RESUMEN

Clinical trials have reported that a four-oil intravenous lipid emulsion (SMOFlipid) play a positive role in immune function, but showed inconsistent outcomes compared to other lipid emulsions. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of SMOFlipid on liver function, triglycerides (TG), inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in hospitalized adults after short-term use compared to others. A search of the PubMed, Medline, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases was performed to identify the included randomized controlled trials. Trials with adults who were administrated a short-term course of SMOFlipid were included. A meta-analysis on liver function markers, TG, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes was conducted. A total of 18 randomized controlled trials with 1188 patients were included. Compared to other lipid emulsions, SMOFlipid was associated with a significant reduction in ALT, AST, γ-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, TG, C-reactive protein and length of hospital stay. No effect on serum interleukin-6 levels or adverse events were observed. For adult patients, our meta-analysis indicated that SMOFlipid may be beneficial to the liver and prone to prevent hyperlipidemia. The SMOFlipid also shortened length of hospital stay.

Asunto(s)

Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Tiempo de Internación , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Aceite de Oliva/farmacología , Nutrición Parenteral , Aceite de Soja/farmacología , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/química , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/metabolismo , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Aceites de Pescado/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/prevención & control , Inflamación/prevención & control , Hígado/metabolismo , Aceite de Oliva/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Aceite de Soja/sangre , Aceite de Soja/uso terapéutico , Triglicéridos/farmacología , Triglicéridos/uso terapéutico

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Most children do not meet dietary guidelines for fish intake. Fish is the main source of EPA (20:5n-3), DHA (22:6n-3) and vitamin D, but may replace better iron sources such as meat. We investigated if intake of 300 g/week oily fish was achievable in children and how it affected their nutrient status. Additionally, we validated a fish food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by correlations against EPA + DHA in red blood cells (RBC). METHODS: In a randomised 12-week trial, 199 children (8-9 years) received oily fish or poultry (control) to be eaten five times/week. We measured dietary intake and analysed fasting RBC EPA + DHA, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), blood haemoglobin and plasma ferritin. RESULTS: 197 (99%) children completed the study. The median (25th-75th percentile) intake was 375 (325-426) and 400 (359-452) g/week oily fish and poultry, respectively. The fish group increased their intake of EPA + DHA by 749 (593-891) mg/day and vitamin D by 3.1 (1.6-3.8) µg/day. Endpoint RBC EPA + DHA was 2.3 (95% CI 1.9; 2.6) fatty acid %-point higher than the poultry group (P < 0.001). The fish group avoided the expected 25(OH)D winter decline (P < 0.001) and had 23%-point less vitamin D insufficiency (winter subgroup, n = 82). Haemoglobin and ferritin decreased slightly in both groups (P < 0.05), but the number of children with low values did not change (P > 0.14). FFQ estimates moderately reflected habitual intake (r = 0.28-0.35) and sufficiently captured intervention-introduced changes in intake (r > 0.65). CONCLUSION: Oily fish intake of 300 g/week was achievable and improved children's EPA + DHA and 25(OH)D status, without markedly compromising iron status. These results justify public health initiatives focusing on children's fish intake.

Asunto(s)

Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Encuestas Nutricionales/estadística & datos numéricos , Alimentos Marinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Dinamarca , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas Nutricionales/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangre

RESUMEN

Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate immune cell functions. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different lipid emulsions (LEs) with supplemented doses of fish oil (FO) on serum cytokine concentration and in vitro cytokine production in patients with intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition (HPNPs). We hypothesized that FO supplementation would diminish lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production. Twelve HPNPs receiving Smoflipid for at least 3 months were given FO (Omegaven) for a further 4 weeks. After this cycle, the patients were randomized to subsequently receive 1 cycle with Lipoplus and 1 cycle with ClinOleic for 6 weeks or vice versa plus 4 weeks of added Omegaven after each cycle in a crossover design. Comparison of the baseline LE regimens showed lower LPS-stimulated production of IL-1ß in the HPNPs on Lipoplus than on the Smoflipid and ClinOleic regimens, as well as lower IL-8 compared to the Smoflipid regimen. Omegaven reduced IL-8 concentration in serum under the Lipoplus regimen and diminished LPS-stimulated production of IL-1ß under the Smoflipid and ClinOleic. IL-6 and TNF-α production was depressed only in those on Smoflipid. Irrespective of the LE used, the HPNPs compared to the healthy controls showed higher IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations in serum and LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 as well as lower n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte phospholipids. LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 correlated negatively with the parenteral dose of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid. In conclusion, FO-supplemented parenteral nutrition suppresses in vitro cytokine production.

