RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pogostemonis Herba has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. Patchouli essential oil (PEO) is the primary component of Pogostemonis Herba, and it has been suggested to offer curative potential when applied to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the pharmacological mechanisms of PEO for treating UC remain to be clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY: To elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of PEO for treating UC. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, transcriptomic and network pharmacology approaches were combined to clarify the mechanisms of PEO for treating UC. Our results reveal that rectal PEO administration in UC model mice significantly alleviated symptoms of UC. In addition, PEO effectively suppressed colonic inflammation and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, PEO can ameliorate UC mice by modulating gut microbiota, inhibiting inflammatory targets (OPTC, PTN, IFIT3, EGFR, and TLR4), and inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway. Next, the 11 potential bioactive components that play a role in PEO's anti-UC mechanism were identified, and the therapeutic efficacy of the pogostone (a bioactive component) in UC mice was partially validated. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the mechanisms through which PEO can treat UC, providing a rigorous scientific foundation for future efforts to develop and apply PEO for treating UC.
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Colitis Ulcerosa , Aceites Volátiles , Animales , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Ratones , Masculino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Pogostemon/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacología en Red , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/patologíaRESUMEN
Aquatic products are highly susceptible to spoilage, and preparing composite edible film with essential oil is an effective solution. In this study, composite edible films were prepared using perilla essential oil (PEO)-glycerol monolaurate emulsions incorporated with chitosan and nisin, and the film formulation was optimized by response surface methodology. These films were applied to ready-to-eat fish balls and evaluated over a period of 12 days. The films with the highest inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus were acquired using a polymer composition of 6 µL/mL PEO, 18.4 µg/mL glycerol monolaurate, 14.2 mg/mL chitosan, and 11.0 µg/mL nisin. The fish balls coated with the optimal edible film showed minimal changes in appearance during storage and significantly reduced total bacterial counts and total volatile basic nitrogen compared to the control groups. This work indicated that the composite edible films containing essential oils possess ideal properties as antimicrobial packaging materials for aquatic foods.
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Antibacterianos , Quitosano , Películas Comestibles , Emulsiones , Embalaje de Alimentos , Lauratos , Monoglicéridos , Nisina , Aceites Volátiles , Staphylococcus aureus , Nisina/farmacología , Nisina/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Lauratos/química , Lauratos/farmacología , Embalaje de Alimentos/instrumentación , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Emulsiones/química , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/farmacología , Monoglicéridos/química , Monoglicéridos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Perilla/químicaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chaihu Guizhi Decoction (CGD) has a long history of use in China for the treatment of influenza, which involves the use of a variety of aromatic herbs. Our previous studies have found that the contents of aromatic constituents in CGD affected the efficacy of treatment of influenza-infected mice, suggesting a clue that essential oil from CGD may play a relatively important role in ameliorating influenza induced pneumonia. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the anti-influenza potential of essential oil derived from Chaihu Guizhi Decoction (CGD-EO), to characterize and predict the key active components in CGD-EO, and to explore the mechanism of action of CGD-EO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CGD-EO was obtained by steam distillation, and the components of the essential oil were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in conjunction with the retention index. The constituents absorbed into the blood of mice treated with CGD-EO were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The potential anti-influenza active constituents and their possible action pathway were predicted by simulation using a network pharmacology approach. The protective effect of CGD-EO and its major components on H1N1/PR8-infected cells was determined using the CCK8 assay kit. Mice infected with influenza A virus H1N1/PR8 were administered different doses of CGD-EO orally and the body weights and lung weights were recorded. Mice with varying degrees of H1N1/PR8 infection were administered CGD-EO orally, and their daily weight, water consumption, and clinical indicators were recorded. Necropsies were conducted on days 3 and 5, during which lung weights were measured and lung tissues were preserved. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the H1N1/PR8 virus and inflammatory factors in lung tissue was analyzed using RT-qPCR. RESULTS: (E)-cinnamaldehyde was the most abundant compound in the CGD-EO. The results of serum medicinal chemistry combined with network pharmacological analysis indicated that (E)-cinnamaldehyde and 3-phenyl-2-propenal may be potential active components of the CGD-EO anti-influenza, and may be involved in the NF-κB signalling pathway. In vitro studies have demonstrated that both CGD-EO and cinnamaldehyde exert a protective effect on MDCK cells infected with H1N1/PR8. In a 0.5 TCID50 H1N1/PR8-induced influenza model, mice treated with CGD-EO at a dose of 63.50 µg/kg exhibited a reduction in lung index, pathological lung lesions, and H1N1/PR8 viral gene levels. In addition, CGD-EO treatment was found to regulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Moreover, following three days of administration, an upregulation of NF-κB mRNA levels in mouse lung tissue was observed in response to CGD-EO treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study indicate CGD-EO exerts a protective effect against H1N1-induced cytopathic lesions in vitro and is capable of alleviating H1N1-induced pneumonitis in mice. Moreover, it appears to be more efficacious in the treatment of mild symptoms of H1N1 infection. Studies have demonstrated that CGD-EO has antiviral potential to attenuate influenza-induced lung injury by modulating inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signalling pathways during the early stages of influenza infection. It is possible that (E)-cinnamaldehyde is a potential active ingredient in the anti-influenza efficacy of CGD-EO.
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Antivirales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Aceites Volátiles , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Ratones , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamiento farmacológico , Antivirales/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Perros , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/virología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Humanos , Femenino , Neumonía/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía/virología , Neumonía/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aimed to examine whether dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with turmeric essential could mitigate the effects of cyclic heat stress conditions. Intestinal and immunological parameters and gene expression were evaluated during the grower phase. A total of 320 21-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized design with a 4 (diet) × 2 (environment) factorial arrangement and eight replications of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without essential oil (EO, negative control) and three diets containing low (100 mg kg-1), intermediate (200 mg kg-1), or high (300 mg kg-1) levels of turmeric EO. In the heat stress group, dietary supplementation with turmeric EO at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 improved body weight, feed conversion, breast yield, and relative liver weight. These supplementation levels reduced villus width, increased villus/crypt ratio, reduced the H/L ratio, and improved hepatic (HSP70 and SREBP1) and intestinal (OCLN) gene expression in birds under heat stress. These findings support the hypothesis that turmeric EO can be used to improve or restore intestinal integrity, modulate inflammation parameters, and, consequently, enhance the performance of broilers challenged by cyclic heat stress.
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Pollos , Curcuma , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Expresión Génica , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Intestinos , Aceites Volátiles , Animales , Pollos/inmunología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Respuesta al Choque Térmico/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/veterinaria , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentación Animal , Calor , Hígado/metabolismo , Trastornos de Estrés por Calor/veterinaria , Trastornos de Estrés por Calor/prevención & control , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/genéticaRESUMEN
Perilla essential oil (PLEO) offers benefits for food preservation and healthcare, yet its instability restricts its applications. In this study, chitosan (CS) and TiO2 used to prepare composite particles. TiO2, after being modified with sodium laurate (SL), was successfully introduced at 0.1 %-3 % into the CS matrix. The resulting CS-SL-TiO2 composite particles can be formed by intertwining and rearranging through intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, and form an O/W interface with stability and viscoelasticity. The Pickering emulsions stabilized by these particles exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, shear-thinning properties, and slow-release characteristics, along with antibacterial activity. Emulsions with 0.5 % and 1 % CS-SL-TiO2 composites demonstrated superior antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The study revealed that all emulsions undergo Fickian diffusion and a sustained release of PLEO, with the Ritger-Peppas model best describing this release mechanism. The slow-release behaviors positively correlates with interfacial pressure, composite particle size, composite particle potential, composite contact angle, emulsion particle size and emulsion potential, but negatively correlates with diffusion rate, penetration rate, release kinetics and release rate. The findings lay groundwork for developing slow-release antimicrobial emulsions within polysaccharide matrices, showcasing promise for antimicrobial packaging solutions and enhanced food preservation techniques.
