RESUMEN
O surgimento do alcoolismo como categoria médica no final século XIX foi contemporânea as intervenções médicas nas massas populacionais urbanas. Mais adiante, os Alcoólicos Anônimos (AA) surgem como uma irmandade com o propósito de tratar a "doença alcoólica" partindo de preceitos metódicos e espiritualistas. Este artigo objetiva discutir a constituição histórica e genealógica dos AA, destacando seus efeitos subjetivos em torno da categoria alcoolismo. Empreendemos um estudo bibliográfico utilizando a produção escrita dos AA, analisando os dados a partir da perspectiva foucaultiana. Constatamos que os AA individualizaram o diagnóstico de alcoolismo, até então concebido como uma doença social. Concluímos que os AA reformularam a concepção de doença alcoólica dando-lhe uma conotação subjetiva e inauguraram uma terapêutica pragmática cujo efeito foi uma nova construção identitária calcada em uma moral de vida
The emergence of alcoholism as a medical category in the late nineteenth century was contemporary to medical interventions in the urban masses. Later, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) emerged as a brotherhood for the purpose of treating 'alcoholic disease' from methodical and spiritualistic precepts. This article aims to discuss the historical and genealogical constitution of AA, highlighting its subjective effects around the category alcoholism. We conducted a bibliographic study using the written production of AA, analyzing the data from the Foucaultian perspective. We found that AA individualized the diagnosis of alcoholism, which was previously conceived as a social disease. We conclude that AA reformulated the conception of alcoholic disease giving it a subjective connotation and inaugurated a pragmatic therapy whose effect was a new identity construction based on a moral of life
El surgimiento del alcoholismo como categoría médica alfinal del siglo XIX fue contemporáneo a las intervenciones médicas en las masas populares urbanas. Mas adelante, los Alcohólicos Anónimos (AA) surgen como una hermandad con el propósito de tratar la 'enfermedad alcohólica' partiendo de preceptos metódicos y espiritualistas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la constitución histórica y genealógica de los AA, destacando sus efectos subjetivos en torno de la categoría alcoholismo. Emprendemos un estudio bibliográfico utilizando la producción escrita de los AA, analizando los dados a partir de la perspectiva de Foucault. Constatamos que los AA individualizaron el diagnóstico de alcoholismo, hasta entonces considerado como una enfermedad social. Concluimos que los AA reformularon la concepción de enfermedad alcohólica dándole una connotación subjetiva y inauguraron una terapéutica pragmática cuyo efecto fue una nueva construcción de identidad fundamentado en una moral de vida
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Terapéutica , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , AlcoholismoRESUMEN
The notion of recovery has become prominent in mental healthcare discourse in the UK, but it is often considered as if it were a relatively novel notion, and as if it represented an alternative to conventional treatment and intervention. In this paper, we explore some of the origins of the notion of recovery in the early 20th century in movements such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Recovery Inc. Whilst these phenomena are not entirely continuous with recovery in the present day, some important antecedents of the contemporary notion can be detected. These include the focus on the sufferers' interior space as a key theatre of operations and the reinforcement and consolidation of medical ways of seeing the condition without any immediate medical supervision of the actors being necessary. This has resonance with many contemporary examples of recovery in practice where the art of living with a mental health condition is emphasised without the nature of the psychopathological condition itself being challenged.
Asunto(s)
Genealogía y Heráldica , Trastornos Mentales/rehabilitación , Recuperación de la Salud Mental/historia , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Filosofía Médica , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Griffith Edwards made empirical contributions early in his career to the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), but the attitude he adopted towards AA and other peer-led mutual help initiatives constitutes an even more important legacy. Unlike many treatment professionals who dismissed the value of AA or were threatened by its non-professional approach, Edwards was consistently respectful of the organization. However, he never became an uncritical booster of AA or overgeneralized what could be learnt from it. Future scholarly and clinical endeavors concerning addiction-related mutual help initiatives will benefit by continuing Edwards' tradition of 'rigorous sympathy'.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Relaciones Interprofesionales , Londres , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/historiaRESUMEN
This historical research aimed to develop an accurate perception of the role of spirituality and religion within the history of Alcoholics Anonymous. Primary and secondary sources were reviewed. The study identified that Bill W. and Dr. Bob established the format for the support group based on the ideas of William James, which formed the base for the Oxford Groups. Alcoholics Anonymous was clearly viewed as a spiritual group and not a religion. The review also showed that the two founders had each experienced one of the two types of spiritual awakenings that James had addressed. These findings will help nurses clarify their own perceptions of this organization so they may accurately educate individuals who they are encouraging to participate in this program while recovering from an addiction.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/historia , Religión y Psicología , Alcoholismo/rehabilitación , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Rol de la Enfermera , Enfermeras y Enfermeros/psicología , Investigación en Enfermería , Espiritualidad , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
