RESUMEN
Introdução: No decorrer do século XIX surgiram as primeiras informações a respeito das substâncias químicas contidas nos alimentos. A partir dessas descobertas, a higiene alimentar como meio terapêutico estabeleceu critérios para a prescrição de azote (nitrogênio) e carbone (carbono), bem como recomendações alimentares nos diferentes ciclos de vida e estados de convalescença. Objetivos: Este trabalhou buscou analisar como e para que fins eram prescritos alguns alimentos cuja composição química era caracterizada pela presença do azote (nitrogênio) e carbone (carbono). Método: Foram utilizados como fonte de pesquisa os cadernos de visitas (prontuários) de embarcações encontrados no Arquivo Histórico da Marinha Portuguesa, os tratados médicos do período e publicações referentes à história da ciência e nutrição. Resultados e discussão: Nos cadernos de visitas consultados (anos 1859 e1863), as refeições à base de alimentos de origem animal (ricos em azote), como os caldos de carne e de galinha, foram as mais prescritas aos doentes, pois se pautavam nos princípios da dieta fibrinosa, que promovia a reparação tecidual e crescimento da matéria orgânica. Considerações finais: Ao longo dos dois últimos séculos, muitas teorias a respeito da função dos alimentos se modificaram, mas parte significativa de seus pressupostos foram constituídos no decorrer do século XIX.
Introduction: During the 19th century, emerged the first information about the chemical substances contained in food. From these discoveries, food hygiene as a therapeutic mean established criteria for the prescription of nitrogen (nitrogen) and carbon (carbon), as well as dietary recommendations in the different life cycles and convalescent states. Objectives: This work sought to analyze how and for what purposes some foods whose chemical composition was characterized by the presence of nitrogen (nitrogen) and carbon (carbon)were prescribed . Methodology: The visiting notebooks (medical records) of vessels found in the Historical Archive of the Portuguese Navy, medical treaties of the period and publications referring to the history of science and nutrition were used as a research source. Results and discussion: In the consulted notebooks (years 1859 and 1863), meals based on animal foods (rich in nitrogen), such as meat and chicken broths, were the most prescribed to patients, as they were based on principles of the fibrinous diet, which promoted tissue repair and growth of organic matter. Final considerations: Over the past two centuries, many theories about the function of food have changed, but a significant part of their assumptions were made during the 19th century.
Asunto(s)
Dietoterapia , Ciencias de la Nutrición , Alimentos/historia , Higiene Alimentaria , Ingesta Diaria RecomendadaRESUMEN
En esta editorial se analiza el concepto de seguridad alimentaria y se desarrollan tres de sus dimensiones (disponibilidad,acceso y utilización). Se destaca que la dimensión de disponibilidad (producción) está en una curva creciente, al tiempo que se plantea la duda sobre el impacto en la salud por los sistemas de producción actual. Esclarece acerca de la situación de inseguridad alimentaria creciente en las dimensiones de acceso (vinculadas fuertemente a las condiciones socioeconómicas) y de utilización (indicadores de epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad). Por último, aporta información relevada para Argentina y la contradicción de que su población atraviese situaciones de falta de acceso, siendo este país uno de los mayores productores de alimentos a nivel mundial.(AU)
In this editorial, the concept of food safety is analyzed and three of its dimensions (availability, access and use) are considered. It is emphasized that the dimension of availability (production) has an increasing curve, while raising questions about the impact on health by current production systems. It clarifies the situation of increasing food insecurity in the dimensions of access (strongly linked to socio-economic conditions), and utilization (epidemic indicators of overweightand obesity). Finally, it provides relevant information from Argentina and the contradiction of its population attracted by situations of lack of access, being one of the largest food producers countries worldwide. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Seguridad Alimentaria , Argentina/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Producción de Alimentos , Factores Culturales , Hambre Oculta , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Alimentos/historia , Obesidad/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Este artigo analisa as relações entre o modelo de produção industrial de alimentos e a existência, na atualidade, de um grande número de pessoas famintas. Metodologia: Foi usado o método dedutivo, amparado em revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: O modelo de agricultura consistente na utilização de enormes áreas de terra para a plantação de poucos produtos, em sua maioria direcionada ao mercado externo, traz consigo a lógica industrial; é agressivo à natureza e altamente dependente da técnica e da ciência. Este modelo não demonstrou melhorias no sentido de aplacar a fome mundial, uma vez que não produz alimentos, mas sim commodities, de modo que é impositivo verificar se é adequado à sociedade de risco e ao princípio da precaução. A sociedade de risco implica reconhecer a existência de uma série de riscos, que devem ser considerados nas decisões políticas e jurídicas, de modo que o Poder Público aja previamente à ocorrência dos possíveis perigos. Do mesmo modo atua o princípio da precaução, segundo o qual a dúvida sempre vem em benefício do meio ambiente. Conclusão: O uso da natureza não deve conduzir ao esgotamento dos recursos, a situações de risco à segurança alimentar ou à distribuição desigual de alimentos, mas sim à adoção de modelos de produção que coexistam com os ecossistemas e cuja finalidade seja, efetivamente, prover alimentos aos seres vivos.