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Antibacterianos , Quitosano , Emulsiones , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Titanio , Agua , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/farmacología , Titanio/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Agua/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Tamaño de la Partícula , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Liberación de FármacosRESUMEN
During storage and transportation, the reduction of microbial contamination and management of the exudation of fluids from the fish can effectively mitigate spoilage and degradation of fish fillets. In this work, the coaxial electrospinning films loaded with natural plant preservatives, namely laurel essential oil (LEO) and clove essential oil (CEO), were prepared by the coaxial electrospinning method synergistic with nanoemulsion techniques, and the hydrophilic preservation pads were prepared. The morphology of the film fiber is clear, without beads or damage, with fiber diameters falling within the 230-260 nm range. It has a distinct core-shell structure, exceptional thermal stability, and strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The core-shell structure of the fiber subtly regulates the release of preservatives and significantly improves the utilization efficiency. At the same time, the synergistic use of two essential oils can reduce the amount while amplifying their effectiveness. The pads significantly slowed down the increase of key indicators of spoilage, such as total viable count (TVC), pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA), and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), during the storage of the fish fillets. Furthermore, the pads effectively slowed down the decline in water-holding capacity, the deterioration of textural qualities, and the negative changes in the microstructure of the fish muscle. Ultimately, the pads notably delayed the spoilage of fish fillets, extending their shelf life from 5 d to 9 d. The efficient utilization of biological preservatives in this film can provide technical support for the development of food preservation materials.
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Aceite de Clavo , Emulsiones , Aceite de Clavo/química , Aceite de Clavo/farmacología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Animales , Poliésteres/química , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , PecesRESUMEN
Chronic wounds represent a significant global health concern, statistically impacting 1-2% of the population in developed countries throughout their lifetimes. These wounds cause considerable discomfort for patients and necessitate substantial expenditures of time and resources for treatment. Among the emerging therapeutic approaches, medicated dressings incorporating bioactive molecules, including natural compounds, are particularly promising. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop novel antimicrobial dressings for wound treatment. Specifically, polycaprolactone membranes were manufactured using the electrospinning technique and subsequently coated with natural polyelectrolytes (chitosan as a polycation and a mixture of manuka honey with essential oils nanoemulsions as a polyanion) employing the Layer-by-Layer assembly technique. Physico-chemical and morphological characterization was conducted through QCM-D, FTIR-ATR, XPS, and SEM analyses. The results from SEM and QCM-D demonstrated successful layer deposition and coating formation. Furthermore, FTIR-ATR and XPS analyses distinguished among different coating compositions. The coated membranes were tested in the presence of fibroblast cells, demonstrating biocompatibility and expression of genes coding for VEGF, COL1, and TGF-ß1, which are associated with the healing process (assessed through RT-qPCR analysis). Finally, the membranes exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with higher bacterial strain inhibition observed when cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion was incorporated. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential application of nanocoated membranes for biomedical applications, such as wound healing.
