RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: There are limited global data on ectopic pregnancy (EP) and molar pregnancy (MP), making it important to understand their epidemiology and management across different regions. Our study aimed to describe their prevalence for both conditions, severity of their complications and management among women in selected health facilities across 17 countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the WHO multi-country survey on abortion. Data were collected from 280 healthcare facilities across 11 countries in Africa and 6 in LAC. Sociodemographic information, signs and symptoms, management and clinical outcomes were extracted from medical records. Facility-level data on post-abortion care (PAC) capabilities were also collected, and facilities were classified accordingly. χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical data. RESULTS: The total number of women with EP and MP across both regions was 9.9% (2 415/24 424) where EP accounted for 7.8% (1 904/24 424) and MP for 2.1% (511/24 424). EP presented a higher severity of complications than MP. At admission, 49.8% of EP had signs of peritoneal irritation. The most common surgical management for EP was laparotomy (87.2%) and for MP, uterine evacuation (89.8%). Facilities with higher scores in infrastructure and capability to provide PAC more frequently provided minimal invasive management using methotrexate/other medical treatment (34.9%) and laparoscopy (5.1%). CONCLUSION: In Africa and LAC, EP and MP cause significant maternal morbidity and mortality. The disparity in the provision of good quality care highlights the need to strengthen the implementation of evidence-based recommendations in the clinical and surgical management of EP and MP.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Inducido , Mola Hidatiforme , Embarazo Ectópico , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , América Latina/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Prevalencia , Embarazo Ectópico/epidemiología , Embarazo Ectópico/terapia , Aborto Inducido/estadística & datos numéricos , Mola Hidatiforme/epidemiología , Mola Hidatiforme/terapia , Mola Hidatiforme/cirugía , Adulto Joven , AdolescenteRESUMEN
This study aims to characterize the molecular profile of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) among socially vulnerable immigrants residing in Brazil to investigate the introduction of uncommon HBV strains into the country. Serum samples from 102 immigrants with positive serology for the HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) were tested for the presence of HBV DNA by PCR assays. Among these, 24 were also positive for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The full or partial genome was sequenced to determine genotype by phylogenetic analysis. Participants were from Haiti (79.4%), Guinea-Bissau (11.8%), Venezuela (7.8%), and Colombia (1%). Of the 21 HBV DNA-positive samples, subgenotypes A1 (52.4%), A5 (28.6%), E (9.5%), F2 (4.8%), and F3 (4.8%) were identified. Among the 78 HBsAg-negative participants, four were positive for HBV DNA, resulting in an occult HBV infection rate of 5.1%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that most strains were likely introduced to Brazil by migration. Importantly, 80% of A5 sequences had the A1762T/G1764A double mutation, linked to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development. In conclusion, this study is the first report of HBV subgenotype A5 in Brazil, shedding new light on the diversity of HBV strains circulating in the country. Understanding the genetic diversity of HBV in immigrant communities can lead to better prevention and control strategies, benefiting both immigrants and wider society.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Genotipo , Virus de la Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Mutación , Filogenia , Humanos , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Hepatitis B/virología , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , ADN Viral/genética , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/genética , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/sangre , África/etnología , África/epidemiología , América Latina/etnología , América Latina/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is a challenging disease to diagnose and treat effectively with five-year survival rates below 50%. Previous patient experience research in high-income countries highlighted common challenges and opportunities to improve survival and quality of life for women affected by ovarian cancer. However, no comparable data exist for low-and middle-income countries, where 70% of women with the disease live. This study aims to address this evidence gap. METHODS: This is an observational multi-country study set in low- and middle-income countries. We aim to recruit over 2000 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer across multiple hospitals in 24 countries in Asia, Africa and South America. Country sample sizes have been calculated (n = 70-96 participants /country), taking account of varying national five-year disease prevalence rates. Women within five years of their diagnosis, who are in contact with participating hospitals, are invited to take part in the study. A questionnaire has been adapted from a tool previously used in high-income countries. It comprises 57 multiple choice and two open-ended questions designed to collect information on demographics, women's knowledge of ovarian cancer, route to diagnosis, access to treatments, surgery and genetic testing, support needs, the impact of the disease on women and their families, and their priorities for action. The questionnaire has been designed in English, translated into local languages and tested according to local ethics requirements. Questionnaires will be administered by a trained member of the clinical team. CONCLUSION: This study will inform further research, advocacy, and action in low- and middle-income countries based on tailored approaches to the national, regional and global challenges and opportunities. In addition, participating countries can choose to repeat the study to track progress and the protocol can be adapted for other countries and other diseases.
Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Neoplasias Ováricas , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias Ováricas/terapia , Neoplasias Ováricas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Ováricas/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Asia/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , América del Sur/epidemiología , Tasa de Supervivencia , Adulto , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
AIMS: To determine the overall prevalence of diabetic foot at risk according to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. We included cross-sectional studies or cohorts from 1999 to March 2022. We performed a meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effects model. We assessed heterogeneity through subgroup analysis by continent and other characteristics. RESULTS: We included 36 studies with a total population of 11,850 people from 23 countries. The estimated overall prevalence of diabetic foot at risk was 53.2% (95% CI: 45.1-61.3), I2 = 98.7%, p < 0.001. In the analysis by subgroups, South and Central America had the highest prevalence and Africa the lowest. The factors explaining the heterogeneity were the presence of chronic kidney disease, diagnostic method for peripheral arterial disease, and quality. The estimates presented very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of diabetic foot at risk is high. The high heterogeneity between continents can be explained by methodological aspects and the type of population. However, using the same classification is necessary for standardization of the way of measuring the components, as well as better designed general population-based studies.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Pie Diabético , Humanos , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Úlcera , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , África/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Investigating the interplay of factors that result in a viral zoonotic outbreak is difficult, though it is increasingly important. As anthropogenic influences shift the delicate balance of ecosystems, new zoonoses emerge in humans. Sub-Saharan Africa is a notable hotspot for zoonotic disease due to abundant competent mammalian reservoir hosts. Furthermore, poverty, corruption, and an overreliance on natural resources play considerable roles in depleting biological resources, exacerbating the population's susceptibility. Unsurprisingly, viral zoonoses have emerged in Africa, including HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian influenza, Lassa fever, Zika, and Monkeypox. These diseases are among the principal causes of death in endemic areas. Though typically distinct in their manifestations, viral zoonoses are connected by underlying, definitive factors. This review summarises vital findings on viral zoonoses in Africa using nine notable case studies as a benchmark for future studies. We discuss the importance of ecological recuperation and protection as a central strategy to control zoonotic diseases. Emphasis was made on moderating key drivers of zoonotic diseases to forestall future pandemics. This is in conjunction with attempts to redirect efforts from reactive to pre-emptive through a multidisciplinary "one health" approach.
Asunto(s)
Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Animales , Humanos , Zoonosis Virales/epidemiología , Ecosistema , Zoonosis/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , Pandemias , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , MamíferosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Due to its rarity and rapidly progressive nature, studying the epidemiology of ALS is challenging, and a comprehensive picture of the global burden of this disease is lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to describe the global incidence and prevalence of ALS. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL to identify articles published between January 1, 2010, and May 6, 2021. Studies that were population based and reported estimates of prevalence, incidence, and/or mortality of ALS were eligible for inclusion. This study focuses on the incidence and prevalence. Quality assessment was performed using a tool developed to evaluate methodology relevant to prevalence and incidence studies. This review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021250559. RESULTS: This search generated 6,238 articles, of which 140 were selected for data extraction and quality assessment. Of these, 85 articles reported on the incidence and 61 on the prevalence of ALS. Incidence ranged from 0.26 per 100,000 person-years in Ecuador to 23.46 per 100,000 person-years in Japan. Point prevalence ranged from 1.57 per 100,000 in Iran to 11.80 per 100,000 in the United States. Many articles identified cases with ALS from multiple data sources. DISCUSSION: There is variation in reported incidence and prevalence estimates of ALS across the world. While registries are an important and powerful tool to quantify disease burden, such resources are not available everywhere. This results in gaps in reporting of the global epidemiology of ALS, as highlighted by the degree of variation (and quality) in estimates of incidence and prevalence reported in this review.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/epidemiología , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Humanos , África/epidemiología , Asia/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , América del Norte/epidemiología , América del Sur/epidemiología , Oceanía/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is rapid growth of older people in Low- and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs). The aim of this review was to assess the literature on prevalence of anxiety and depression in this demographic, which to our knowledge, has not yet been conducted. METHODS: Databases including Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Scielo and African Journals Online were searched for terms including "mental disorders", "neurotic disorders", "mood disorders" and "anxiety disorders". Studies published between 1990 and 2020 providing data on older people (≥50 years) in LMICs (defined by World Bank Criteria) were included and quality-assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted on a subset of higher-quality studies to derive pooled prevalence estimates of depression. RESULTS: One hundred and forty relevant studies were identified, of which thirty-two were included in meta-analysis. One hundred and fifteen studies reported depression prevalence only, 19 reported both depression and anxiety, and six reported anxiety only. In all studies identified, depression prevalence ranged from 0.5 % to 62.7 %, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder prevalence ranged from 0.2 % to 32.2 %. The pooled prevalence of depression on meta-analysis was 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 % - 11.2 %). Reported prevalence rates of depression were significantly different in studies using ICD-10 compared with DSM criteria, and between community and clinical settings. LIMITATIONS: The search strategy contained bias towards English language papers and high income country (HIC) publications. There is significant heterogeneity within the meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: A wide range of methodologies and clinical criteria are used in prevalence studies of depression and anxiety in older people. Studies using screening tools found higher prevalence rates; clinicians and researchers should ensure diagnosis is made with gold-standard clinical criteria. Meta-analysis data suggest that rates of depression are similar in older people in LMICs compared to HICs but mental healthcare resources are limited, suggesting a large potential treatment gap.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad , Depresión , Humanos , Anciano , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/terapia , Prevalencia , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/terapia , Asia/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , América del Sur , Países en DesarrolloRESUMEN
African horse sickness is a vector-borne, non-contagious and highly infectious disease of equines caused by African horse sickness viruses (AHSv) that mainly affect horses. The occurrence of the disease causes huge economic impacts because of its high fatality rate, trade ban and disease control costs. In the planning of vectors and vector-borne diseases like AHS, the application of Ecological niche models (ENM) used an enormous contribution in precisely delineating the suitable habitats of the vector. We developed an ENM to delineate the global suitability of AHSv based on retrospective outbreak data records from 2005 to 2019. The model was developed in an R software program using the Biomod2 package with an Ensemble modeling technique. Predictive environmental variables like mean diurnal range, mean precipitation of driest month(mm), precipitation seasonality (cv), mean annual maximum temperature (oc), mean annual minimum temperature (oc), mean precipitation of warmest quarter(mm), mean precipitation of coldest quarter (mm), mean annual precipitation (mm), solar radiation (kj /day), elevation/altitude (m), wind speed (m/s) were used to develop the model. From these variables, solar radiation, mean maximum temperature, average annual precipitation, altitude and precipitation seasonality contributed 36.83%, 17.1%, 14.34%, 7.61%, and 6.4%, respectively. The model depicted the sub-Sahara African continent as the most suitable area for the virus. Mainly Senegal, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar and Malawi are African countries identified as highly suitable countries for the virus. Besides, OIE-listed disease-free countries like India, Australia, Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia have been found suitable for the virus. This model can be used as an epidemiological tool in planning control and surveillance of diseases nationally or internationally.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Enfermedad Equina Africana , Enfermedad Equina Africana , Ecosistema , Modelos Estadísticos , África/epidemiología , Enfermedad Equina Africana/epidemiología , Enfermedad Equina Africana/transmisión , Animales , Ceratopogonidae/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Caballos , India/epidemiología , Insectos Vectores/virología , Programas Informáticos , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , América del Sur/epidemiología , Temperatura , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with severe disruptions in health care services, and nonpharmacological measures such as social distancing also have an impact on access to screening tests and on the long-term care of patients with chronic conditions globally. We aimed to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV testing and treatment and to describe strategies employed to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on HIV care. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used secondary data from the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) Global Quality Program from 44 countries in four continents (Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Africa), and compared information on HIV testing, percentage of positive results, number of in-person appointments, and number of new enrolments in HIV care from 1 January 2020 to 31 August 2020 with the equivalent period in 2019. RESULTS: Despite marked inter-country heterogeneities, we found that COVID-19 was associated with a significant reduction in HIV testing, an increase in the percentage of positive tests, a reduction in the number of in-person consultations and a reduction in the number of new enrolments in care, despite the implementation of several mitigation strategies. The impact of COVID-19 differed across continents and key populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, in the years to come, health care services must be prepared to respond to the impact of COVID-19 on HIV testing and care. Providers and facilities should build on the lessons learned so far to further improve mitigation strategies and establish care priorities for both the pandemic and the post-pandemic periods.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Infecciones por VIH , Prueba de VIH , Pandemias , África/epidemiología , Asia/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/terapia , Prueba de VIH/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Tropical alluvial gold and gem miners are often an especially at-risk population for malaria infection. Geographical areas of mining-associated malaria epidemics in the recent past include Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar); the Amazon basin (Brazil, French Guyana, Suriname, Columbia, and Peru); and tropical Africa. Mobile populations of young adult men engaged in the hard labor of mining may experience severe malaria especially if they lack preexisting immunity and are irregularly consuming antimalarial drugs. Particular problems occur because much of this informal mining activity is illegal and done in isolated areas without access to health services and with evidence of emerging antimalarial drug resistance. Concentrating vulnerable populations in an ecologically disturbed landscape is often conducive to epidemics, which can then spread as these highly mobile workers return to their homes. Mining-associated malaria endangers malaria elimination efforts and miners need to be addressed as a group of particular concern.
