad para VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/análisis , Tasa de Secreción/efectos de los fármacos , Tasa de Secreción/fisiología , Xerostomía/etiología , Adulto Joven , alfa-Amilasas/análisis

RESUMEN

Xerostomia and hyposalivation are frequent conditions in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, which usually lead to a worsening of quality of life. This study aimed to assess whether photobiomodulation (PBM) can minimize hyposalivation, xerostomia and qualitative changes on saliva and improve quality of life in patients undergoing radiotherapy in short-term follow-up. Twenty-one patients were randomly divided into two groups: sham group (SG) and laser group (LG). A diode laser was used for intra- (660 nm, 10 J/cm2, 0.28 J per point, 40 mW) and extra-oral (810 nm, 25 J/cm2, 0.7 J per point, 40 mW) applications over the salivary glands, three times a week, during the entire radiotherapy period. In SG, the tip of the instrument was sealed with blue rubber to prevent the passage of light. Xerostomia and pH were evaluated and unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow was determined before the start of radiotherapy (T1), after the 15th session (T2), after the end of radiotherapy (T3) and 60 days after radiotherapy (T4). Concentrations of calcium, total proteins, chloride, sodium, potassium and amylase and catalase activities were evaluated in stimulated saliva samples. Quality of life was assessed at times T1 and T4. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess differences in the outcome between times and groups. All patients showed worsening in unstimulated (p = .003) and stimulated (p < .001) salivary flow, xerostomia (p < .05) and quality of life during radiotherapy (p = .001). An increase in chloride concentrations was observed at times T3 and T4 (p < 0,05), and a reduction in amylase activity at T3 (p < .05). Unstimulated saliva pH was higher in LG than SG at T3 (p = .037). No difference between groups was noted in relation to salivary flow and composition, xerostomia or quality of life. Our results suggest that PBM may help in preserving salivary pH during radiotherapy.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/radioterapia , Calidad de Vida , Saliva/metabolismo , Xerostomía/etiología , Amilasas/metabolismo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/complicaciones , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/fisiopatología , Humanos , Saliva/enzimología

RESUMEN

Background: The main objective of this study was to isolate fungi associated with Anthopleura xanthogrammica and measure their antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. A total of 93 fungal strains associated with A. xanthogrammica were isolated in this study, of which 32 isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The antibacterial activities of 32 fungal isolates were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio harveyi, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyricularia oryzae by agar diffusion assay. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the fungal isolates were determined by agar diffusion assays. Enzyme activities were detected from clear halo size. Results: The isolated fungi belonged to 18 genera within 7 taxonomic orders of 1 phylum. The genera Aspergillaceae were the most diverse and common. The antimicrobial activities of 32 isolates were evaluated, and 19 (59.4%) of fungi isolate displayed unique antimicrobial activities. All fungal strains displayed at least one enzyme activity. The most common enzyme activities in the fungi isolates were amylase and protease, while the least common were pectinase and xylanase. Conclusions: This is first report on the sea anemone-derived fungi with antimicrobial and enzyme activities. Results indicated that sea anemone is a hot spot of fungal diversity and a rich resource of bioactive natural products.

Asunto(s)

Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Anémonas de Mar/microbiología , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Poligalacturonasa/metabolismo , Aspergillus/enzimología , Aspergillus/genética , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico , Biodiversidad , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos/genética , Amilasas/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología

RESUMEN

The effect of exogenous amylase on the in vitro rumen digestion kinetics of whole-crop maize silage made from dent (RB9004) or flint grain type (RB9308) was evaluated at different phenological stages: soft dough (SOD), early dent (EAD), ½ milkline (½M) and ¾ milkline (¾M). Forage was harvested from 70 to 110 days after sowing. Two rumen-cannulated cows receiving or not exogenous amylase (0.7 g/kg dry matter-DM, provided to achieve 396 kilo Novo units of amylase activity/kg of TMR DM) were used as donor of ruminal fluid. The in vitro gas production kinetics was evaluated according to a dual-pool logistic model. The chemical composition and gas production kinetics were affected by the hybrid and phenological stages. The flint hybrid had lower range for chemical analysis among physiological stages. Harvesting at ½M and ¾M improved DM content, bromatological composition and silage quality parameters compared to dent or flint types. Amylase (i) increased methane (CH4 ) production and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in ½M stage, (ii) improved digestion kinetics by reducing lag time and increasing total gas production and fermentation rates of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and fibrous carbohydrates (FC), and (iii) increased extent and fermentation rate of NFC and increased fermentation rate of FC fraction in whole-crop maize silages produced from dent or flint types in all phenological stages. Harvesting between ½M and ¾M is the best phenological stage to improve chemical composition and silage quality parameters. Exogenous amylase showed improvements on fibre digestion of silages at ½M and ¾M phenological stages in both grain types of corn.