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Miel , Aceites Volátiles , Poliésteres , Cicatrización de Heridas , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Poliésteres/química , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Membranas Artificiales , Leptospermum/química , Vendajes , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/farmacología , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Polielectrolitos/químicaRESUMEN
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and Zika, pose major public health challenges globally, affecting millions of people. The growing resistance of mosquito populations to synthetic insecticides underscores the critical need for effective and environmentally friendly larvicides. Although chemical pesticides can initially be effective, they often lead to negative environmental consequences and health hazards for non-target species, including humans. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and Delphinium speciosum extract on the larvae of three major mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The larvicidal activity of T. ammi essential oil and D. speciosum extract was evaluated through standard bioassays, using various concentrations of essential oils (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm) and extracts (160, 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 ppm) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) values after 24 h of exposure. Fresh plant materials were collected, with the essential oil extracted via hydro-distillation, and the extract prepared using methanol solvent extraction. The chemical composition of T. ammi essential oil was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the preliminary analysis of the chemical compounds in D. speciosum extract was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) techniques. The results indicated that the essential oil of T. ammi exhibited more effective larvicidal activity compared to the D. speciosum extract. Specifically, the essential oil demonstrated LC50 values of 18 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 19 ppm for Ae. aegypti. In contrast, the D. speciosum extract showed the strongest larvicidal effect against An. stephensi, with an LC50 of 517 ppm. Concentrations of 40 ppm of the essential oil and 1280 ppm of the extract resulted in 100% mortality across all three species. Both the essential oil of T. ammi and the D. speciosum extract exhibited concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared to the no-treatment group. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol (88.95%), o-cymen-5-ol (4.11%), and γ-terpinene (2.10%) as the major constituents of the T. ammi essential oil. Additionally, TLC verified the presence of alkaloids in both chloroform and methanolic extracts. Proton NMR identified a diterpene structure for these alkaloids. These findings suggest that T. ammi essential oil is a promising candidate for natural mosquito control strategies. Given its efficacy, further research is warranted to explore its potential in integrated vector management programs.
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Delphinium , Insecticidas , Larva , Mosquitos Vectores , Aceites Volátiles , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Mosquitos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Insecticidas/química , Delphinium/química , Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Dengue , Malaria/prevención & control , Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Filariasis , Culex/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Mosquitos/métodosRESUMEN
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and the Zika virus, pose significant global health challenges, affecting millions annually. Due to increasing insecticide resistance, there is a growing interest in natural alternatives for mosquito control. Lemongrass essential oil, derived from Cymbopogon citratus, has shown promising repellent and larvicidal properties against various mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal effect of lemongrass oil and its major compounds on Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector in China. GC-MS analysis identified the major compounds of lemongrass oil as ( +)-citronellal (35.60%), geraniol (21.84%), and citronellol (13.88%). Lemongrass oil showed larvicidal activity against An. sinensis larvae, with an LC50 value of 119.20 ± 3.81 mg/L. Among the major components, citronellol had the lowest LC50 value of 42.76 ± 3.18 mg/L. Moreover, citronellol demonstrated inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in An. sinensis larvae, assessed by homogenizing larvae at different time points following treatment. Molecular docking studies further elucidated the interaction between citronellol and AChE, revealing the formation of hydrogen bonds and Pi-Sigma bonds. Aromatic amino acid residues such as Tyr71, Trp83, Tyr370, and Tyr374 played a pivotal role in these interactions. These findings may contribute to understanding lemongrass oil's larvicidal activity against An. sinensis and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Anopheles , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa , Insecticidas , Larva , Aceites Volátiles , Aceites de Plantas , Animales , Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Anopheles/enzimología , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Insecticidas/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Cymbopogon/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Terpenos/farmacología , Terpenos/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , China , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Mosquitos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Monoterpenos/química , Aldehídos/farmacología , Aldehídos/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Essential oils are secondary metabolites of aromatic plants and are used in phytotherapy to treat various diseases. In the present study, eight selected essential oils - ajwain oil (Trachyspermum ammi L.), fennel oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare), thyme oil chemotype (ct.) thymol (Thymus vulgaris L.), tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel.), oregano oil (Origanum vulgare L.), mountain savory oil (Satureja montana L.), lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) and eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) -were examined for their antibacterial effect against Pasteurella (P.) multocida and Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica isolates from deep nasopharyngeal swab samples of fattening calves using agar diffusion and microdilution. All eight essential oils were effective against the tested isolates. Lemongrass oil proved to be the most potent of all eight essential oils, while fennel oil was only weakly effective. Different antimicrobial effects were observed between the two research methods. The effectiveness of ajwain, thyme, oregano and mountain savory oils was comparable in agar diffusion. However, this could not be reproduced using the microdilution method. P. multocida was found to be more sensitive to all essential oils tested than M. haemolytica. This study shows that the tested essential oils have antimicrobial in-vitro effects on P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates and that the examination method is associated with the test result.