Asunto(s)
Malaria/epidemiología , Mineros , África/epidemiología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Asia Sudoriental/epidemiología , Epidemias , Humanos , Masculino , Minería , América del Sur/epidemiología , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is frequent in travellers and can involve oro-nasal mucosae. Clinical presentation impacts therapeutic management. METHODOLOGY: Demographic and clinical data from 459 travellers infected in 47 different countries were collected by members of the European LeishMan consortium. The infecting Leishmania species was identified in 198 patients. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Compared to Old World CL, New World CL was more frequently ulcerative (75% vs 47%), larger (3 vs 2cm), less frequently facial (17% vs 38%) and less frequently associated with mucosal involvement (2.7% vs 5.3%). Patients with mucosal lesions were older (58 vs 30 years) and more frequently immunocompromised (37% vs 3.5%) compared to patients with only skin lesions. Young adults infected in Latin America with L. braziliensis or L. guyanensis complex typically had an ulcer of the lower limbs with mucosal involvement in 5.8% of cases. Typically, infections with L. major and L. tropica acquired in Africa or the Middle East were not associated with mucosal lesions, while infections with L. infantum, acquired in Southern Europe resulted in slowly evolving facial lesions with mucosal involvement in 22% of cases. Local or systemic treatments were used in patients with different clinical presentations but resulted in similarly high cure rates (89% vs 86%). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: CL acquired in L. infantum-endemic European and Mediterranean areas displays unexpected high rates of mucosal involvement comparable to those of CL acquired in Latin America, especially in immunocompromised patients. When used as per recommendations, local therapy is associated with high cure rates.
Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis Cutánea/parasitología , Adolescente , Adulto , África/epidemiología , Anciano , Antiprotozoarios , Niño , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmania/efectos de los fármacos , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medio Oriente/epidemiología , América del Sur/epidemiología , Viaje , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with protean manifestations that predominantly affects young women. Certain ethnic groups are more vulnerable than others to developing SLE and experience increased morbidity and mortality. Reports of the global incidence and prevalence of SLE vary widely, owing to inherent variation in population demographics, environmental exposures and socioeconomic factors. Differences in study design and case definitions also contribute to inconsistent reporting. Very little is known about the incidence of SLE in Africa and Australasia. Identifying and remediating such gaps in epidemiology is critical to understanding the global burden of SLE and improving patient outcomes. Mortality from SLE is still two to three times higher than that of the general population. Internationally, the frequent causes of death for patients with SLE include infection and cardiovascular disease. Even without new therapies, mortality can potentially be mitigated with enhanced quality of care. This Review focuses primarily on the past 5 years of global epidemiological studies and discusses the regional incidence and prevalence of SLE and top causes of mortality.
Asunto(s)
Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , Asia/epidemiología , Australasia/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Salud Global/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Incidencia , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/mortalidad , Prevalencia , América del Sur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between sarcopenia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate this association among community-dwelling adults aged≥65 years from six LMICs. METHODS: Cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) were analyzed. These data were obtained in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa in 2007-2010. Participants were considered to have sarcopenia if they had low skeletal muscle mass (i.e., lower skeletal mass index) and a weak handgrip strength. MCI was defined using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess associations. RESULTS: The final analytical sample consisted of 12,912 individuals aged≥65 years with preservation in functional abilities without stroke (mean [standard deviation] age 72.2 [10.8] years; 45.2% males). The overall prevalence of sarcopenia and MCI were 11.3% and 18.1%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a positive association between sarcopenia and MCI in all countries (i.e., odds ratio [OR]â>â1) with the exception of South Africa, and the overall estimate was ORâ=â1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]â=â1.32-1.93) with a low level of between-country heterogeneity (I2â=â0.0%). CONCLUSION: There was a positive association between sarcopenia and MCI in this sample of older adults living in LMICs. Causality should be assessed in future longitudinal research, while the utility of sarcopenia as a marker of MCI should also be investigated.
