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BACKGROUND: Alveolitis occurs after dental extraction without blood clot formation, leading to an inflammatory process and bacterial contamination. Boric acid (BA) demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and osteogenic properties. This study aims to evaluate the possible antimicrobial effects and bone repair of BA in a rat model of alveolitis (dry socket). METHODS: 33 male Wistar rats were submitted to the extraction of the upper right incisor and dry socket induction. They were first divided into two groups: dry socket (n = 17) and dry socket + 0.75 % BA (n = 16). Samples for the microbiological analysis were collected immediately after dental extraction, at the detection of clinical alveolitis, 7, and 14 days after BA application. For microCT and histological analysis, samples from euthanized rats were used in 14 and 28 days after alveolitis detection. RESULTS: Higher bacterial counts were found in 4-5 days after alveolitis induction, compared to the baseline in both experimental groups, decreasing significantly after 7 and 14 days of treatment with BA (P < 0.05). The microCT evaluation displayed increased bone volume, bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and bone mineral density in a time-dependent manner, regardless of BA treatment. On the other hand, the number of trabeculae and total bone porosity decreased over the 28 days of the experiment in the dry-socket group and both groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Histological analysis did not differ on bone repair in both experimental groups. CONCLUSION: This was the first report investigating the effects of BA in a rat model of alveolitis regarding microbiological and bone repair aspects. The BA local application decreased the total aerobic and facultative bacteria counts and does not seem to benefit the bone repair after alveolitis development. This study paves the way for more studies involving alveolitis and different BA applications.

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PURPOSE: Dry socket (DS) is one the most common and symptomatic post-extraction complications; however, no consensus on its treatment has been reached. This study aimed to develop a novel dressing material for DS containing the phenolic agent guaiacol and evaluate its biological properties. METHODS: An inclusion complex of guaiacol and ß-cyclodextrin (Gu/ßcd) was prepared by freeze-drying. Its antibacterial activity over six oral bacteria was analyzed using the microdilution method, and its cytotoxicity in osteoblasts was assessed with the MTT assay. The alveolar healing process induced by Gu/ßcd was evaluated histologically after the treatment of DS in rats. RESULTS: ßcd complexation potentiated Gu's antibacterial effect and reduced its cytotoxicity in osteoblasts. Bone trabeculae were formed in the alveolar apices of rats treated with Gu/ßcd by day 7. On day 14, woven bone occupied the apical and middle thirds of the sockets; on day 21, the entire alveolus was filled by newly formed bone, which was in a more advanced stage of repair than the positive control (Alvogyl™). CONCLUSION: The improvement in Gu's biological properties in vitro and the rapid alveolar repair in comparison with Alvogyl™ in vivo demonstrated the benefits of the Gu/ßcd complex as a future alternative for the treatment of DS.

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Introducción: el propóleos, es una sustancia compleja, de origen vegetal, que preparan las abejas a partir de la recolección de resinas producidas en algunas plantas. Una de las actividades más importantes del propóleos es su actividad antimicrobiana, la cual se le atribuye básicamente a los flavonoides, ayuda en la cicatrización de las heridas, estimula el sistema inmunológico, antinflamatorio y antioxidante. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del propóleos al 8 por ciento en pacientes atendidos en la alveolitis. Método: se realizó un estudio experimental, tipo ensayo clínico controlado, fase lll, aleatorizado, a doble ciegas, en dos ramas. En el periodo comprendido de abril 2014 a abril 2015, atendidos en la consulta de urgencias del Policlínico Jimmy Hirzel de Bayamo. Resultados: los resultados mostraron para el grupo estudio 25 pacientes (62,5 por ciento) alivio del dolor a los 5 minutos de aplicado el medicamento, 30 pacientes (75 por ciento) no estaban inflamados en la tercera consulta, así como 36 pacientes (90 por ciento) tuvieron cicatrización y 33 pacientes (82,5 por ciento) respondieron favorablemente al tratamiento, en el grupo control, los resultados mostraron que 19 pacientes (47,5 por ciento) aliviaron el dolor a los 5 minutos de aplicado el medicamento, 25 pacientes (62,5 por ciento) no estaban inflamados, 34 pacientes (87,5 por ciento) tuvieron cicatrización total y 30 pacientes (75 por ciento) tuvieron una respuesta favorable al tratamiento. Conclusiones: no existieron diferencias significativas en la aplicación del tratamiento con propóleos al 8 por ciento con relación al tratamiento convencional(AU)