INTRODUCTION: Les huiles essentielles sont des métabolites secondaires de plantes aromatiques et sont utilisées en phytothérapie pour le traitement de différentes maladies. Dans la présente étude, huit huiles essentielles sélectionnées huile d'ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.), huile de fenouil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare), huile de thym chémotype (ct.) thymol (Thymus vulgaris L.), huile d'arbre à thé (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel.), huile d'origan (Origanum vulgare L.), huile de sarriette de montagne (Satureja montana L. ), huile de citronnelle (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) et huile d'eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) ont été étudiées par diffusion sur gélose et microdilution pour leur effet antibactérien sur des isolats de Pasteurella (P.) multocida et de Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica provenant d'échantillons d'écouvillons nasaux profonds de veaux d'engraissement. Les huit huiles essentielles se sont révélées efficaces sur les isolats testés. L'huile de citronnelle s'est avérée être la plus puissante des huit huiles essentielles, tandis que l'huile de fenouil n'était que faiblement efficace. Des effets différents ont été observés entre les deux méthodes de recherche utilisées. Par exemple, l'efficacité des huiles d'ajowan, de thym, d'origan et de sarriette de montagne était comparable dans la diffusion sur gélose. Cependant, cela n>a pas pu être reproduit avec la méthode de microdilution. P. multocida s'est révélée plus sensible que M. haemolytica à toutes les huiles essentielles testées. Cette étude montre premièrement que les huiles essentielles testées ont une efficacité antimicrobienne in vitro sur des isolats cliniques de P. multocida et de M. haemolytica. Deuxièmement, elle montre que la méthode d'examen est associée au résultat du test.
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Mannheimia haemolytica , Aceites Volátiles , Pasteurella multocida , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Pasteurella multocida/efectos de los fármacos , Bovinos , Mannheimia haemolytica/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Nasofaringe/microbiología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The use of antibiotics as conventional feed additives in poultry operations have proven useful, however resulted serious health concerns to consumer due to their bio-accumulation, besides rising problem of antimicrobial resistance in microbes, thus, an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter have called for. One of the aim of the experiment was to assess the lone and combined effects of feeding of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils on growth performance, haematological parameters, relative lymphoid organ weight and innate immunity in early aged layer chick (male birds). A total of ninety, day-old chicks were randomly allotted into five groups: CO, Control group fed only poultry feed ; AGP, antibiotic growth promoter fed Avilomycin at the dose of 200 mg/kg of poultry feed; CH, chitosan oligosaccharide fed at the rate of 100 mg/kg feed; OE, blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils contained 1000 to 2000 mg/kg feed in a graded dose per week and CH + OE, chitosan oligosaccharide plus blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils at consistent rate and manner as followed for each of given feed additives when fed individually. Data on growth performance, samples for haematological parameters and innate immunity were measured and assayed on 7th, 21st and 42nd day post feeding (dpf) respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group; there is a marginal gain in body weight at 7th and 21st dpf in CH group and the corresponding CH + OE group. Feed conversion ratio in CH group was remarkably good at 7th and 21st dpf. No significant difference was observed in relative organ weights of thymus, spleen and Bursa of Fabricius in treatment groups as compared to control birds; however a significant rise in splenic weight index in OE fed birds at 42nd dpf noted. Haematological changes were inconsequential in treatment groups with an exception to enhancement of heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L ratio) in CH group at 42nd dpf. Serum lysozyme activity proportionately elevated in CH + OE group on 21st and 42nd dpf when measured against control group; on the other hand no detectable augmentation of gut lysozyme activity observed. Both serum bactericidal and gut bactericidal activity boosted in combinatorial group at 42nd dpf. These results indicated that early age feeding of chitosan individually or combination with organic acids and short chain fatty acids in layer chick is beneficial, as it has the potential to enhance body weight gain to some extent and improves systemic and localized innate immunity to offer protection against infectious assaults thus may avoid early chick mortality in farms.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Quitosano , Inmunidad Innata , Animales , Quitosano/administración & dosificación , Quitosano/farmacología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/inmunología , Masculino , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Distribución Aleatoria , Aceites Volátiles/administración & dosificación , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Oligosacáridos/administración & dosificación , Oligosacáridos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Mentha arvensis is an herbaceous plant commonly known as peppermint or Japanese mint. This study investigated the toxic potential and repellent efficacy of M. arvensis essential oil (MaEO) at varying concentrations (15.625-250 mg/mL) in Nauphoeta cinerea, along with its impact on biochemical parameters in N. cinerea. The potential of the major compounds as a new analgesic target was investigated using molecular docking. The essential oil was analyzed by gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the toxic potential, repellent property, and changes in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were evaluated as markers of oxidative stress. GC-MS results revealed that the main components were oxygenated monoterpenes such as menthol (71.31%), mentone (13.34%) and isomentone (5.35%). MaEO significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO), the levels of non-protein thiols and iron(II) at the concentration of 125 mg/mL in N. cinerea. Furthermore, the major components, L-(-)-Menthol and menthone demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption and high affinity with the target protein, suggesting possible links that contribute to the analgesic effect of MaEO.