Asunto(s)

Amilasas/metabolismo , Semillas/clasificación , Ensilaje/análisis , Zea mays/química , Reactores Biológicos , Digestión , Fermentación , Clima Tropical

RESUMEN

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of intercessory prayer in the psychological, spiritual and biological scores of breast cancer patients who are undergoing radiotherapy. Double-blind RCT comprising a sample of 31 participants (15 in the Control Group and 16 in the Intervention Group). Data collection was performed in three time points (T0, T1 and T2). Significant changes have been identified in the intra-group analysis, concerning the decrease in spiritual distress score; negative religious/spiritual coping prevailed, while the total religious/spiritual coping increased between the posttest T2 to T0. Intercessory prayer was effective in religious and spiritual scores.

Asunto(s)

Adaptación Psicológica , Amilasas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Neoplasias de la Mama/radioterapia , Depresión/psicología , Curación por la Fe/psicología , Espiritualidad , Adulto , Ansiedad , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Método Doble Ciego , Curación por la Fe/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Calidad de Vida , Religión y Medicina , Terapias Espirituales/métodos , Terapias Espirituales/psicología , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

Plants are colonized by diverse microorganisms that can substantially impact their health and growth. Understanding bacterial diversity and the relationships between bacteria and phytopathogens may be key to finding effective biocontrol agents. We evaluated the bacterial community associated with anthracnose symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves of guarana, a typical tropical crop. Bacterial communities were assessed through culture-independent techniques based on extensive 16S rRNA sequencing, and cultured bacterial strains were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum sp. as well as for enzyme and siderophore production. The culture-independent method revealed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, but many sequences were unclassified. The emergence of anthracnose disease did not significantly affect the bacterial community, but the abundance of the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were significantly higher in the symptomatic leaves. In vitro growth of Colletotrichum sp. was inhibited by 11.38% of the cultured bacterial strains, and bacteria with the highest inhibition rates were isolated from symptomatic leaves, while asymptomatic leaves hosted significantly more bacteria that produced amylase and polygalacturonase. The bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. EpD2-5 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate against Colletotrichum sp., whereas the isolates EpD2-12 and FD5-12 from the same genus also had high inhibition rates. These isolates were also able to produce several hydrolytic enzymes and siderophores, indicating that they may be good candidates for the biocontrol of anthracnose. Our work demonstrated the importance of using a polyphasic approach to study microbial communities from plant diseases, and future work should focus on elucidating the roles of culture-independent bacterial communities in guarana anthracnose disease.

Asunto(s)

Antibiosis/fisiología , Agentes de Control Biológico/aislamiento & purificación , Colletotrichum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Paullinia/microbiología , Proteobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Acinetobacter/clasificación , Acinetobacter/genética , Acinetobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Amilasas/metabolismo , Antracosis/microbiología , Bacillus/clasificación , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Klebsiella/clasificación , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiota , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Poligalacturonasa/metabolismo , Proteobacteria/clasificación , Proteobacteria/genética , Pseudomonas/clasificación , Pseudomonas/genética , Pseudomonas/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Bosque Lluvioso , Sideróforos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), is a soilborne tomato disease of increased importance worldwide. In this study, Withania somnifera was used as a potential source of biological control and growth-promoting agents. Seven fungal isolates naturally associated with W. somnifera were able to colonize tomato seedlings. They were applied as conidial suspensions or a cell-free culture filtrate. All isolates enhanced treated tomato growth parameters by 21.5-90.3% over FORL-free control and by 27.6-93.5% over pathogen-inoculated control. All tested isolates significantly decreased by 28.5-86.4% disease severity over FORL-inoculated control. The highest disease suppression, by 86.4-92.8% over control and by 81.3-88.8% over hymexazol-treated control, was achieved by the I6 isolate. FORL radial growth was suppressed by 58.5-82.3% versus control when dual cultured with tested isolates and by 61.8-83.2% using their cell-free culture filtrates. The most active agent was identified as Fusarium sp. I6 (MG835371), which displayed chitinolytic, proteolytic, and amylase activities. This has been the first report on the potential use of fungi naturally associated with W. somnifera for FCRR suppression and for tomato growth promotion. Further investigations are required in regard to mechanisms of action involved in disease suppression and plant growth promotion.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Agentes de Control Biológico/metabolismo , Endófitos/metabolismo , Fusarium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Withania/microbiología , Amilasas/metabolismo , Quitinasas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Tallos de la Planta/microbiología , Proteolisis