Asunto(s)

Citocinas/sangre , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Nutrición Parenteral en el Domicilio/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Cruzados , Suplementos Dietéticos , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/metabolismo , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid-fish oil (FO) and argan oil (AO)-on some risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as platelet aggregation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. METHODS: To explore this, four groups of six male rats were fed with different diets: The first group received a standard diet (control); the second group received a high-fat diet; the third was fed with a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% FO, and the last group received a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% AO. RESULTS: After 8 wk of the diet, AO showed a decrease in plasma lipids similar to that of FO. However, unlike FO, AO had no significant effect on hepatic lipid levels. On the other hand, supplementation with AO and FO similarly reduced platelet hyperactivity induced by high-fat diet. Concerning the results of oxidative stress, AO showed an antioxidant effect in the tissues and platelets greater than that observed in the high-fat FO group. CONCLUSIONS: For rats, the consumption of FO prevented the development of adiposity, restored insulin sensitivity, decreased plasma and liver lipid levels, and also prevented the prothrombotic effect. Intake of AO as a food supplement did not affect adiposity or liver lipid levels but decreased plasma lipid levels and improved oxidative status and platelet activity. FO and, to a lesser degree, AO thus represent promising nutritional tools in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Lípidos/sangre , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Depression is common in adolescents and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are suggested to be associated with depression. However, research in adolescents is limited. Furthermore, self-esteem has never been studied in relation to LCPUFA. The objective here was to determine associations of depression and self-esteem with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Omega-3 Index (O3I), n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (n-6 DPA, also called Osbond acid, ObA), n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in blood of adolescents attending lower general secondary education (LGSE). METHODS: Baseline cross-sectional data from a krill oil supplementation trial in adolescents attending LGSE with an O3I ≤ 5% were analysed using regression models built with the BayesFactor package in R. Fatty acids and O3I were determined in blood. Participants filled out the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE). RESULTS: Scores indicative of depression (CES-D ≥ 16) were found in 29.4% of the respondents. Of all fatty acids, we found extreme evidence [Bayes factor (BF) > 100] for a weak negative association between ObA and depression score [- 0.16; 95% credible interval (CI) - 0.28 to - 0.04; BF10 = 245], and substantial evidence for a weak positive association between ObA and self-esteem score (0.09; 95% CI, - 0.03 to 0.20; BF10 = 4). When all fatty acids were put in one model as predictors of CES-D or RSE, all of the 95% CI contained 0, i.e., no significant association. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for associations of DHA, EPA and O3I with depression or self-esteem scores in LGSE adolescents with O3I ≤ 5%. The associations of higher ObA status with lower depression and higher self-esteem scores warrant more research.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Araquidónico/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/sangre , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/sangre , Autoimagen , Adolescente , Animales , Ácido Araquidónico/administración & dosificación , Estudios Transversales , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Método Doble Ciego , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Euphausiacea , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The effect of different lipid emulsions (LEs) within the parenteral nutrition (PN) regimen of adult home PN (HPN) patients is not clear. This study investigated the effect of changing adult HPN patients from a soybean oil based LE (Intralipid) to either a fish oil containing LE (providing n-3 fatty acids) (SMOFLipid) or an olive oil based LE (ClinOleic). METHODS: Thirty two adults receiving long-term HPN with Intralipid as the LE were transferred to receive either SMOFLipid (n = 13) or ClinOleic (n = 19) for 60 days. Liver function markers, cholesterol, triglycerides, a full profile of fatty acids, and several cytokines were measured at study entry and after 60 days. RESULTS: SMOFLipid did not affect liver function markers, blood lipids or plasma cytokines. ClinOleic lowered both gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (P = 0.044) and interleukin-8 (P = 0.030) concentrations. Both LEs induced marked changes in the fatty acid profile of plasma. SMOFLipid resulted in significant decreases in the proportions of linoleic acid, several other n-6 fatty acids and the essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency indicator mead acid and significant increases in the proportions of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. ClinOleic resulted in significant decreases in the proportions of some saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, several n-6 fatty acids, all n-3 fatty acids and mead acid and a significant increase in the proportion of oleic acid. The ratio of mead to arachidonic acid in plasma was not altered by either SMOFLipid or ClinOleic. No patient had a mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio of >0.2, the cut-off used to indicate EFA deficiency. CONCLUSION: Both SMOFLipid and ClinOleic significantly alter the fatty acid profile of plasma in adult HPN patients previously using Intralipid. Neither LE induces EFA deficiency in these patients. SMOFLipid did not alter liver function markers or inflammation. In contrast, ClinOleic decreased some, though not all, markers of liver function and inflammation. SMOFLipid and ClinOleic may both be considered for use in adult HPN patients.