Objective: This paper analyses the relations beween the industrial food production model and the existence of a great number of undernourished people nowadays. Methodology: It was used the deductive method, based on a bibliographical review. Results: The model of agriculture consisting in the use of enormous areas of land for the plantation of a few products, mostly for the outland market, was stablished. The model adopted carries the industrial logic; it is aggressive to nature and highly dependent of technique and science. This model showed no improvement to appease world famine, since it produces not food, but commodities, therefore, it is necessary to verify if it is appropriate to the risk society and to the precautionary principle. Risk society implies acknowledging the existence of many risks, which should be considered in political and judicial decisions, so that the governments act previously to the occurrence of possible damages. On the same basis, acts the precautionary principle, according to which the doubt always benefits the environment. Conclusion: The use of nature should not lead to the exhaustion of resources, risk situations to food security or unequal distribution of food, but to the adoption of production models which coexist with the environment and whose aim is indeed provide food for the living beings.
Objetivo: Este artículo analisa las relaciones entre el modelo de producción industrial de alimentos y la existencia, en la actualidad, de un gran numero de personas hambrientas. Metodología: Fué usado el método deductivo, amparado sobre una revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: El modelo de agricultura consistente en la utilización de largas áreas de tierra para la plantación de pocos productos, la mayoria destinada al mercado externo lleva la lógica industrial, es agresivo a la naturaleza y altamente dependiente de la tecnica y de la ciencia. Ese modelo no ha demostrado mejorías para calmar el hambre mundial, pues no produce alimentos, sino commodities, de modo que es necesario verificar si es adecuado a la sociedad de riesgo y al principio de la precaución. La sociedad de riesgo supone reconocer la existencia de una serie de riesgos, que deben ser considerados en las decisiones políticas y jurídicas, de modo que el Poder Público actúe previamente a la ocurrencia de posibles peligros. De la misma manera, actua el principio de la precaución, según el qual la duda siempre beneficia al medio ambiente. Conclusión: El uso de la naturaleza no debe conducir al agotamiento de los recursos, a situaciones de riesgo a la seguridad alimentar o a la distribución desigual de alimentos, sino a la adopción de modelos de producción que coexistan con los ecosistemas y cuya finalidad sea, efectivamente, suministrar alimentos a los seres vivos.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Agroindustria/efectos adversos , Seguridad Alimentaria , Industria de Alimentos , Producción de Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Alimentos/historiaRESUMEN
Simple pebble tools, ephemeral cultural features, and the remains of maritime and terrestrial foods are present in undisturbed Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene deposits underneath a large human-made mound at Huaca Prieta and nearby sites on the Pacific coast of northern Peru. Radiocarbon ages indicate an intermittent human presence dated between ~15,000 and 8000 calendar years ago before the mound was built. The absence of fishhooks, harpoons, and bifacial stone tools suggests that technologies of gathering, trapping, clubbing, and exchange were used primarily to procure food resources along the shoreline and in estuarine wetlands and distant mountains. The stone artifacts are minimally worked unifacial stone tools characteristic of several areas of South America. Remains of avocado, bean, and possibly cultivated squash and chile pepper are also present, suggesting human transport and consumption. Our new findings emphasize an early coastal lifeway of diverse food procurement strategies that suggest detailed observation of resource availability in multiple environments and a knowledgeable economic organization, although technologies were simple and campsites were seemingly ephemeral and discontinuous. These findings raise questions about the pace of early human movement along some areas of the Pacific coast and the level of knowledge and technology required to exploit maritime and inland resources.
