RESUMEN
Abstract Clinodiplosis agerati, a new galling species that induces stem galls on Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) based on material collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is compared with the other Neotropical species. This is the first record of the Clinodiplosis in Ageratum.
Resumo Clinodiplosis agerati, uma nova espécie cecidógena que induz galhas caulinares em Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) é descrita e ilustrada (larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e galha) com base em material coletado em Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie é comparada com as outras espécies neotropicais. Este é o primeiro registro de Clinodiplosis em Ageratum.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Tumores de Planta/parasitología , Ageratum/parasitología , Dípteros/clasificación , Dípteros/fisiología , Pupa , Brasil , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/fisiología , LarvaRESUMEN
Clinodiplosis agerati, a new galling species that induces stem galls on Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) based on material collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is compared with the other Neotropical species. This is the first record of the Clinodiplosis in Ageratum.
Asunto(s)
Ageratum/parasitología , Dípteros/clasificación , Dípteros/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/fisiología , Tumores de Planta/parasitología , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Larva , Masculino , PupaRESUMEN
Emamectin is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide with low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment, and is considered an important component in pest-management programmes for controlling field crop pests. It is a powerful compound for controlling the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). A spray concentration of 25 mg AI litre-1 in a cotton field resulted in over 90% suppression of H armigera larvae up to day 28 after treatment, while similar mortality of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval, under the same conditions, was maintained for 3 days only. Emamectin is a potent compound for controlling the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) under both laboratory and field conditions and its activity on adults was over 10-fold greater than that of abamectin. Spray concentrations of 10 and 50 mg AI litre-1 in Ageratum houstonianum Mill flowers resulted in total suppression of adults up to day 11 and of larvae up to day 20 after treatment. Under standard laboratory conditions, emamectin exhibits a considerable activity on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard). Further studies are required to evaluate its potential activity on the latter pests under field conditions.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/parasitología , Disacáridos/toxicidad , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/toxicidad , Control de Plagas/métodos , Ageratum/parasitología , Animales , Ricinus communis/parasitología , Disacáridos/administración & dosificación , Gossypium/parasitología , Insectos/efectos de los fármacos , Insectos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Ivermectina/administración & dosificación , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Phaseolus/parasitología , Spodoptera/efectos de los fármacos , Spodoptera/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The allelopathic potential of Ageratum conyzoides was investigated under different environmental stress conditions, including nutrient deficiency. physical damage, 2.4-D treatment, competition with Bidens pilosa, infection with Erysiphe cichoracearum, and feeding by Aphiids gossypii. The inhibitory effects of A. conyzoides volatiles on peanut (Arachis hypogaea), redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and ryegrass (Lolium multiforum) increased when plants were grown under nutrient-deficient conditions or in competition with B. pilosa; however, there was no difference with physical damage or 2.4-D treatment. Phytoinhibitory effects decreased under fungal infection and aphid feeding. Volatiles from A. conyzoides plants infected with E. cichoracearum or exposed to A. gossypii feeding inhibited or killed fungi and insects. Precocenes and their derivatives, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes were the major volatile components of A. conyzoides.