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Antioxidantes , Peroxidación de Lípido , Mentha , Aceites Volátiles , Mentha/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacología , Repelentes de Insectos/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: We analyzed the expression of several genes implicated in the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7, treating bacteria with Esc(1-21), a derivative of peptide esculentin-1 in combination with three essential oils obtained from plants from the Cympopogon genus. METHODS: We used the checkerboard assay to determine the antimicrobial activity of the combinations. We analyzed the expression of some genes implicated in the pathogenicity and quorum sensing system of E. coli O157:H7 by real-time RT-PCR technique. RESULTS: Treatment of the bacteria with the peptide combined with oils had an efficacious antimicrobial activity. The analysis of gene expression showed that all used combinations regulate positively the espAD and ler genes, located in the pathogenicity island, named the locus of enterocyte effacement. None of the combinations affects the quorum sensing genes: lsrABCFKR and qseBC. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the use of essential oil/peptide combinations can be effective in fighting microbial infections.
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Cymbopogon , Escherichia coli O157 , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Aceites Volátiles , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Escherichia coli O157/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli O157/genética , Cymbopogon/química , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Percepción de Quorum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Plant essential oils (EOs)-based acaricides have been recognized as environmentally-friendly alternatives to synthetic acaricides because of their low toxicity against non-target species. Despite this, there are knowledge gaps regarding the toxicity mechanisms of plant EOs against non-target species. Here, the toxicology and enzymatic mechanism of Citrus reticulata and Citrus lemon EOs were evaluated against the vector pest, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and non-target ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Both EOs were mainly composed of d-Limonene, followed by ß-Myrcene and γ-Terpinene in C. reticulata, and (-)-ß-Pinene and γ-Terpinene in C. lemon. Citrus reticulata and C. lemon EOs were toxic to Hae. longicornis, with 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) values estimated at 0.43 and 0.98 µL/mL via nymphal immersion test, and 42.52 and 46.38 µL/mL via spray application, respectively. Among the constituents tested, ß-Myrcene was the most effective, with LC50 values of 0.17 and 47.87 µL/mL via immersion and spray treatment, respectively. A significant mortality of non-target Har. axyridis was found when treated by the EOs at concentrations two times greater than LC50 estimated against H. longicornis. The biochemical assay revealed that the EOs induced changes in the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in Hae. longicornis and Har. axyridis. The results demonstrated the acaricidal potential of citrus EOs and their major constituents for tick control, revealed the risk of the EOs to non-target species, and provided relevant insights into the mechanisms underlying their toxicity.