Asunto(s)

Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Aceite de Oliva/farmacología , Nutrición Parenteral en el Domicilio/métodos , Fosfolípidos/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceite de Soja/farmacología , Adulto , Colesterol/sangre , Citocinas/sangre , Emulsiones/farmacología , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Hígado/fisiología , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Masculino , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Aceite de Soja/sangre , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation has been shown to improve plasma lipid profiles in men and post-menopausal women, however, data for pre-menopausal women are lacking. The benefits of intakes less than 1 g/day have not been well studied, and dose⁻response data is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich tuna oil on plasma triglyceride (TG) lowering in pre-menopausal women, and investigate if low dose DHA-rich tuna oil supplementation would increase the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle sizes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, in which 53 healthy pre-menopausal women with mildly elevated plasma TG levels consumed 0, 0.35, 0.7, or 1 g/day n-3 LCPUFA as HiDHA™ tuna oil or placebo (Sunola oil) capsules for 8 weeks. Supplementation with 1 g/day n-3 LCPUFA, but not lower doses, reduced plasma TG by 23% in pre-menopausal women. This was reflected in a dose-dependent reduction in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG (R² = 0.20, p = 0.003). A weak dose-dependent shift in HDL (but not LDL) particle size was identified (R² = 0.05, p = 0.04). The results of this study indicate that DHA-rich n-3 LCPUFA supplementation at a dose of 1 g/day is an effective TG-lowering agent and increases HDL particle size in pre-menopausal women.

Asunto(s)

HDL-Colesterol/sangre , VLDL-Colesterol/sangre , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Premenopausia , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto , Animales , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Lipoproteínas VLDL/sangre , Tamaño de la Partícula , Atún , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Krill (Euphausia superba) is a small marine crustacean with a lipid content. The mechanism of Krill oil function is not clear yet and research reports on the absorption rate of the phospholipids of krill oil in the blood and brain are very poor. METHODS: We studied the effect of oral short-term and long-term administration of Krill oils (KOs) on bioavailability in the blood and brain of rats. For short-term testing of fish and KO bioavailability, rats were divided into four groups: normal, fish oil (FO), Krill oil 1 (KO), and Krill oil 2 (CKO). The blood and brain were collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral administration (1000 mg/rat). Five hundred milligrams of FO, KO, and CKO were orally administered daily for 2 weeks for long-term administration, and then the brain and blood were collected. RESULTS: Two types of KOs showed high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the PL. The EPA content of CKO and KO were 41.13 and 32.49%, respectively. After short-term KO administration, KO showed a higher EPA content than CKO in the blood after 2 h. KO showed higher content of DHA than CKO even after 2 h. FO increased until 8 h, but then decreased rapidly until 12 h. Although the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content of KOs was lower than the total UFS content in FO, the remaining UFS content in the brain was higher than that in FO over time. Following oral administration of FO, KO, and CKO for 1 and 2 weeks, triglycerides (TG) and PL contents in the blood for KOs were slightly higher than for FO. EPA and DHA levels in the brain were slightly higher in KOs following long-term administration, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Base on these findings, KOs have functional potential for the brain and vascular diseases, and can be utilized as a multi-functional material composed mainly of functional ingredients.