CONTEXT: The formation of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP) in the early 1970s dramatically expanded scientific and medical efforts to control alcoholism and drug abuse in the United States. METHODS: Drawing on a variety of primary, secondary, and archival sources, this article describes the creation and early years of these agencies. FINDINGS: I show that while the agencies appeared at roughly the same time, their creation involved separate sets of issues and actors. In addition, I show that SAODAP received more money and resources, even though advocates for alcoholics mobilized a stronger lobbying campaign. CONCLUSIONS: Two factors explain this discrepancy in money and resources: (1) alcoholism was framed as a public health problem, whereas drug abuse was drawn into broader debates about crime and social decline; and (2) alcohol programs relied on congressional support, whereas drug programs found champions at high levels of the Nixon administration. These political and cultural factors help explain why current programs for illegal drugs receive more federal support, despite alcohol's greater public health burden.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/prevención & control , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & control , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Política de Salud , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Maniobras Políticas , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.) , Sociedades , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This paper is divulging unpublished materials based on recent research on E. M. Jellinek who was the father of the scientific-medical agenda of alcohology. Results of our research in Hungarian archives not only open still unexplored realm for alcohol studies but also evoke fresh readings of its history. A good half of Jellinek's life has been uncharted and still contains terrain unbeknown to us. Following some infamous activity he fled from Hungary on the very same day (June 4, 1920) when the country lost two-thirds of its territory. After a ten-year roaming Jellinek's private Odyssey came to an end. He has started living his personal "American dream" in the country of his mother through the impersonal dream of alcohology, which was going to aspire to transform itself from a moral movement to an emerging interdisciplinary field of medicine. Jellinek had chosen to be uprooted and he managed to conceal his past in Budapest including his trans-generational past quite effectively. Authors have made an attempt to interpret the ambivalent tale and controversial personality of Jellinek embedded in the progress of alcohol studies.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/historia , Investigación Biomédica/historia , Formación de Concepto , Fraude , Comunicación Interdisciplinaria , Psicoanálisis/historia , Medicina Psicosomática/historia , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/psicología , Alcoholismo/terapia , Bioestadística/historia , Emigración e Inmigración , Familia/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Hungría , Relaciones Intergeneracionales , Principios Morales , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/historia , Placebos/administración & dosificación , Estados Unidos , Organización Mundial de la SaludAsunto(s)
Alcoholismo , Esperanza de Vida , Dinámica Poblacional , Grupos de Población , Problemas Sociales , Bebidas Alcohólicas/economía , Bebidas Alcohólicas/historia , Alcohólicos Anónimos/economía , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/economía , Alcoholismo/etnología , Alcoholismo/historia , Alcoholismo/psicología , Tasa de Natalidad/etnología , Comparación Transcultural , Conducta de Ingestión de Líquido , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Esperanza de Vida/etnología , Esperanza de Vida/historia , Dinámica Poblacional/historia , Grupos de Población/educación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/historia , Grupos de Población/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos de Población/psicología , Federación de Rusia/etnología , Problemas Sociales/economía , Problemas Sociales/etnología , Problemas Sociales/historia , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/psicología , U.R.S.S./etnología , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Although historians of addiction have long debated whether an oral culture of "sharing" or "Big Book"-based reading practices are foundational to 12-step recovery culture, the role other types of media have played in the development of contemporary recovery discourse has remained largely unexplored. This essay compares the production, reception and formal elements of the films The Lost Weekend and Smash Up in relation to the popularization of the disease concept of alcoholism. Through an analysis of archival sources, addiction narratives, and nascent alcoholism research, this paper argues that, by emphasizing the importance of popular representations of alcoholics above scientific inquiry, early recovering "experts" successfully promulgated the disease concept of alcoholism, but the testimonials of later recovering alcoholics became relegated to the sphere of popular culture.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/rehabilitación , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Películas Cinematográficas/historia , Percepción Social , Alcoholismo/historia , Personajes , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , PrejuicioRESUMEN
Misconceptions about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) abound in spite of (or because of) the thousands of theses, dissertations, books, professional and popular articles, and Internet commentaries that have been written about AA. One of the most pervasive characterizations of AA is that it is a "treatment" for alcoholism--a characterization that distorts the meaning of both mutual aid and alcoholism treatment. This article describes 12 character-defining moments in the history of AA that highlight the differences between AA and alcoholism treatment.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcohólicos Anónimos/organización & administración , Alcoholismo/historia , Alcoholismo/terapia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This article examines the roles of gender and sexuality in the public and private debate over medicalizing inebriety in the United States from 1930-50. During this period various interest groups wrestled with two competing visions of how to frame chronic drinking, which came to be labelled alcoholism following the repeal of Prohibition. Mainstream doctors and psychiatrists agreed that the underlying cause of alcoholism was in the mind of the individual. A number of psychiatrists went further, suggesting a connection between alcoholism and latent homosexuality. In contrast, laypeople identifying themselves as alcoholics advanced a second, competing vision of alcoholism that framed it as a blameless physiological illness. This second understanding of alcoholism, particularly as promoted by members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), emphasized the need for restoring heteronormative gender roles for alcoholics (who were generally men) and their spouses (who were generally women) as an important step to recovery. Indeed, this may help to explain the success of AA and its medicalization model in the US from 1930-50, as both built upon widely held cultural assumptions concerning gender roles and sexuality.