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Acaricidas , Citrus , Escarabajos , Ixodidae , Aceites Volátiles , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/toxicidad , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Ixodidae/efectos de los fármacos , Ixodidae/enzimología , Acaricidas/farmacología , Acaricidas/toxicidad , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacología , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/toxicidad , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacología , Limoneno/farmacología , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Monoterpenos/toxicidad , Ciclohexenos/toxicidad , Ciclohexenos/farmacología , Terpenos/farmacología , Catalasa/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Haemaphysalis longicornisRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: New findings are presented for Chaerophyllum coloratum L. on the volatile composition of the essential oil, based on data of hydrosol and fresh plant material, light and electron microscopy of leaves, and cytotoxic and antiviral activity. The widespread Apiaceae family includes many well-known and economically important plants that are cultivated as food or spices. Many produce essential oils and are generally a source of secondary metabolites and compounds that have numerous applications in daily life. In this study, the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ultrastructure and biological activity of the Mediterranean endemic species Cheaerophyllum coloratum L. are investigated, as literature data for this plant species are generally very scarce. The essential oil and hydrosol were extracted from the air-dried leaves by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition of both extracts was analysed by GC-MS in conjunction with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of VOCs from the hydrosol and the fresh plant material. In the composition of the essential oil, the oxygenated sesquiterpenes spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were the most abundant components. In the fresh plant material, non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes dominated, with ß-caryophyllene and germacrene D being the main components. The hydrosol was dominated by monoterpenes, with the oxygenated monoterpene p-cymen-8-ol being the most abundant. Light and electron micrographs of the leaf of C. coloratum show secretory structures, and we hypothesize that glandular leaf trichomes, secretory epidermal cells and secretory canals are involved in the production of volatiles and their secretion on the leaf surface. Since the biological potential of C. coloratum is poorly investigated, we tested its cytotoxic activity on cancer and healthy cell lines and its antiviral activity on plants infected with tobacco mosiac virus (TMV). Our results dealing with the composition, ultrastructure and biological activity show that C. coloratum represent a hidden valuable plant species with a potential for future research.
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Aceites Volátiles , Hojas de la Planta , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/ultraestructura , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/farmacología , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Antivirales/farmacología , Microextracción en Fase Sólida , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Pelargonium graveolens cultivated in Morocco were studied for their antioxidant and insecticidal activity against rice weevils (Sitophylus oryzae). The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by a spectrophotometric method and the phenolic compounds were extensively characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS. To evaluate antioxidant potential, three in vitro assays were used. In the DPPH test, the ethanolic extract was the most active, followed by the aqueous extract and the essential oil. In the reducing power assay, excellent activity was highlighted for both extracts, while in the Fe2+ chelating activity assay, weak activity was observed for both the essential oil and the ethanolic extract and no activity for the aqueous extract. Concerning insecticide activity, the toxicity of the essential oil and the extracts was tested against rice weevils; the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC99 were determined, as well as the lethal time required for the death of 50% (LT50) and 99% (LT99) of the weevils. The essential oil had the highest activity; 100% mortality of S. oryzae was observed around 5, 9, and 8 days for the essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively.
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Antioxidantes , Insecticidas , Aceites Volátiles , Pelargonium , Fitoquímicos , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Pelargonium/química , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Marruecos , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Animales , Gorgojos/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Piper hispidinervum essential oil (PHEO) against 11 Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The effects of sublethal doses of PHEO on the behavior (walking and flying), respiration, and population growth (ri) of the insect populations were investigated. PHEO toxicity was determined through concentration-mortality bioassays, with mortality curves established using increasing PHEO concentrations ranging from 140.00 to 1000.00 µL kg-1. Behavior was evaluated based on walking distance, walking time, walking speed, walking time proportion, flight height, and flight takeoff success. Respiration was measured via the respiratory rate, while population growth (ri) was assessed through the instantaneous growth rate. All 11 populations of S. zeamais were susceptible to PHEO, showing no signs of resistance. The populations exhibited varying behavioral and physiological responses to sublethal exposure to PHEO, indicating different mitigation strategies. The results confirm that PHEO possesses insecticidal potential for controlling S. zeamais populations. However, the observed behavioral and physiological responses should be considered when establishing control measures in pest management programs for stored products.