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo/metabolismo , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/sangre , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Euphausiacea/química , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Administración Oral , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Química Encefálica , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fish oil (FO) is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have cardio-protective effects. This study aims to evaluate effects of FO in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adults male Wistar rats were assigned to control (4 µl corn oil/g corn oil given by oral gavage), FO (4 µl Menhaden FO/g body weight given by oral gavage), diabetes (DM, 35 mg/kg STZ single intraperitoneal injection, corn oil), and DM + FO groups for 8 weeks. Plasma and cardiac biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated. STZ-induced diabetes as indicated by the significant increase in serum levels of glucose and percentage of glycated hemoglobins. FO reduced plasma arachidonic acid (AA) percentage and ratio of AA: docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and cardiac levels of total nitrite, endothelin -1 (ET-1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased in the DM group, whereas cardiac activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. FO reduced cardiac nitrite and MPO, and plasma ET-1 levels. FO increased cardiac glutathione, catalase and SOD activities. Levels of thiobarbituric acid substances increased in the FO and DM groups with significant synergism in the DM + FO group. FO prevented cardiac fibrosis associated with DM and decreased cardiac transforming growth factor beta-1and p38 MAP kinases. Cardiac levels of matrix metalloproteinase -2 were significantly elevated in FO and DM + FO groups. CONCLUSIONS: FO decreased plasma and cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and myocardial fibrosis. FO could be used in diabetes to reduce risk and burden of CVDs.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/prevención & control , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Miocardio/metabolismo , Estreptozocina , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/sangre , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/inducido químicamente , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/patología , Fibrosis , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Dietary fatty acids can be both beneficial and detrimental to human health depending on the degree and type of saturation. Healthcare providers and research scientists monitor the fatty acid content of human plasma and serum as an indicator of health status and diet. In addition, both the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements are interested in circulating fatty acids (FAs) because they may be predictive of coronary heart disease. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a wide variety of reference materials (RMs) and Standard Reference Materials® (SRM®s) including blood, serum, plasma, and urine with values assigned for analytes of clinical interest. NIST SRM 2378 Fatty Acids in Frozen Human Serum was introduced in 2015 to help validate methods used for the analysis of FAs in serum, and consists of three different pools of serum acquired from (1) healthy donors who had taken fish oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 1 material), (2) healthy donors who had taken flaxseed oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 2 material), and (3) healthy donors eating "normal" diets who had not taken dietary supplements containing fish or plant oils (level 3 material). The use of dietary supplements by donors provided SRMs with natural endogenous ranges of FAs at concentrations observed in human populations. Results from analyses using two methods at NIST, including one involving a novel microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis procedure, and one at the CDC are presented here. These results and their respective uncertainties were combined to yield certified values with expanded uncertainties for 12 FAs and reference values with expanded uncertainties for an additional 18 FAs.

Asunto(s)

Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Ionización de Llama/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Conservación de la Sangre , Cromatografía de Gases/normas , Criopreservación , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/normas , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/normas , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Ionización de Llama/normas , Congelación , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/normas , Humanos , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , Estándares de Referencia

RESUMEN

Recent investigations have focused on the potential role of gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The 'dual-hit' hypothesis of PD speculates that a putative pathogen enters the brain via two routes: the olfactory system and the GI system. Here, we investigated (1) whether local exposures of the neurotoxin rotenone in the gut or the brain of mice could induce PD-like neurological and GI phenotypes as well as a characteristic neuropathology in accordance with this 'dual-hit hypothesis' and (2) the effects of a diet containing uridine and fish oil providing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in both models. Mice were given rotenone either orally or by an injection in the striatum. Dietary interventions were started 1 week before rotenone exposures. We found that (1) both oral and intrastriatal administration of rotenone induced similar PD-like motor deficits, dopaminergic cell loss, delayed intestinal transit, inflammation, and alpha-synuclein accumulation in the colon; (2) the uridine and DHA containing diet prevented rotenone-induced motor and GI dysfunctions in both models. The models suggest possible bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain for the genesis of PD-like phenotype and pathology. The dietary intervention may provide benefits in the prevention of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD.

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Uridina/administración & dosificación , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dieta , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedad de Parkinson/sangre , Rotenona/toxicidad , Uridina/sangre , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Krill oil (KO) and fish oil (FO) are good sources of health-benefiting long chain n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), EPA and DHA. There are conflicting outcomes on the bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFA from KO compared with FO. This study investigated the postprandial incorporation of LC n- 3 PUFA into plasma lipids following consumption of 5 capsules of KO or FO in comparison with olive oil (OO) control in healthy women. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: 10 women (aged 18-45 years) consumed a high-fat (15 g) breakfast, supplemented with 5 g of KO, FO, or OO in a random order with a minimum seven-day washout period between the supplementations. The LC n-3 PUFA content in KO was 907 mg compared with 1441 mg in FO. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and for the next 5 hours after test meal consumption on an hourly basis. RESULTS: Significant increases in plasma EPA concentrations were observed starting at 2 h after KO and FO consumption (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in either DHA or DPA between the three groups. The increases in plasma EPA concentrations were similar between the KO and FO groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The lower dose (31%) of EPA from KO led to a similar plasma EPA concentration as in the FO group, suggesting that EPA from KO may be more efficiently incorporated into plasma. This may be related to the high content of phospholipids and free fatty acids in KO.

Asunto(s)

Euphausiacea/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Periodo Posprandial , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceites/administración & dosificación , Aceites/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Mariscos , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The increased consumption of fish oil enriched-products exposes a wide diversity of people, including elderly and those with impaired health to relatively high amounts of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs). There is an ongoing debate around the possible adverse effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs on bleeding risk, particularly relevant in people with a medical history of cardiovascular events or using antithrombotic drugs. METHODS: This analysis of 8 clinical intervention studies conducted with enteral medical nutrition products containing fish oil as a source of n-3 LC-PUFAs addresses the occurrence of bleeding-related adverse events and effects on key coagulation parameters (Prothrombin Time [PT], (activated) and Partial Thromboplastin Time [(a)PTT]). RESULTS: In all the patients considered (over 600 subjects treated with the active product in total), with moderate to severe disease, with or without concomitant use of antithrombotic agents, at home or in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), no evidence of increased risk of bleeding with use of n-3 LC-PUFAs was observed. Furthermore there were no statistically significant changes from baseline in measured coagulation parameters. CONCLUSION: These findings further support the safe consumption of n-3 LC-PUFAs, even at short-term doses up to 10 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) or consumed for up to 52 weeks above 1.5 g/day, in selected vulnerable and sensitive populations such as subjects with gastrointestinal cancer or patients in an ICU. We found no evidence to support any concern raised with regards to the application of n-3 LC-PUFAs and the potentially increased risk for the occurrence of adverse bleeding manifestations in these selected patient populations consuming fish oil enriched medical nutrition.

Asunto(s)

Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Humanos

RESUMEN

Background: Dietary fish oils, rich in long-chain n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) [e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3)], modulate inflammatory reactions through various mechanisms, including gene expression, which is measured as messenger RNA concentration. However, the effects of long-term treatment of humans with DHA and EPA on various epigenetic factors-such as DNA methylation, which controls messenger RNA generation-are poorly described.Objective: We wanted to determine the effects of 6 mo of dietary supplementation with an n-3 FA preparation rich in DHA on global DNA methylation of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and the relation to plasma EPA and DHA concentrations in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients.Design: In the present study, DNA methylation in four 5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3' (CpG) sites of long interspersed nuclear element-1 repetitive sequences was assessed in a group of 63 patients (30 given the n-3 FA preparation and 33 given placebo) as an estimation of the global DNA methylation in blood cells. Patients originated from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled OmegAD study, in which 174 AD patients received either 1.7 g DHA and 0.6 g EPA (the n-3 FA group) or placebo daily for 6 mo.Results: At 6 mo, the n-3 FA group displayed marked increases in DHA and EPA plasma concentrations (2.6- and 3.5-fold), as well as decreased methylation in 2 out of 4 CpG sites (P < 0.05 for all), respectively. This hypomethylation in CpG2 and CpG4 sites showed a reverse correlation to changes in plasma EPA concentration (r = -0.25, P = 0.045; and r = -0.26, P = 0.041, respectively), but not to changes in plasma DHA concentration, and were not related to apolipoprotein E-4 allele frequency.Conclusion: Supplementation with n-3 FA for 6 mo was associated with global DNA hypomethylation in PBLs. Our data may be of importance in measuring various effects of marine oils, including gene expression, in patients with AD and in other patients taking n-3 FA supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00211159.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Islas de CpG , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Método Doble Ciego , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Inflamación/prevención & control , Elementos de Nucleótido Esparcido Largo , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

A causal link between increased intake of omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and increased incidence of allergic disease has been suggested. This is supported by biologically plausible mechanisms, related to the roles of eicosanoid mediators produced from the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid. Fish and fish oils are sources of long chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. These fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs particularly with regard to eicosanoid synthesis. Thus, n-3 PUFAs may protect against allergic sensitisation and allergic manifestations. Epidemiological studies investigating the association between maternal fish intake during pregnancy and allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies suggest protective associations, but the findings are inconsistent. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitisation to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic eczema in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence. A recent study reported that fish oil consumption in pregnancy reduces persistent wheeze and asthma in the offspring at ages 3 to 5 years. Eating oily fish or fish oil supplementation in pregnancy may be a strategy to prevent infant and childhood allergic disease.

Asunto(s)

Dermatitis Atópica/epidemiología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/epidemiología , Animales , Preescolar , Dermatitis Atópica/sangre , Dermatitis Atópica/prevención & control , Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Peces , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/sangre , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/prevención & control , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/prevención & control , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores de Riesgo , Alimentos Marinos

RESUMEN

There is clear evidence that nutritional strategy employed during pregnancy has profound influence on the offspring health outcomes. However, the effect of the quality and the quantity of maternal fat intake on maternal metabolic profile during different stages of pregnancy and its impact on pregnancy sustainability is not known. Female C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old) were fed diets varying in the quantity of fat (5% vs 11%) for two weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. The 5% fat diet was enriched with longer chain omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil. Maternal plasma and tissues were collected before mating and during pregnancy at days 6.5, 12.5 and 18.5. Plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, progesterone and estradiol levels were measured. Cholesterol efflux capacity of maternal plasma as well as the mRNA expression of placental steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and hepatic lipogenic genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, fatty acid synthase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1) was determined. Feto-placental weight and fetuses sustained throughout gestation were recorded. A low-fat maternal diet enriched with n-3 PUFA increased maternal plasma triacylglycerol and the mRNA expression of rate-limiting lipogenic enzymes, along with increasing cholesterol efflux capacity (P < 0.05), likely to meet fetal lipid demand during pregnancy. Furthermore, diet enriched with longer chain n-3 PUFA increased the maternal plasma concentration of progesterone and estradiol during pregnancy (P < 0.05), which coincides with an increase in the number of fetuses sustained till day 18.5. These novel findings may be important when designing dietary strategies to optimize reproductive capability and pregnancy outcomes.

Asunto(s)

Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Lipogénesis , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangre , Estradiol/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Edad Gestacional , Insulina/sangre , Lipogénesis/genética , Hígado/enzimología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Progesterona/sangre

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Murine experimental models of antiphospholipid syndrome (eAPLS) showed neurologic dysfunction and therapeutic effect of the anticoagulant enoxaparin is well established. Omega-3 fatty acids and curcumin, tested in neuroinflammation and auto-immunity diseases, might be interesting therapeutic candidates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these candidates on neurologic severity in eAPLS. METHODS: One month after immunization of BALB/c mice with beta-2-glycoprotein I, daily treatments were initiated with enoxaparin (1 mg/kg), omega-3 fatty acids (0.5 g/kg), and curcumin (200 mg/kg) for 3 months. RESULTS: Mortality was significantly decreased by enoxaparin and omega-3 treatments. Fish oil and curcumin group exhibited the highest mean of swimming behavior in forced swim test in surviving mice. Mice under omega-3 fatty acids or curcumin presented low anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. Cerebral histopathology revealed heavy inflammatory infiltrates in cortical and subcortical regions with vacuolization, swelling, and degeneration of astrocytes in the control group, with aggravation under curcumin; no infiltrate was retrieved in enoxaparin and omega-3 groups. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to demonstrate a potential therapeutic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in eAPLS. Enoxaparin and omega-3 fatty acids combination would be interesting for further investigation.

Asunto(s)

Síndrome Antifosfolípido/tratamiento farmacológico , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Animales , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/sangre , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Conducta Animal , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Curcumina/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enoxaparina/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Natación

RESUMEN

Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are essential unsaturated long-chain FAs necessary for proper health and growth. The objective of the authors in this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on maternal serum FA profiles. Participants (n = 150 pregnant women aged 18-35 years in Tabriz, Iran) were randomly assigned to receive either 1,000 mg fish oil supplements daily containing 120 mg docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or placebo from week 21 of pregnancy to delivery. The primary outcome measures were mean serum DHA and EPA proportion of total FAs at weeks 35-37 of pregnancy. Analyses were based on intention-to-treat. No significant differences were observed between the groups in consumption of fish and serum FAs levels at baseline. Fish oil supplementation significantly increased the mean DHA proportion of total FAs in the intervention compared to the placebo group at weeks 35-37 [adjusted Mean Difference (aMD) = 0.15; 95% CI 0.08-0.23]. The mean EPA proportion of total FAs also increased in the intervention group, but the difference between the groups was not significant (aMD = 0.04; 95% CI -0.01 to 0.08). The dietary recommendation for consumption of 1,000 mg/day fish oil supplements during pregnancy seems beneficial for better serum FA composition.

Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Método Doble Ciego , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangre , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Irán , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo/sangre , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise increases muscle mass and function in older adults, but responses are attenuated compared with younger people. Data suggest that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may enhance adaptations to resistance exercise in older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not been investigated in men. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on resistance exercise training-induced increases in muscle mass and function and whether these effects differ between older men and women. DESIGN: Fifty men and women [men: n = 27, mean ± SD age: 70.6 ± 4.5 y, mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.6 ± 4.2; women: n = 23, mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 3.3 y, mean ± SD BMI: 25.3 ± 4.7] were randomly assigned to either long-chain n-3 PUFA (n = 23; 3 g fish oil/d) or placebo (n = 27; 3 g safflower oil/d) and participated in lower-limb resistance exercise training twice weekly for 18 wk. Muscle size, strength, and quality (strength per unit muscle area), functional abilities, and circulating metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Maximal isometric torque increased after exercise training to a greater (P < 0.05) extent in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group in women, with no differences (P > 0.05) between groups in men. In both sexes, the effect of exercise training on maximal isokinetic torque at 30, 90, and 240° s-1, 4-m walk time, chair-rise time, muscle anatomic cross-sectional area, and muscle fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. There was a greater (P < 0.05) increase in muscle quality in women after exercise training in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group, with no such differences in men (P > 0.05). Long-chain n-3 PUFAs resulted in a greater decrease (P < 0.05) than the placebo in plasma triglyceride concentrations in both sexes, with no differences (P > 0.05) in glucose, insulin, or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation augments increases in muscle function and quality in older women but not in older men after resistance exercise training. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02843009.

Asunto(s)

Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Fuerza Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Tejido Adiposo , Anciano , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Grasas de la Dieta/sangre , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Humanos , Extremidad Inferior , Masculino , Movimiento , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Factores Sexuales , Torque , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of feeding traditional and renal protective foods (RPF) supplemented with functional food bioactives on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), lean body percent (LB%), and selected circulating biomarker and metabolite concentrations in a geriatric dog model. DESIGN: Randomized block design and cross-sectional study. SETTING: Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. dog colony. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-one geriatric dogs (mean age, 10.4; range, 7.9-14.2 years) and 30 mature-adult dogs (mean age, 5.0; range, 3.3-6.9 years). INTERVENTION: Geriatric dogs were fed one of three foods (n = 27 per group) for 6 months: a traditional RPF (control) that was energy dense and mildly protein-restricted, or control food supplemented with increasing amounts of functional food bioactives: fish oil, lipoic acid, fruits and vegetables, and higher quality protein sources [functional foods one (FF1) and two (FF2)]. Geriatric dogs were compared before and after the feeding trial with mature adult dogs. MEASUREMENTS: Renal function was assessed by GFR, LB% was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and circulating biomarkers and metabolites were measured in blood. RESULTS: Before the feeding trial, GFR (+28.2%), LB% (+18.6%), and serum total protein (+10.0%) were higher in mature versus healthy geriatric dogs (all P<0.001). Geriatric dogs consuming all three foods increased (P<0.001) GFR over time; group averages ranged from 13.0-16.9%. Dogs fed the highest supplemented level of bioactives (FF2) had lower (P<0.001) symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations (-14.3%). Feeding functional foods did not alter body weight, but increased (P<0.001) serum protein concentration (+6.7%). CONCLUSION: Supplementation with functional food bioactives can temporarily reverse the age-associated decline in renal function and serum total protein.

Asunto(s)

Envejecimiento/sangre , Evaluación Geriátrica , Riñón/fisiología , Absorciometría de Fotón , Anciano , Animales , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Peso Corporal , Carnitina/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/veterinaria , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/sangre , Frutas , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Humanos , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ácido Tióctico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Tióctico/sangre , Verduras