RESUMEN

This study was conducted to evaluate different doses of two species of Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis), on growth parameters, chemical composition of fish, activity of liver, and digestive enzymes of Asian sea bass. During 8 weeks, juvenile Asian sea bass received diets supplemented with 1 × 103, 1 × 106, and 1 × 109 CFU g-1 probiotic in addition to a control diet without added microorganisms. At the end of the trial, growth indices (total weight, total length, specific growth rate, total weight gain, food conversion ratio, and condition factor), body composition (crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and dry matter), digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase), liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], immunologic indicators (lysozyme), and hematological parameters [hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs)] were assessed. Asian sea bass receiving diets supplemented with probiotic Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) showed significantly better growth than those fed the basal diet (control). Regarding body composition, total protein levels and dry matter were higher and lipid levels were lower in fish fed the diet containing 1 × 106 CFU g-1 probiotic compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, and Hb) were all highest in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 106 CFU g-1 probiotic Bacillus. Also, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) were lower in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 106 CFU g-1 probiotic Bacillus. Being that supplementation of 1 × 106 CFU g-1 of Bacillus in the diet is the dose which delivers the best results.

Asunto(s)

Bacillus/fisiología , Lubina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Probióticos/farmacología , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Lubina/sangre , Lubina/inmunología , Lubina/metabolismo , Composición Corporal , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lipasa/metabolismo , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Probióticos/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

Microorganisms associated with plants have a great biotechnological potential, but investigations of these microorganisms associated with native plants in peculiar environments has been incipient. The objective of this study was to analyze the plant growth-promoting bacteria potential of cultivable bacteria associated with rare plants from the ferruginous rocky fields of the Brazilian Iron Quadrangle. The roots and rhizospheres of nine endemic plants species and samples of a root found in a lateritiric duricrust (canga) cave were collected, the culturable bacteria isolated and prospected for distinct biotechnological and ecological potentials. Out of the 148 isolates obtained, 8 (5.4%) showed potential to promote plant growth, whereas 4 (2.7%) isolates acted as biocontrol agents against Xanthomonas citri pathotype A (Xac306), reducing the cancrotic lesions by more than 60% when co-inoculated with this phytopathogen in Citrus sinensis plants. Moreover, other 4 (2.7%) isolates were classified as potential bioremediation agents, being able to withstand high concentrations of arsenite (5 mM As3+) and arsenate (800 mM As5+), by removing up to 35% and 15% of this metalloid in solution, respectively. These same four isolates had a positive influence on the growth of both the roots and the aerial parts when inoculated with tomato seeds in the soil contaminated with arsenic. This is the first time that an investigation highlights the potentialities of bacteria associated with rare plants of ferruginous rocky fields as a reservoir of microbiota of biotechnological and ecological interest, highlighting the importance of conservation of this area that is undergoing intense anthropic activity.