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Insecticidas , Aceites Volátiles , Piper , Gorgojos , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Gorgojos/efectos de los fármacos , Gorgojos/fisiología , Piper/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts, rich in beneficial chemical compounds, have diverse applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and agriculture. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of nine essential oil constituents (EOCs) against Escherichia coli, focusing on the effects of treatment pH and biosynthetic requirements. The impact of EOCs on bacterial inactivation in E. coli strains was examined using both nonselective and selective culture media. Computer-assisted drug design (CADD) methods were employed to identify critical binding sites and predict the main binding modes of ligands to proteins. The EOCs, including citral, α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, and linalool, demonstrated significant bacterial inactivation, particularly under acidic conditions. This study revealed that EOCs have an effect on the presence of sublethal damage to both the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Adding penicillin G to the repair medium prevents the recovery of sublethal injuries in E. coli treated with α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, linalool, and citral, indicating that peptidoglycan synthesis is essential for recovering from these injuries. However, penicillin G did not hinder the recovery process of most sublethally injured cells treated with the other assessed EOCs. Molecular docking studies revealed the favorable binding interactions of α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, linalool, and citral with the ß-lactamase enzyme Toho-1, indicating their potential as effective antibacterial agents. The findings suggest that EOCs could serve as viable alternatives to synthetic preservatives, offering new strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Antibacterianos , Escherichia coli , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites Volátiles , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacología , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/químicaRESUMEN
Using sous-vide technology in combination with essential oils offers the potential to extend the preservation of food items while preserving their original quality. This method aligns with the growing consumer demand for safer and healthier food production practices. This study aimed to assess the suitability of minimal processing of game meat and the effectiveness of vacuum packaging in combination with Piper nigrum essential oil (PNEO) treatment to preserve red deer meat samples inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes. Microbial analyses, including total viable count (TVC) for 48 h at 30 °C, coliform bacteria (CB) for 24 h at 37 °C, and L. monocytogenes count for 24 h at 37 °C, were conducted. The cooking temperature of the sous-vide was from 50 to 65 °C and the cooking time from 5 to 20 min. Additionally, the study monitored the representation of microorganism species identified through mass spectrometry. The microbiological quality of red deer meat processed using the sous-vide method was monitored over 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that the TVC, CB, and L. monocytogenes counts decreased with the temperature and processing time of the sous-vide method. The lowest counts of individual microorganism groups were observed in samples treated with 1% PNEO. The analysis revealed that PNEO, in combination with the sous-vide method, effectively reduced L. monocytogenes counts and extended the shelf life of red deer meat. Kocuria salsicia, Pseudomonas taetrolens, and Pseudomonas fragi were the most frequently isolated microorganism species during the 14-day period of red deer meat storage prepared using the sous-vide method.
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Listeria monocytogenes , Aceites Volátiles , Piper nigrum , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Piper nigrum/química , Piper nigrum/microbiología , Animales , Ciervos/microbiología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Almacenamiento de Alimentos/métodos , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Carne Roja/microbiología , Culinaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/químicaRESUMEN
AIMS: Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oils derived from Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon winterianus (Poaceae), and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Additionally, microemulsions formulated with these essential oils, along with their major components, were analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prepared microemulsions were characterized using polarized light microscopy and rheological techniques. The amoebicidal activity was determined by measuring the inhibitory concentration (IC50). Flow cytometry was employed to detect membrane damage and alterations in trophozoites size. The results revealed transparent and thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The essential oil from O. gratissimum exhibited a lower IC50, with values of 280.66 and 47.28 µg ml-1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. When microemulsions containing essential oils were tested, the IC50 values exhibited a reduction of over 80% after 24 h. Particularly, eugenol, a constituent of the O. gratissimum essential oil, displayed higher amoebicidal activity. The essential oils also caused damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the subsequent death of the trophozoites. CONCLUSIONS: The EOs of A. citrodora, C. winterianus, and O. gratissimum and their microemulsions showed antiparasitic effect against A. polyphaga trophozoites, representing promising alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by this protozoan.