Asunto(s)
Disfunción Cognitiva/epidemiología , Vida Independiente , Sarcopenia/epidemiología , África/epidemiología , Anciano , Asia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Salud Global , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Pobreza , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
The epidemiology of human malaria differs considerably between and within geographic regions due, in part, to variability in mosquito species behaviours. Recently, the WHO emphasised stratifying interventions using local surveillance data to reduce malaria. The usefulness of vector surveillance is entirely dependent on the biases inherent in the sampling methods deployed to monitor mosquito populations. To understand and interpret mosquito surveillance data, the frequency of use of malaria vector collection methods was analysed from a georeferenced vector dataset (> 10,000 data records), extracted from 875 manuscripts across Africa, the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region. Commonly deployed mosquito collection methods tend to target anticipated vector behaviours in a region to maximise sample size (and by default, ignoring other behaviours). Mosquito collection methods targeting both host-seeking and resting behaviours were seldomly deployed concurrently at the same site. A balanced sampling design using multiple methods would improve the understanding of the range of vector behaviours, leading to improved surveillance and more effective vector control.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/fisiología , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Malaria/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/fisiología , África/epidemiología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Asia/epidemiología , Humanos , Malaria/epidemiología , Mosquitos Vectores/parasitología , América del Norte/epidemiología , Plasmodium/fisiología , América del Sur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is responsible for a substantial global burden of disease, not only restricted to its impact on human health, but also resulting in a considerable economic burden to smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. The life-cycle, parasitology and immunology of T. solium are complex, involving pigs (the intermediate host, harbouring the larval metacestode stage), humans (the definitive host, harbouring the adult tapeworm, in addition to acting as accidental intermediate hosts) and the environment (the source of infection with eggs/proglottids). We review the parasitology, immunology, and epidemiology of the infection associated with each of the T. solium life-cycle stages, including the pre-adult/adult tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis; post-oncosphere and cysticercus associated with porcine and human cysticercosis, and the biological characteristics of eggs in the environment. We discuss the burden associated, in endemic settings, with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans, and the broader cross-sectoral economic impact associated both with NCC and porcine cysticercosis, the latter impacting food-value chains. Existing tools for diagnostics and control interventions that target different stages of the T. solium transmission cycle are reviewed and their limitations discussed. Currently, no national T. solium control programmes have been established in endemic areas, with further work required to identify optimal strategies according to epidemiological setting. There is increasing evidence suggesting that cross-sectoral interventions which target the parasite in both the human and pig host provide the most effective approaches for achieving control and ultimately elimination. We discuss future avenues for research on T. solium to support the attainment of the goals proposed in the revised World Health Organisation neglected tropical diseases roadmap for 2021-2030 adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.
Asunto(s)
Taenia solium/fisiología , Teniasis/parasitología , África/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Asia/epidemiología , América Central/epidemiología , Cisticercosis/diagnóstico , Cisticercosis/epidemiología , Cisticercosis/parasitología , Cisticercosis/prevención & control , Humanos , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Prevalencia , Factores Sexuales , América del Sur/epidemiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Taenia solium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Taenia solium/inmunología , Teniasis/diagnóstico , Teniasis/epidemiología , Teniasis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is greatly threatening the public health in the world. We reconstructed global transmissions and potential demographic expansions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 based on genomic information. We found that intercontinental transmissions were rare in January and early February but drastically increased since late February. After world-wide implements of travel restrictions, the transmission frequencies decreased to a low level in April. We identified a total of 88 potential demographic expansions over the world based on the star-radiative networks and 75 of them were found in Europe and North America. The expansion numbers peaked in March and quickly dropped since April. These findings are highly concordant with epidemic reports and modelling results and highlight the significance of quarantine validity on the global spread of COVID-19. Our analyses indicate that the travel restrictions and social distancing measures are effective in containing the spread of COVID-19.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Genoma Viral , Política Pública , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Viaje , África/epidemiología , Asia/epidemiología , Australia/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , COVID-19/virología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Genómica , Humanos , Internacionalidad , América del Norte/epidemiología , Filogenia , Distanciamiento Físico , América del Sur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is reported worldwide and known to cause disease in domestic and nondomestic felid species. Although FCoV often results in mild to inapparent disease, a small subset of cats succumb to the fatal, systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). An outbreak of FIP in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a zoological collection demonstrated the devastating effect of FCoV introduction into a naïve group of animals. In addition to cheetahs, FIP has been described in European wildcats (Felis silvestris), a tiger (Panthera tigris), a mountain lion (Puma concolor), and lion (Panthera leo). This paper reviews the reported cases of FIP in nondomestic felid species and highlights the surveys of FCoV in populations of nondomestic felids.