It was carried out an experimental study, controlled clinical trial type, phase III, randomized, double-blind, into two branches, to determine the effectiveness of propolis at 8 percent in patients suffering from alveolitis treated in the emergency department of the polyclinic Jimmy Hirzel, from April 2014 to April 2015. The research involved 80 patients from 15 to 50 years without premedication and compensated chronic diseases, thus study group was composed of 40 patients who were treated with propolis at 8 percent and the same number in the control group treated with alvogyl. The information was collected through a data collection form where the variables of pain, inflammation, scarring, and response to treatment were studied. The following results showed for the study group: 25 patients (62.5 percent) had pain relief within 5 minutes of applying the medicine, 30 patients (75 percent) were not swollen in the third consultation, and 36 patients (90 percent) were healing and 33 patients (82.5 percent) responded favorably to treatment. In the control group, the results showed that 19 patients (47.5 percent) got pain relieved within 5 minutes of applying the medicine, 25 patients (62.5 percent) were not swollen, 34 patients (87.5 percent) had complete healing, and 30 patients (75 percent) had a favorable response to treatment. The statistical results showed no significant differences in the application of treatment with a P value of 0.58(EU)

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Introducción: el propóleos, es una sustancia compleja, de origen vegetal, que preparan las abejas a partir de la recolección de resinas producidas en algunas plantas. Una de las actividades más importantes del propóleos es su actividad antimicrobiana, la cual se le atribuye básicamente a los flavonoides, ayuda en la cicatrización de las heridas, estimula el sistema inmunológico, antinflamatorio y antioxidante. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del propóleos al 8 por ciento en pacientes atendidos en la alveolitis. Método: se realizó un estudio experimental, tipo ensayo clínico controlado, fase lll, aleatorizado, a doble ciegas, en dos ramas. En el periodo comprendido de abril 2014 a abril 2015, atendidos en la consulta de urgencias del Policlínico Jimmy Hirzel de Bayamo. Resultados: los resultados mostraron para el grupo estudio 25 pacientes (62,5 por ciento)alivio el dolor a los 5 minutos de aplicado el medicamento, 30 pacientes(75 por ciento) no estaban inflamados en la tercera consulta, así como 36 pacientes (90 por ciento) tuvieron cicatrización y 33 pacientes (82,5 por ciento) respondieron favorablemente al tratamiento, en el grupo control, los resultados mostraron que 19 pacientes(47,5 por ciento) aliviaron el dolor a los 5 minutos de aplicado el medicamento, 25 pacientes (62,5 por ciento) no estaban inflamados, 34 pacientes (87,5 por ciento) tuvieron cicatrización total y 30 pacientes (75 por ciento)tuvieron una respuesta favorable al tratamiento. Conclusiones: no existieron diferencias significativas en la aplicación del tratamiento con propóleos al 8 por ciento con relación al tratamiento convencional(AU)

It was carried out an experimental study, controlled clinical trial type, phase III, randomized, double-blind, into two branches, to determine the effectiveness of propolis at 8 percent in patients suffering from alveolitis treated in the emergency department of the Polyclinic Jimmy Hirzel, from April 2014 to April 2015. The research involved 80 patients from 15 to 50 years without premedication and compensated chronic diseases, thus study group was composed of 40 patients who were treated with propolis at 8 por ciento and the same number in the control group treated with alvogyl. The information was collected through a data collection form where the variables of pain, inflammation, scarring, and response to treatment were studied. The following results showed for the study group: 25 patients (62.5 percent) had pain relief within 5 minutes of applying the medicine, 30 patients (75 percent) were not swollen in the third consultation, and 36 patients (90 percent) were healing and 33 patients (82.5 percent) responded favorably to treatment. In the control group, the results showed that 19 patients (47.5 percent) got pain relieved within 5 minutes of applying the medicine, 25 patients (62.5 percent) were not swollen, 34 patients (87.5 percent) had complete healing, and 30 patients (75 percent) had a favorable response to treatment. The statistical results showed no significant differences in the application of treatment with a P value of 0.58(EU)

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PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2 percent sodium iodide and 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar duas modalidades de tratamento da alveolite em ratos e discutir os primeiros achados de uma análise molecular neste modelo experimental. MÉTODOS: 84 ratos foram submetidos a uma extração dentária e foram divididos em quatro grupos: I- alvéolo não infectado (controle), II- alvéolo infectado sem tratamento, III- alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação de iodeto de sódio a 2 por cento e solução de peróxido de hidrogênio a 3 por cento, IV- alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com solução salina fisiológica e preenchimento com pasta a base de metronidazol. Os grupos foram subdivididos em períodos de sacrifício pós-operatório: 6/15/28 dias. Uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa microscópica foi realizada. Além disso, uma análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando RealTimePCR para avaliar a expressão de genes no reparo alveolar: o colágeno tipo I / COL-I, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular / VEGF, osteocalcina / OCN, fosfatase alcalina / ALP, fator de transcrição runt relacionados 2 / RUNX2 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa / TNF-α. RESULTADOS: O grupo I mostrou maior formação óssea, seguido pelos grupos IV, III, II, respectivamente. O grupo II apresentou maior infiltrado inflamatório e a cicatrização foi atrasada em comparação com outros grupos. Foi obtida uma correlação positiva entre a neoformação óssea e a expressão de OCN e RUNX2, infiltrado inflamatório com TNF-α e uma correlação negativa entre a neoformação óssea e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os tratamentos.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.

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A alveolite trata-se de uma condição na qual o alvéolo dental não apresenta uma via normal de reparação, transformando-se num grande problema para a prática clínica. Em razão de sua ocorrência, complicações e peculiaridades, essa enfermidade ainda é um assunto bastante discutido na classe odontológica. Inúmeros tratamentos são propostos para a cura da alveolite, entretanto, podem não fazer parte do conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas, dado o esquecimento e a baixa freqüencia com que ocorre atualmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência dessa complicação pós-exodôntica, em consultórios odontológicos particulares de Araçatuba/SP, e a capacitação dos cirurgiões-dentistas para o seu tratamento. Para isso, 100 profissionais foram entrevistados e 53 por cento deles relataram a existência de casos de alveolite em seus consultórios odontológicos, sendo empregado corretamente o tratamento local à cura dessa complicação, associado a medicação sistêmica

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AIM: In this study, the authors evaluate the use of a 10% metronidazole and 2% lidocaine ointment, using a lanolin base and mint as flavoring, to treat alveolitis in humans. METHODS: Twenty-five patients, with a diagnosis of alveolitis, were treated in the following way: locoregional anesthesia; surgical cleaning of the socket with alveolar curettes; saline solution irrigation with a 20 ml disposable syringe; and complete filling of the socket with the ointment. RESULTS: The analysis of the results showed that the painful symptoms were severe before and on the day of the treatment in 17 (68%) of the 25 patients treated. Post-treatment analysis presented 2 patients (18%) with severe painful symptoms after 24 h of the treatment and complete remission of painful symptoms after 48 h of the treatment with the ointment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the 10% metronidazole and 2% lidocaine ointment, with mint flavoring and lanolin as a base, can be used to treat alveolitis.

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The effectiveness of medicinal herbs as antimicrobial agents was tested on isolated microorganisms from an induced alveolitis and on alveolitis in rats. Sixteen ethanolic extracts from plants were prepared and tested. The plant materials were selected from ethnobotanic data and the best result was obtained with Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. The activity on Enterococcus, Bacillus corineforme, Streptococcus viridans and S. beta-hemolytic was better than the one presented by the antibiotic currently used for the treatment of alveolitis. The extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi has shown good wound-healing activity by histological analysis.

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The most common complication in the healing of extraction wounds is fibrinolytic alveolitis, which may also be termed "dry socket". Reduction in the incidence of this condition after the application of topical antibiotics and the use of systemic antibiotics has been reported. A histological study of disturbed alveolar socket healing in rats was carried out to analyze the influence of application of rifamycin B diethylamide (Rifocin M) associated or not with Gelfoam. Sixty-four male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar), weighing 120-150 g, were divided into 4 groups of 16 animals each. In the second group of rats which received implants of Gelfoam, there was an intense resorption of bone walls in the initial stage. The rats that received implants of Gelfoam saturated with Rifocin M (fourth group) showed better results than the second group. The third group (only irrigation with rifamycin) showed better bone formation in the alveolar socket compared to the first, second and fourth groups. Thus, these results showed that rifamycin irrigation is useful in the control of alveolar infections.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a anti-sepsia intrabucal com soluçäo de clorexedina a 0.2 por cento exerce influência sobre a reparaçäo de feridas de extraçäo dental. Foram empregados 45 ratos, divididos em 3 grupos (controle, soro fisiológico e clorexedina). A anti-sepsia (clorexedina) ou a simulaçäo da anti-sepsia (soro fisiológico) foi realizada antes da exodontia. Os animais foram sacrificados aos 3, 10 e 21 dias após a exodontia. Os autores concluíram que a anti-sepsia com soluçäo de digluconato de clorexedina 0.2 por cento näo interfere na cronologia da reparaçäo de feridas de extraçäo dental

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Os autores estudaram histologicamente a ação da radiação laser (tipo Arsênio-Gálio) na reparação de feridas de extração dental infectada, variando-se entre os grupos estudados o tempo de aplicação (2 e 4 minutos). Foi possível concluir que a aplicação da radiação laser acelerou o reparo alveolar infectado, sendo mais evidente nos tempos iniciais (6 e 15 dias) e no grupo onde a aplicação foi de 4 minutos

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Se desarrolla un método analítico donde se describen las especificaciones de calidad para el ungüento analgésico dental. Se identifica la benzocaína por espectrofotometría en la zona UV en concentración de 10 y 100 *g/mL, y se determina el valor de la extinción específica en ambos máximos característicos para la benzocaína, utilizándose para la valoración. Se identificó y valoró el grupo amino aromático. Se demostró que los excipientes no interfieren en la valoración , y se obtuvo un recuperado de 100 ñ 2

por los 3 métodos. Se propone un método para la valoración del eugenol, mediante la reacción de los grupos fenólicos presentes en la molécula, por fotometría con p-fenilendiamina sulfato en medio de bicarbonato de sodio y posterior oxidación con ferricianuro de potasio, locual forma un compuesto azul violáceo medible espectrofotométricamente a 596 nm; se comprobó en este máximo de absorción la conformidad con la ley de Beer. Se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles para la cuantificación del eugenol en el ungüento y se observó que ni la benzocaína, ni los excipientes de la formulación interfieren en este método

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Se desarrolla un método analítico donde se describen las especificaciones de calidad para el ungüento analgésico dental. Se identifica la benzocaína por espectrofotometría en la zona UV en concentración de 10 y 100 *g/mL, y se determina el valor de la extinción específica en ambos máximos característicos para la benzocaína, utilizándose para la valoración. Se identificó y valoró el grupo amino aromático. Se demostró que los excipientes no interfieren en la valoración , y se obtuvo un recuperado de 100 ñ 2 % por los 3 métodos. Se propone un método para la valoración del eugenol, mediante la reacción de los grupos fenólicos presentes en la molécula, por fotometría con p-fenilendiamina sulfato en medio de bicarbonato de sodio y posterior oxidación con ferricianuro de potasio, locual forma un compuesto azul violáceo medible espectrofotométricamente a 596 nm; se comprobó en este máximo de absorción la conformidad con la ley de Beer. Se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles para la cuantificación del eugenol en el ungüento y se observó que ni la benzocaína, ni los excipientes de la formulación interfieren en este método

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