Asunto(s)
Arqueología/métodos , Alimentos/historia , Historia Antigua , Migración Humana , Humanos , Perú , Tecnología/métodosRESUMEN
The article reflects on how the themes of hunger, consumption of soft drinks and consumption of beans and rice are addressed in Brazilian popular music. We investigate the years of military dictatorship (1964-1985). The focus of the analysis is on the so-called protest song, a musical genre characterized by aesthetic, cultural, political, ideological and social criticism to military rule. The study of the ideology and philosophy of language of Mikhail Bakhtin is the theoretical reference; especially his concepts of "ideological sign" and "word." Analysis reveals that the protest song portrayed elements of the economic, political and social contexts and led to the diffusion of healthy or unhealthy eating habits or ideologies, contributing to the construction of the Brazilian dietary identity.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas Gaseosas/historia , Dieta/historia , Disentimientos y Disputas/historia , Alimentos/historia , Música/historia , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Hambre , Sistemas Políticos/historiaRESUMEN
O artigo reflete sobre como as temáticas fome, consumo de refrigerantes e consumo de feijão com arroz são enfocadas na música popular brasileira. Investigamos os anos de ditadura militar (1964-1985). O foco da análise é a chamada canção de protesto, gênero musical caracterizado por críticas estético-cultural, político-ideológica e social aos governos militares. Tomando como referencial teórico os estudos de ideologia e filosofia da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, evidenciamos que a canção de protesto retratou elementos dos contextos econômico, político e social, e propiciou a difusão de hábitos e ideologias alimentares saudáveis ou não saudáveis, contribuindo para a construção da identidade alimentar brasileira.
The article reflects on how the themes of hunger, consumption of soft drinks and consumption of beans and rice are addressed in Brazilian popular music. We investigate the years of military dictatorship (1964-1985). The focus of the analysis is on the so-called protest song, a musical genre characterized by aesthetic, cultural, political, ideological and social criticism to military rule. The study of the ideology and philosophy of language of Mikhail Bakhtin is the theoretical reference; especially his concepts of “ideological sign” and “word.” Analysis reveals that the protest song portrayed elements of the economic, political and social contexts and led to the diffusion of healthy or unhealthy eating habits or ideologies, contributing to the construction of the Brazilian dietary identity.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Bebidas Gaseosas/historia , Dieta/historia , Disentimientos y Disputas/historia , Alimentos/historia , Música/historia , Brasil , Hambre , Sistemas Políticos/historiaRESUMEN
The Andean region is one of the eight world centers where plant and animal domestication originated. Given that food is a structural factor of social reality, a description is given of the close relationship that Andean men developed with their geographic surroundings, and the plants and animals they domesticated, giving rise to a remarkable culture that united the extraordinary nutritional richness of their traditional food with a food production, conservation and distribution system that led to a civilization who never experienced hunger. Some foods of ancient Peru are briefly described in the following review.
Asunto(s)
Alimentos/historia , Historia Antigua , PerúRESUMEN
La región andina es uno de los ocho centros originarios mundiales de domesticación de plantas y animales. Al ser la alimentación un factor estructurante de la realidad social, se describe la estrecha relación que desarrolló el hombre andino con su medio geográfico, y las plantas y animales que domesticó dando lugar a una cultura singular en la que aunó la extraordinaria riqueza nutricional de sus alimentos tradicionales, con un sistema de producción, conservación y distribución de los alimentos que permitió una civilización en la que no se conoció el hambre. En la siguiente revisión se presenta brevemente algunos alimentos del antiguo Perú.
The Andean region is one of the eight world centers where plant and animal domestication originated. Given that food is a structural factor of social reality, a description is given of the close relationship that Andean men developed with their geographic surroundings, and the plants and animals they domesticated, giving rise to a remarkable culture that united the extraordinary nutritional richness of their traditional food with a food production, conservation and distribution system that led to a civilization who never experienced hunger. Some foods of ancient Peru are briefly described in the following review.
Asunto(s)
Historia Antigua , Alimentos/historia , PerúRESUMEN
If, as the sociologist Pierre L. van den Berghe has suggested, cuisine is a significant expression of man's sociability, one might say that the seventeenth-century missionary Jean-Baptiste Labat was the single most social animal in the Caribbean islands in the 1690s. Although his primary responsibility on the island of Martinique was to serve the island's multiethnic population as a spiritual leader, le père Labat's memoirs chronicle the diverse culinary experiences of the missionary as he literally eats his way around the island, learning to prepare such delicacies as cocoa confit, roasted manatee, lizard en brochette, and parakeet en daube. Positing his unbridled interest in the culinary arts as a mark of his "obedience" to the duties assigned him as missionary, Labat's taxonomy of island delicacies and exotic tastes no doubt titillated the curiosity of his mainland readers while nevertheless grounding itself strongly in the values of order, authenticity, and industry so essential to Labat's apostolic mission. This article focuses on two "buccaneer barbecues" as examples of gastronomical experiences through which Labat was able to construct and negotiate new social, cultural, and symbolic meanings, exploring identity politics through the frame of the culinary arts in seventeenth-century Martinique.
Asunto(s)
Culinaria , Diversidad Cultural , Etnicidad , Alimentos , Simbolismo , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Región del Caribe/etnología , Culinaria/historia , Etnicidad/educación , Etnicidad/etnología , Etnicidad/historia , Etnicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etnicidad/psicología , Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , Martinica/etnología , Grupos de Población , Conducta Social/historia , Sociología/educación , Sociología/historiaRESUMEN
In Marcos Zapata's 1753 painting of the Last Supper in Cuzco, Peru, Christian symbolism is filtered through Andean cultural tradition. Zapata was a late member of the Cuzco School of Painting, a group comprised of few European immigrants and handfuls of mestizo and Indian artists. The painters in Cuzco learned mostly from prints of European paintings, and their style tends to blend local culture into the traditional painting of their conquistadors. Imagery was the most successful tool used by the Spaniards in their quest to Christianize the Andean population. By teaching locals to paint Christian subjects, they were able to infuse Christianity into Andean traditions. Zapata's rendering of the Last Supper utilizes this cultural blending while staying true to the Christian symbolism within the subject. Instead of the traditional lamb, Zapata's Last Supper features a platter of cuy, or guinea pig, an Andean delicacy stocked with protein as well as cultural significance. Cuy was traditionally a sacrificial animal at Inca agricultural festivals and in this way it offers poignant parallel to the lamb, as a traditional Christian sacrificial animal.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Cultural , Arte , Alimentos , Vacaciones y Feriados , Religión , Simbolismo , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Arte/historia , Europa (Continente)/etnología , Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Vacaciones y Feriados/historia , Vacaciones y Feriados/psicología , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/educación , Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Indígenas Sudamericanos/psicología , Perú/etnología , Religión/historia , Población Blanca/educación , Población Blanca/etnología , Población Blanca/historia , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
The present paper focuses on the reconstruction of the historical circumstances of knowledge production as well as and the debates about endemic goiter disease during the period 1916-1955 in Argentina. Taking into account the social, political and material dimensions, this text explores the re-signification of scientific and medical knowledge oriented to the prevention and health treatment, through the positioning of several social actors engaged all along the period, and the diverse historical and institutional contexts.
Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica , Dieta , Bocio Endémico , Medicina Preventiva , Salud Pública , Argentina/etnología , Investigación Biomédica/economía , Investigación Biomédica/educación , Investigación Biomédica/historia , Investigación Biomédica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Dieta/economía , Dieta/etnología , Dieta/historia , Dieta/psicología , Alimentos/economía , Alimentos/historia , Bocio Endémico/economía , Bocio Endémico/etnología , Bocio Endémico/historia , Bocio Endémico/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/economía , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/historia , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicina Preventiva/economía , Medicina Preventiva/educación , Medicina Preventiva/historia , Medicina Preventiva/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
In a study of residues from gourd and squash artifacts, we recovered starch grains from manioc (Manihot esculenta), potato (Solanum sp.), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), and algarrobo (Prosopis sp.) from feasting contexts at the Buena Vista site, a central Peruvian preceramic site dating to approximately 2200 calendar years B.C. This study has implications for the study of plant food use wherever gourds or squashes are preserved, documents the earliest evidence for the consumption of algarrobo and arrowroot in Peru, and provides insights into foods consumed at feasts.
Asunto(s)
Cucurbita/química , Cucurbitaceae/química , Alimentos/historia , Semillas , Almidón/química , Arqueología , Cerámica , Dieta/historia , Geografía , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Historia Antigua , PerúAsunto(s)
Antropología , Alimentos/historia , Cultura , Culinaria/historia , Conducta Alimentaria , BrasilRESUMEN
Considerando o "ato de comer" como ato humano e humanizador por excelência, este artigo procura traçar a trajetória histórica do fenômeno da refeição na tradição ocidental, partindo de referenciais culturais judaico-cristãos - a Bíblia - e helênicos - O banquete de Platão -, e analisar o processo de sua desumanização no contexto da sociedade industrial pós-moderna, assim como seus efeitos na cultura.
Considering the "act to eat" as human act par excellence, this article looks for to trace the historical trajectory of the phenomenon of the meal in the occidental tradition, starting of cultural referenciais Jewish-Christians - the Bible - and Greek - Platos Symposium - and to analyze the process of its inhumanization in the context of the after-modern industrial society, as well as its effect in the culture.
Asunto(s)
Alimentos/historia , DietaRESUMEN
This study evaluates the role of plant foods in the subsistence of hunter-gatherers that inhabited the Central East, Northwest, and Northeast Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene (ca. 3,000-500 years BP). The goal of the present study is to assess the temporal variation of dental caries ratio and wear rate in skeletal samples to ascertain if the biological information supports the dietary shift toward greater consumption of wild plant foods around 1,500 years BP, suggested by other types of evidence. The authors registered caries, antemortem and postmortem tooth loss, and tooth wear from eight samples belonging to hunter-gatherers from Patagonia for which chronological sequences from early late Holocene (ca. 3,000-1,500 years BP) up to final late Holocene (ca. 1,500-500 years BP) are available. The results indicate that caries percentages in Patagonian samples fall within the range established for hunter-gatherers but there are significant geographical differences. In addition, caries ratio does not change significantly through time, so the amount of carbohydrates consumed seems to have remained fairly constant since 3,000 years BP. In contrast, there is a marked temporal trend toward the reduction of wear rates in the three areas, suggesting a faster rate in early late Holocene than in final late Holocene. These results would reflect a change to less hard and/or abrasive diets in the final late Holocene, probably owing to differences in food processing methods employed.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/historia , Dieta/historia , Conducta Alimentaria , Alimentos/historia , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Plantas Comestibles , Adulto , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Femenino , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Masculino , Paleodontología , América del SurRESUMEN
The article seeks to identify the historical roots of food culture in hospital settings. It assumes that diet is not merely the result of technical and scientific concerns but is also historically constructed, created, and recreated in response to economic and sociocultural elements. The study conducted a preliminary survey of university, municipal, and hospital archives in Campinas, São Paulo, and included interviews with food service workers at three hospital institutions. Our conclusion is that more value has been placed on initiatives and actions related to technology than on initiatives identified with the domestic world; this may have contributed to a certain tendency for hospitals to neglect the issue of food, deemed of minor importance.