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/historia , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Distribución por Sexo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: To trace the evolution of Alcoholics Anonymous in Ireland from its establishment there in 1946, focusing on the efforts of early members to publicize the fellowship and negotiate a role for themselves in relation to existing religious and healthcare institutions. METHODS: Archival research, drawing mainly on primary sources in AA archives in New York and Dublin. RESULTS: Anticipated tensions between this fellowship, which had its roots in Evangelical Protestantism, and the politically powerful Roman Catholic Church in Ireland were skillfully avoided; initial hostility from the medical profession quickly dissipated; and AA distanced itself from policy debate on the wider topic of alcoholism as disease. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively smooth introduction of AA to Ireland, the first European country in which it was established, may be attributed to the essentially pragmatic nature of the fellowship and the strategic abilities of its early members.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Catolicismo , Templanza , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Catolicismo/historia , Atención a la Salud , Política de Salud/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Irlanda , Templanza/psicologíaRESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades estructurales y de participación social de un grupo de alcohólicos anónimos (AA) y compararlas contra las de no alcohólicos (NA). Los resultados mostraron que a pesar de que los AA se mantenían por lo menos dos años sin beber aún presentaron diferencias importantes respecto de los NA en los puntajes promedio de participación social y estructural. La discusión se centra en la participación social y el aislamiento social como elemento alternativo que permita comprender más a fondo el fenómeno del alcoholismo
The objective of this work was to evaluate the structural properties and social participation of anonymous alcoholic group (AA) and comparing them against those of nonalcoholic (NA). The results showed that although the AA had at least two years without still drinking displayed important differences respect to the NA in the average of social and structural participation. The discussion is centered in the social participation and the social isolation like alternative element that allows to understand thorough more the phenomenon of the alcoholism
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Humanos , Redes Comunitarias/organización & administración , Redes Comunitarias , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Alcohólicos Anónimos/organización & administración , Apoyo Social , Grupos de Autoayuda/tendencias , Grupos de Autoayuda , Redes Comunitarias/provisión & distribución , Redes Comunitarias/estadística & datos numéricos , Redes Comunitarias/tendencias , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Grupos de Autoayuda/organización & administración , Grupos de Autoayuda/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupos de Autoayuda/normasRESUMEN
Extant historical scholarship in the Jungian literature and the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) literature does not provide a complete picture of the treatment of Rowland Hazard by C. G. Jung, an analysis that AA co-founder Bill Wilson claimed was integral to the foundation of AA in theory and practice. Wilson's original report resulted in archivists and historians incorrectly calibrating their searches to the wrong date. The current work definitively solves the mystery of the timing of Hazard's treatment with Jung by placing his preliminary analysis with Jung in the year 1926, rather than 1930 or 1931. Previously unexamined correspondence originating from Jung, Hazard, his cousin Leonard Bacon, his uncle Irving Fisher, and his aunt Margaret Hazard Fisher is supplemented by relevant primary and secondary source material.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcoholismo/historia , Teoría Junguiana/historia , Alcoholismo/terapia , Correspondencia como Asunto , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , SuizaAsunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/historia , Grupos de Autoayuda/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/rehabilitación , Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Alcohólicos Anónimos/organización & administración , Europa (Continente) , Salud Global , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Templanza , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Scientific evidence suggests substance-use disorder (SUD)-focused self-help group involvement is a helpful adjunct to SUD treatment, yet significant knowledge gaps remain. The principal aim of this review is to highlight areas of knowledge deficit and their implications for research and practice. To accomplish this, evidence regarding whether self-help group involvement is effective, for whom, and why, is reviewed. The appropriateness of self-help groups for certain subpopulations is considered with respect to psychiatric comorbidity, religious orientation, gender, and age. An increasingly rigorous body of evidence suggests consistent benefits of self-help group involvement. Regarding subpopulations, current evidence suggests non- or less-religious individuals benefit as much from self-help groups as more religious individuals and women become as involved and benefit as much as men. However, participation in, and effects from, traditional self-help groups for dually diagnosed patients may be moderated by type of psychiatric comorbidity. Some youth appear to benefit, but remain largely unstudied. Dropout and nonattendance rates are high, despite clinical recommendations to attend. Clinicians can significantly influence the effectiveness of self-help, but optimal methods and duration of facilitation efforts need testing. Greater understanding of the reasons why many do not attend or drop out would benefit facilitation efforts.
Asunto(s)
Alcohólicos Anónimos/historia , Investigación , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/historia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Historia del Siglo XX , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This article reconceives of secularization as a gradual process of increasing interaction between the (social) scientific and spiritual realms by examining the influence of Christian ideas of group confession on lay psychotherapeutic groups in Britain, Canada, and the U.S. in the early twentieth century. This article focuses on three religious group leaders of the interwar period: Frank Buchman (1878-1961), Gerald Heard (1889-1971), and Henry Burton Sharman (1865-1953). Influenced by Natural Theology and the holiness movement, they placed sin and its redemption within the world, reconceiving it as psychological individualism and its redemption as self-sacrifice to the group. This reconception endorsed the moral power of groups and influenced Alcoholics Anonymous and various groups within the Human Potential Movement.