Asunto(s)

Bacterias/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Biotecnología , Desarrollo de la Planta/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Rizosfera , Amilasas/metabolismo , Arseniatos/metabolismo , Arsénico/metabolismo , Arsénico/farmacología , Arsenitos/metabolismo , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/genética , Biodegradación Ambiental , Biodiversidad , Agentes de Control Biológico , Brasil , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Fertilizantes , Cianuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Fijación del Nitrógeno , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Patología de Plantas , Raíces de Plantas/química , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Sideróforos/metabolismo , Suelo/química , Microbiología del Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Xanthomonas/fisiología

RESUMEN

AIM: To evaluate the sialometric and sialochemical changes in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 74 participants were divided into three groups paired by sex and age: (a) Experimental 1 (E1)-morbid obesity (n = 40)-according to the Fobi-Capella technique, corresponding to the individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 40 kg/m2 prior to bariatric surgery; (b) Experimental 2 (E2)-the same individuals after surgery; and (c) control (C) (n = 34)-individuals with a BMI of nearly 23 kg/m2. The measure of salivary flow was carried out by collecting stimulated saliva. The pH was evaluated using the pocket pH meter, while the salivary buffer capacity (SBC) was determined by the titration method. Analyses of the salivary concentration of total proteins (TPs), amylase activity, urea, calcium (Ca++), and glucose were evaluated using the calorimetric method. RESULTS: Group E1, as compared with group C, presented the highest pH levels (p = 0.03), amylase activity (p = 0.00), and calcium (p = 0.00). The opposite was observed for glucose (p = 0.00), TP (p = 0.04), and urea (p = 0.04). Group E2, as compared with group C, revealed higher levels of amylase (p = 0.00) and calcium (p = 0.00). The opposite was observed for SBC (p = 0.01), PT (p = 0.00), and glucose (p = 0.00). Group E1, as compared with group E2, presented higher values of SBC (p = 0.00) and urea (p = 0.00). The lowest values were found for calcium and urea (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Both weight gain and bariatric surgery are risk factors for the oral condition, causing change in some important salivary components, such as TP, amylase, calcium, and glucose. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This article is a valuable addition to the scientific literature, due to its novelty. There are no papers that show salivary alterations related to bariatric surgeries.

Asunto(s)

Cirugía Bariátrica , Obesidad Mórbida/metabolismo , Obesidad Mórbida/cirugía , Saliva/metabolismo , Adulto , Amilasas/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calcio/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad Mórbida/fisiopatología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Factores de Riesgo , Eliminación Salival

RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to verify the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from water and bivalve mollusks. A high percentage of V. parahaemolyticus was isolated in natura, processed bivalves tissues, and surrounding water (75%, 20%, and 59%, respectively). The most potential virulence phenotype in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was amylase production (97%) followed by DNase (83%), phospholipase (70%), ß-hemolytic activity (57%). The tdh and trh genes were not detected. Besides, a high antimicrobial resistance was observed for ampicillin (97%), minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 400 µg and cephalothin (93%, MIC ≤ 100 µg). The absence of expression of tdh and trh virulence genes excluded the toxigenic potential of V. parahaemolyticus isolates; however, the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among the environmental strains is a risk to human health.

Asunto(s)

Bivalvos/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/efectos de los fármacos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/patogenicidad , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Brasil , Desoxirribonucleasas/metabolismo , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/aislamiento & purificación , Virulencia , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Microbiología del Agua

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The value of drain amylase on the first postoperative day after pancreatic resections has been described as an efficient predictor of pancreatic fistula. In spite of this, the cut-off point below which the drains can be removed early remains controversial. AIM: Validate the use of the amylase on the 1st postoperative day in the correlation with pancreatic fistula and define the value at which early drain removal is safe. METHOD: Were included patients undergoing Whipple surgery in the period of 2007 to 2016. Group 1 enrolled the ones who did not develop fistula and those who developed biochemical fistula for less than seven days postoperatively and group 2 included patients who developed persistent biochemical fistula between seven and 21 days and those with grade B and C fistula. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were included, 41 comprised group 1 and 20 group 2. The incidence of abdominal collections, need for reoperation and time of hospitalization were for group 1 and 2, respectively: 17.1%, 17.1% and 9.5 days, and 65%, 40% and 21.1 days. The median of the amylase from the drain at 1st postoperative day was in group 1 and 2, respectively: 175 U/l and 3172.5 U/l (p=0.001). Using a cut-off of 180 to predict the group to which the patient would belong there was obtained sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 100%, 48.8%, 50% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSION: It was validated the cut-off value of 180 U/l as appropriate to early drain removal.

Asunto(s)

Amilasas , Drenaje , Fístula Pancreática/diagnóstico , Pancreaticoduodenectomía , Cuidados Posoperatorios/métodos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Amilasas/análisis , Amilasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos