RESUMEN
Piercing sucking pests attacking sweet pepper plants cause significant losses to its yield. Considering the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides, field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of new pesticides against piercing sucking insect pests of sweet pepper, as well as, their effects on some predators and pepper yield along two seasons of 2021-2022. The obtained results indicated that all tested pesticides effectively suppressed the sucking insect populations (aphids, white fly, thrips) 1,7,14 and 21 days after treatment along two sprays during two seasons. Imidacloprid proved to be the superior one over all other treatments where it recorded mean reduction% (98.91 and 97.27%) & (94.8 and 95.19%), (86.23 and 76.64%) & (80.92 and 88.55%) and (77.68 and 78.44%) & (90.70 and 68.57%) in white fly, aphids and thrips, respectively at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. As for side effects of tested insecticides on natural enemies, Dimethoate induced the highest decrease (60.85 and 69.33%) & (54.02 and 63.41%), (65.52 and 64.74%) & (59.23 and 58.38%) and (64.24 and 59.48%) & (61.66 and 60.8%) on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. On contrary, Spintoram induced the lowest effects on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp, recording decrease percent (25.41 and 19.84%) & (15.02 and 12.50%), (11.94 and 11.24%) (16.99 and 18.02%) and (18.73 and15.07%) & (18.35 and18.38%) at1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. With respect to the effect of tested insecticides on pepper yield, all tested insecticides increased the yield of green pepper fruits compared with control. Imidacloprid achieved the highest fruit yields along two seasons 6.43 and 6.52 (ton / fed.4200 m2) with increase percent 34.53 and 36.04% in yield over control at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos , Capsicum , Insecticidas , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompuestos , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Insecticidas/farmacología , Capsicum/efectos de los fármacos , Capsicum/parasitología , Nitrocompuestos/farmacología , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/fisiología , Neonicotinoides/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Thysanoptera/efectos de los fármacos , Thysanoptera/fisiología , Insectos/efectos de los fármacos , Insectos/fisiología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Temperature can interact with chemical pesticides and modulate their toxicity. Sublethal exposure to pesticides is known to trigger hormetic responses in pests. However, the simultaneous effects of temperature and sublethal exposure to single or mixture-based insecticides on the insects' stimulatory responses are not frequently considered in toxicological studies. Here we investigated the combined effects of temperature on the lethal and sublethal responses of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae after exposure to commercial formulations of a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam) and a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and their mixture. Firstly, the concentration-response curves of the insecticides were determined under four temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 28 °C) by the leaf dipping method. Subsequently, the sublethal concentrations C0, CL1, CL5, CL10, CL15, CL20, and CL30 were selected to assess sublethal effects on aphids' longevity and reproduction under the same temperatures. The results showed that the mixture of thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin caused greater toxicity to aphids compared to the formulations with each active ingredient alone and that the toxicity was higher at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the exposure to low concentrations of the mixture (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin) and the separated insecticides induced stimulatory responses in the longevity and fecundity of exposed aphid females, but the occurrence of such hormetic responses depended on the insecticide type, its sublethal concentration, and the temperature as well as their interactions.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos , Insecticidas , Nitrilos , Piretrinas , Temperatura , Tiametoxam , Animales , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/fisiología , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Tiametoxam/toxicidad , Neonicotinoides/toxicidad , Nitrocompuestos/toxicidad , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , HormesisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Compatibility studies of insecticides and natural enemies usually focus on short-term lethal effects, without considering the long-term sublethal effects (including progeny). Even less-explored are the effects of commercial insecticides formulated with more than one active product. Short- and long-term lethal and sublethal effects were studied for the first time on the progeny of commercial formulations of spirotetramat, imidacloprid and a commercial mixture of these active ingredients on pupae of Diaeretiella rapae (M'ntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of aphids considered to be a potential biological control agent. Insecticides were exposed topically on aphid mummies in which the parasitoid was in the pupal stage. RESULTS: Imidacloprid reduced adult emergence by more than 30% and prolonged intra-host development time with respect to control from half the maximum recommended field dose (MFRD). Spirotetramat and commercial mixture only showed significant effects on these endpoints at doses above the MFRD. The tested formulations did not affect adult longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitism in the exposed generation. At low concentrations the active ingredients in the commercial mixture behave synergistically, whereas at medium and high concentrations they behave antagonistically. Considering the 10% lethal dose (LD10), imidacloprid showed the highest hazard coefficient, whereas the commercial mixture was more hazardous when considering the LD50 and LD90. The commercial mixture and imidacloprid induced higher adult emergence and altered the sex ratio in the progeny. CONCLUSIONS: The following order of toxicity on D. rapae can be established: imidacloprid > commercial mixture > spirotetramat. Joint use of this species with imidacloprid and commercial mixture should be avoided in integrated pest management programs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Aza , Insecticidas , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompuestos , Pupa , Compuestos de Espiro , Avispas , Animales , Compuestos de Espiro/toxicidad , Pupa/efectos de los fármacos , Pupa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Avispas/efectos de los fármacos , Avispas/fisiología , Avispas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/parasitología , Femenino , Imidazoles/toxicidadRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the mortality of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) submitted to different extracts with different concentrations of leaves of the native forest species: Tetragastris altissima (Aubl.) Swart (Burseraceae), Metrodorea flavida K. Krause (Rutaceae) and Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) AC Sm (Celastraceae) under laboratory conditions. Adults of Aphis craccivora were collected in Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunthe Walp. (Fabaceae), and separated into groups of ten individuals, transferred to Petri dishes and exposed to topical application of aqueous, alcoholic and leaf infusion extracts of Cheiloclinium cognatum, Metrodorea flavida and Tetragastris altissima. The extracts were applied at concentrations of: 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%, with 1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using a control treatment 1 (distilled water + DMSO 1%) and control treatment 2 (fipronil). Evaluations were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application of the extracts by counting the dead insects. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replicates, three types of extracts and five concentrations with controls. In all the studied species, the aqueous and infusion extracts presented a lower mortality (less than 52%), whereas the alcoholic extract in higher concentrations of Cheiloclinium cognatum, Metrodorea flavida showed a mortality of up to 100%. The species Tetragastris altissima reached an average mortality of 92%. The lethal concentration for the alcoholic extract of Cheiloclinium cognatum was LC50 6.43% and LC90 12.22%, Metrodorea flavida LC50 was 3.08% and LC90 7.05% and that for Tetragastris altissima LC50 5.58% and LC90 17.47%, after 72 hours. The use of the alcoholic extract of the species Metrodorea flavida at a concentration of 9% in the control of Aphis craccivora is indicated.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , InsecticidasRESUMEN
The area cultivated with wheat has been increasing in the savannahs of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aphids are usually one of the main pests of wheat in many regions of the world; however, little is known about the aphid population in this new environment. The southern region of Brazil, the main wheat production area, has had several problems as a result of aphids, but aphid populations and the resulting impact on wheat production have not been investigated in these new crop production areas. Understanding control strategies to manage this insect could be essential for the âCerradoâ wheat that is grown in this area. The application of silicon (Si) has the potential to reduce the population growth of wheat aphids; however no field studies have been reported. Hence, we evaluated the effect of Si fertilization via soil application on the aphid populations and species composition and on yield components of wheat in three locations in Minas Gerais; the experiment was repeated simultaneously in Uberlândia, at the experimental areas of UFU and IFTM, and in Montes Claros, at the experimental area of UFMG, using the cultivars BRS 264 and BRS 394. The aphids first appeared just before wheat earing; they were then sampled six times over the course of the study, seven days apart, starting from 45 days after sowing. The aphid species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis...(AU)
A área cultivada com trigo tem aumentado no cerrado presente no estado de Minas Gerais. Afídeos são frequentemente a principal praga dessa cultura em várias regiões do mundo porém, pouco se sabe a respeito de população de afídeos nesse novo ambiente. A região sul do Brasil, principal produtora de trigo, relatou vários problemas resultantes da presença de afídeos, mas as populações de pulgões e os seus impactos na produção do trigo ainda não foram investigados nesta nova área de produção. Portanto, é necessário conhecer a interação sobre pragas, culturas, e paisagens. Entender estratégias de controle para gerenciar esse inseto pode ser essencial para o trigo Cerrado. A aplicação de silício (Si) tem o potencial de reduzir o crescimento populacional de pulgões do trigo, porém não há relatos de estudos de campo. Nós avaliamos os efeitos da aplicação via solo de Si sobre populações de afídeos e sobre a composição de espécies, além de componentes de produtividade em três localidades em Minas Gerais. O experimento foi repetido simultaneamente em Uberlândia, nas áreas experimentais da UFU e do IFTM, e em Montes Claros, na área experimental da UFMG, utilizando as cultivares BRS 264 e BRS 394. Os primeiros pulgões ocorreram antes da formação da espiga, e os mesmos foram amostrados seis vezes ao longo do estudo, com sete dias de intervalo, iniciando 45 dias após a semeadura. As espécies de afídeo Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) e Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) foram observadas nos três locais e S. avenae foi a espécie dominante em todos os locais. A área experimental da UFU apresentou o maior número de pulgões de S. avenae por perfilho para as duas cultivares, enquanto a UFMG apresentou as menores populações. As populações de afídeos e os aspectos de produção do trigo não foram afetados pela fertilização de Si no solo. Não houve diferenças de produtividade para a localização ou cultivares, mas a área de UFU e a cultivar BRS 394 tiveram o maior peso médio hectolitro.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Silicio/administración & dosificación , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Control de PlagasRESUMEN
The area cultivated with wheat has been increasing in the savannahs of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aphids are usually one of the main pests of wheat in many regions of the world; however, little is known about the aphid population in this new environment. The southern region of Brazil, the main wheat production area, has had several problems as a result of aphids, but aphid populations and the resulting impact on wheat production have not been investigated in these new crop production areas. Understanding control strategies to manage this insect could be essential for the âCerradoâ wheat that is grown in this area. The application of silicon (Si) has the potential to reduce the population growth of wheat aphids; however no field studies have been reported. Hence, we evaluated the effect of Si fertilization via soil application on the aphid populations and species composition and on yield components of wheat in three locations in Minas Gerais; the experiment was repeated simultaneously in Uberlândia, at the experimental areas of UFU and IFTM, and in Montes Claros, at the experimental area of UFMG, using the cultivars BRS 264 and BRS 394. The aphids first appeared just before wheat earing; they were then sampled six times over the course of the study, seven days apart, starting from 45 days after sowing. The aphid species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis...
A área cultivada com trigo tem aumentado no cerrado presente no estado de Minas Gerais. Afídeos são frequentemente a principal praga dessa cultura em várias regiões do mundo porém, pouco se sabe a respeito de população de afídeos nesse novo ambiente. A região sul do Brasil, principal produtora de trigo, relatou vários problemas resultantes da presença de afídeos, mas as populações de pulgões e os seus impactos na produção do trigo ainda não foram investigados nesta nova área de produção. Portanto, é necessário conhecer a interação sobre pragas, culturas, e paisagens. Entender estratégias de controle para gerenciar esse inseto pode ser essencial para o trigo Cerrado. A aplicação de silício (Si) tem o potencial de reduzir o crescimento populacional de pulgões do trigo, porém não há relatos de estudos de campo. Nós avaliamos os efeitos da aplicação via solo de Si sobre populações de afídeos e sobre a composição de espécies, além de componentes de produtividade em três localidades em Minas Gerais. O experimento foi repetido simultaneamente em Uberlândia, nas áreas experimentais da UFU e do IFTM, e em Montes Claros, na área experimental da UFMG, utilizando as cultivares BRS 264 e BRS 394. Os primeiros pulgões ocorreram antes da formação da espiga, e os mesmos foram amostrados seis vezes ao longo do estudo, com sete dias de intervalo, iniciando 45 dias após a semeadura. As espécies de afídeo Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) e Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) foram observadas nos três locais e S. avenae foi a espécie dominante em todos os locais. A área experimental da UFU apresentou o maior número de pulgões de S. avenae por perfilho para as duas cultivares, enquanto a UFMG apresentou as menores populações. As populações de afídeos e os aspectos de produção do trigo não foram afetados pela fertilização de Si no solo. Não houve diferenças de produtividade para a localização ou cultivares, mas a área de UFU e a cultivar BRS 394 tiveram o maior peso médio hectolitro.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Plagas , Silicio/administración & dosificación , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Plant essential oils are regarded as interesting alternative tools to be integrated into the management of pest insects. However, as they generally consist of mixtures of numerous molecules, the physiological basis for their action is unresolved. Here, we evaluated the effects of essential oil of the Neotropical plant Siparuna guianensis Aubl., commonly known as Negramina, against an important pest insect: the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and also in two non-target natural enemies: the ladybeetle predators Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and Eriopis connexa (Germar). In addition, we conducted a computational docking analysis for predicting the physical interactions between the two Negramina essential oil major constituents: ß-myrcene and 2-undocanone, and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels as potential binding receptors in the aphid and ladybeetles. As the most important results, Negramina essential oil caused mortality in M. persicae aphids with an LC95â¯=â¯1.08â¯mg/cm2, and also significantly repelled the aphids at concentrations as low as 0.14â¯mg/cm2. Our computational docking analysis reinforced such selectivity actions as the Negramina essential oil major compounds (i.e., ß-myrcene and 2-undocanone) bound to the TRP channels of M. persicae but not to ladybeetle-related TRP channels. Interestingly, the exposure to the Negramina essential oil did not affect the predatory abilities of C. maculata but increased the abilities of E. connexa to prey upon M. persicae. Collectively, our findings provided a physiological basis for the insecticidal and selectivity potential of Negramina essential oil, reinforcing its potential as a tool to be used in integrated pest control programs.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacología , Laurales/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , Animales , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a generalist cosmopolitan insect that infests more than 400 plant species of 40 different families and is one of the major pests infesting potato crops. It causes direct damage and also spread plant viruses. The intensive use of synthetic insecticide to control aphids has led to resistant populations. Therefore, there is a need to develop biopesticides for effective control that minimizes environmental hazards. The bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is recognized as a producer of a variety of bioactive compounds. The aim here was to evaluate the aphicidal effect of B. amyloliquefaciens strains, CBMDDrag3, PGPBacCA2, and CBMDLO3, and their metabolites on the mortality and fecundity of M. persicae. Cells suspensions, heat-killed cell suspensions, cell-free supernatants, or isolated lipopeptide fractions from B. amyloliquefaciens strains were offered to aphids through artificial diets. The isolated lipopeptide fractions composed mainly of kurstakins, surfactins, iturins, and fengycins, when were administrated through diets, had no aphicidal effect against M. persicae. However, aphids fed on diets with whole cell suspensions and its cell-free supernatant of all three bacteria strains resulted in 100% mortality of adult aphids and nymphs. Specially, B. amyloliquefaciens CBMDLO3, has an effective aphicidal effect on M. persicae, used both bacterial cells and their metabolites. Moreover, heat-killed cells of B. amyloliquefaciens CBMDLO3 also had aphicidal action, although the aphid mortality was lower than on diet with living bacteria. Therefore, these results propose that B. amyloliquefaciens, could function as a novel eco-friendly biopesticide for the control of M. persicae.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/microbiología , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolismo , Control Biológico de Vectores , Animales , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/aislamiento & purificación , Agentes de Control Biológico/aislamiento & purificación , Agentes de Control Biológico/metabolismo , Agentes de Control Biológico/farmacología , Femenino , Control de Insectos/métodos , Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Insecticidas/farmacología , Lipopéptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Lipopéptidos/metabolismo , Lipopéptidos/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest of corn, but no corn genotypes resistant to R. maidis are commercially available. Although the ability of silicon to induce plant resistance against some insects is known, the effect of silicon on R. maidis and in corn hybrids with different levels of constitutive resistance is still unknown. This study sought to determine the constitutive resistance of corn hybrids to R. maidis and silicon resistance induction in hybrids with different degrees of constitutive resistance. Field experiments with natural infestations of aphids were conducted in three locations in Brazil (Patos de Minas, Araguari, and Tupaciguara). Greenhouse trials were also used to evaluate the effect of varietal resistance on aphid population growth and identify resistant and susceptible genotypes. Aphid resistance induced by silicon was determined with resistant and susceptible corn hybrids. In the field, the corn hybrids BM8850, AS1625PRO, and DKB310PRO had the greatest proportion of plants infested by R. maidis in all three localities. The hybrids P30F53H, STATUS VIP, BM9288, DAS2B587HX, DKB175PRO, AS1633PRO, and DKB390PRO2 were the least infested in Patos de Minas and Araguari, and P30F53H was the least infested in Tupaciguara. When antibiosis effects were evaluated by aphid population growth, the hybrids AG7088PRO3 and DKB310PRO2 were susceptible, while P30F53YH was resistant. When natural aphid infestation was evaluated, wherein the effects of antibiosis and non-preference could not be discriminated, soil applications of silicon-induced resistance to R. maidis in both susceptible and constitutively resistant corn hybrids.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/fisiología , Silicio/farmacología , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antibiosis , Brasil , Suelo , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The encapsulated essential oils (EOs) of Piper aduncum L. and Piper hispidinervum C. DC. in gelatin nanoparticles were evaluated against Aedes aegypti Linn., Tetranychus urticae Koch and Cerataphis lataniae Boisd. RESULTS: Encapsulation efficiency of the EOs was measured for absolute concentrations of 500 µg mL-1 (79.2 and 72.7%) and 1000 µg mL-1 (84.5 and 82.2%). The loaded nanoparticles were nearly spherical and well dispersed. The nanoparticles loaded with P. hispidinervum EO had an average size of 100 ± 2 nm, while the nanoparticles containing P. aduncum EO ranged from 175 ± 4 to 220 ± 4 nm. According to zeta potential analysis, the nanoparticles loaded with P. hispidinervum and P. aduncum EOs presented values around -43.5 ± 3 and -37.5 ± 2 mV respectively. The controlled release of EOs was described by the anomalous mechanism of Korsmeyer-Peppas. Both encapsulated EOs reached lethal dosages within 24 h of exposure and total mortality of the tested pests. CONCLUSION: The present work successfully developed gelatin-based nanoparticles that served as carriers for the EOs of P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum to be applied as a sustainable control tool of A. aegypti, T. urticae and C. lataniae. The developed loaded nanoparticles presented high encapsulation efficiency and EO concentration release higher than lethal dosages. This indicates that it is feasible to use gelatin-based nanoparticles loaded with P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum EOs to control the tested pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Aceites Volátiles/química , Plaguicidas/química , Piper/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Tetranychidae/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Composición de Medicamentos/instrumentación , Gelatina/química , Nanopartículas/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Control de Plagas , Plaguicidas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aphid Myzus persicae develops insensitivity to almost all classes of insecticides through target site mutations. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of resistant aphids that grow on peach trees and weeds, and establish the role of the secondary hosts as a reservoir of resistant genotypes. RESULTS: The frequency of genotypes (RR, RS, and SS) was affected by the host plant, mainly for knock-down resistance (kdr) and modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) mutations (P < 0.05). A higher frequency of RS and RR was observed in aphids found on peach trees than on weeds. The frequency of the R allele was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than expected in autumn and on weeds for the kdr and MACE mutations, while the frequency of the S allele was high in all seasons for all insecticide-resistance mutations (P < 0.01). The most abundant multilocus genotype was characterized as being RS for the kdr mutation and SS for both super-kdr and MACE. CONCLUSION: This study provides farm-scale evidence that weeds are not an important reservoir of the R allele, but they are for the S allele. Hence, the presence of heterozygous genotypes on peach trees is most likely attributable to weeds. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas/farmacología , Mutación , Distribución Animal , Animales , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Chile , Genotipo , Malezas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus persica/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Twenty-four compounds including eleven eremophilanolides (1-11), one eremophilane (13), five shikimic acid derivatives (14-18), six flavonoids (19-24), and the macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloid integerrimine (25) were isolated from Senecio kingii, an endemic species from the Magallanes Region (Chile). Compounds 3, 5, 6, 8-11 and 13-18 have not been previously reported as natural products. Their molecular structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published NMR data. An X-ray-analysis of compound 3 has been performed. Their insecticidal and antifungal activities were tested, being compound 3 the strongest insect antifeedant. Compounds 6, 9 and 18 were moderate antifungals.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Flavonoides/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Alcaloides de Pirrolicidina/química , Senecio/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Animales , Antifúngicos/química , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Chile , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Flavonoides/farmacología , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Alcaloides de Pirrolicidina/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Ácido Shikímico/química , Spodoptera/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The toxicity of six insecticides was determined for the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and some of its natural enemies - the predatory beetles Cycloneda sanguinea (Coccinellidae) and Acanthinus sp. (Anthicidae), and the wasp parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Aphidiidae). Natural enemies from these groups are important natural biological control agents in a number of agroecosystems, and insecticides potentially safe to these non-target organisms should be identified using standardized tests. Thus, concentration-mortality bioassays were carried out with both the aphid and its natural enemies to assess the toxicity and selectivity of acephate, deltamethrin, dimethoate, methamidophos, methyl parathion, and pirimicarb. The latter insecticide was highly selective to all natural enemies tested, and its LC(90) for M. persicae was 14-fold lower than the field rate recommended for control of the aphid in brassica crops. Methyl parathion also showed selectivity to C. sanguinea and Acanthinus sp., but not to D. rapae. Acephate was the least potent insecticide against M. persicae and was equally or more toxic to the natural enemies relative to the aphid. Pirimicarb and methyl parathion were efficient against M. persicae and selective in favor of two of the natural enemies tested. Acanthinus sp. and C. sanguinea were more tolerant to the insecticides than was the parasitoid D. rapae. This study shows that there are selective insecticides that may be compatible with conservation of natural enemies in brassica crops, which is important practical information to improve integrated pest management systems in these crops.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Animales , Carbamatos/toxicidad , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Dimetoato/toxicidad , Metil Paratión/toxicidad , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Compuestos Organotiofosforados/toxicidad , Control Biológico de Vectores , Fosforamidas , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Pirimidinas/toxicidad , Avispas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Knowledge of the vertical and horizontal distribution of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on genetically modified cotton plants over time could help optimize decision-making in integrated cotton aphid management programs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of A. gossypii in non-transgenic Bt cotton and transgenic Bt-cotton over time during two cotton seasons by examining plants throughout the seasons. There was no significant interaction between years and cotton cultivar treatments for apterous or alate aphids. Considering year-to-year data, analyses on season-long averages of apterous or alate aphids showed that aphid densities per plant did not differ among years. The number of apterous aphids found per plant for the Bt transgenic cultivar (2427 apterous aphids per plant) was lower than for its isoline (3335 apterous aphids per plant). The number of alate aphids found per plant on the Bt transgenic cultivar (12.28 alate aphids per plant) was lower than for the isoline (140.56 alate aphids per plant). With regard to the vertical distribution of apterous aphids or alate aphids, there were interactions between cotton cultivar, plant age and plant region. We conclude that in comparison to non-Bt cotton (DP 4049), Bt cotton (DP 404 BG (Bollgard)) has significant effects on the vertical, horizontal, spatial and temporal distribution patterns of A. gossypii, showing changes in its distribution behaviour inside the plant as the cotton crop develops. The results of our study are relevant for understanding the vertical and horizontal distribution of A. gossypii on Bt cotton cultivar (DP 404 BG (Bollgard)) and on its isoline (DP 4049), and could be useful in decision-making, implementing controls and determining the timing of population peaks of this insect.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacillus thuringiensis/fisiología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Endotoxinas/genética , Gossypium/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Control Biológico de Vectores , Animales , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/fisiología , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas Bacterianas/farmacología , Brasil , Endotoxinas/farmacología , Conducta Alimentaria , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Gossypium/metabolismo , Proteínas Hemolisinas/farmacología , Insecticidas/farmacología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Dinámica Poblacional , Estaciones del Año , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
As joaninhas são reconhecidas como importantes inimigos naturais de pragas, como pulgões e cochonilhas, apresentando excelente capacidade de dispersão no campo e podem ser favorecidas com ambientes para refúgio e seletividade dos defensivos agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de inseticidas sobre a joaninha Cycloneda sanguinea e sobre sua presa, o pulgão Aphis gossypii, na cultura do algodão. Foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos (expressos em quantidade de produto comercial por hectare p.c./ha): flonicamida 500 WG a 50, 80 e 150 g, thiamethoxam 250 WG a 200 g, acetamiprido 200 PS a 150 g, imidacloprido 200 SC a 250 mL e testemunha sem aplicação. A avaliação da seletividade fisiológica a C. sanguinea foi observada em laboratório e campo, avaliando-se o efeito dos inseticidas aplicados diretamente e indiretamente sobre C. sanguinea. Avaliou-se o número de joaninhas e pulgões sobreviventes após a aplicação. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que o inseticida flonicamida apresentou maior seletividade a C. sanguinea em relação aos demais inseticidas. Verificou-se que todos os tratamentos foram eficientes no controle do pulgão e não diferiram estatisticamente entre si.
The ladybugs are recognized as important natural enemies of pests such as aphids and scale insects, showing excellent dispersibility in the field and may be favored with environments for refuge and by pesticide selectivity. The goal of this trial was to study the toxicity of insecticides on the predatory coccinellid Cycloneda sanguinea and on its prey, the aphid Aphis gossypii, in the cotton crop. The treatments (expressed in commercial product per hectare) were: flonicamid 500 WG at 50, 80 and 150 g, thiamethoxam 250 WG at 200 g, acetamiprid 200 PS at 150 g, imidacloprid 200 SC at 250 mL, and a control treatment without application. The evaluation of physiological selectivity was made in the laboratory and in the field, observing the effect of insecticides applied directly and indirectly on C. sanguine. The number of surviving aphids and lady beetles was evaluated before and after the application. Based on the results obtained in the laboratory and field, it was concluded that flonicamid presented the highest selectivity to C. sanguinea among the insecticides tested. All treatments were effective for aphid control and there were no significant differences among them.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Plagas , Gossypium/parasitología , Insecticidas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A bioassay-guided fractionation of leaf extracts from Clytostoma callistegioides (Cham.) Bureau ex Griseb. (Bignoniaceae) led to isolation of a natural mixture of four fatty acids with anti-insect activity against aphids. The compounds were identified by GC-MS as palmitic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids and quantified as their methyl esters. The anti-aphid activity of the natural mixture was traced to linolenic and linoleic acids, as shown by the settling inhibition activity of synthetic samples. Interestingly, the saturated acids (palmitic and stearic) tested alone stimulated settling on one of the tested aphids (Myzus persicae), but not on the other tested species (Rhopalosiphum padi). Although ubiquitous, none of these free acids have been previously reported in this Bignoniaceae species. The leaf surface chemistry, which is likely involved in modulating aphid settling behavior, was further investigated for the occurrence of lipophilic substances by histochemical staining. Short, stalked glandular trichomes, previously undescribed for this species, stained with osmium tetroxide and Sudan III, suggesting that the secretion of the defensive acids is related to these surface trichomes.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Bignoniaceae/química , Ácidos Grasos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ácidos Grasos/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Ácidos Linoleicos/química , Ácidos Linoleicos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Linoleicos/farmacología , Ácidos Linolénicos/química , Ácidos Linolénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Linolénicos/farmacología , Ácidos Palmíticos/química , Ácidos Palmíticos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Palmíticos/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ácidos Esteáricos/química , Ácidos Esteáricos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Esteáricos/farmacología , Ceras/química , Ceras/metabolismoRESUMEN
Development of alternative methods for pest management is needed with the increased concern for adverse effects of pesticides for human health and the environment. The main goal of our study was to test the oil from seeds of sugar apple (Annona squamosa), an edible tropical fruit for pest control. The oil pressed out of seeds was as effective in controlling the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), infesting leaves of tomato plants in greenhouse conditions as the recommended insecticide, with the advantage of not being phytotoxic. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, the seed oil caused whitefly nymphs to shrink and detach from the leaf surface. Sugar apple seed oil was also very effective in controlling the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), on melon leaves and the Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae), on soybean leaves. The study revealed the possibility of developing the oil from sugar apple seeds, an agricultural waste, into a broad spectrum product friendly to the environment and human health for crop pest management.
Asunto(s)
Annona , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemípteros/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Plagas , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Semillas , Tetranychidae/efectos de los fármacos , AnimalesRESUMEN
Development of alternative methods for pest management is needed with the increased concern for adverse effects of pesticides for human health and the environment. The main goal of our study was to test the oil from seeds of sugar apple (Annona squamosa), an edible tropical fruit for pest control. The oil pressed out of seeds was as effective in controlling the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), infesting leaves of tomato plants in greenhouse conditions as the recommended insecticide, with the advantage of not being phytotoxic. When observed with a scanning electron microscope, the seed oil caused whitefly nymphs to shrink and detach from the leaf surface. Sugar apple seed oil was also very effective in controlling the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), on melon leaves and the Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae), on soybean leaves. The study revealed the possibility of developing the oil from sugar apple seeds, an agricultural waste, into a broad spectrum product friendly to the environment and human health for crop pest management.
É crescente a necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos para o manejo de pragas com o aumento da consciência pública sobre os efeitos adversos de pesticidas à saúde humana e ao ambiente. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o óleo de sementes de fruta-do-conde (Annona squamosa), uma fruta tropical comestível, para o controle de pragas. O óleo prensado de sementes foi tão eficiente quanto o pesticida recomendado para controle da mosca-branca Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestando folhas de tomate em casa-de-vegetação, com a vantagem de não apresentar fitotoxicidade. Em observações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, o óleo de semente induziu ao ressecamento das ninfas e o seu desprendimento da superfície da folha. O óleo de sementes de fruta-do-conde também foi eficaz no controle do pulgão do algodoeiro, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), infestando folhas de melão, e do ácaro de Kanzawa, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae), em folhas de soja. Este estudo revelou a possibilidade de utilizar o óleo de sementes de fruta-do-conde, um sub-produto agrícola, como produto de largo espectro de ação mas seguro ao ambiente e à saúde humana, em programas de manejo de pragas agrícolas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Annona , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemípteros/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Plagas , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Semillas , Tetranychidae/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glove, is one of the pests of cotton crop and its relation with the host seem to depend on the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The biology of A. gossypii using different cotton nitrogen fertility regimes was studied under greenhouse conditions, in Dourados, MS. A completely randomized design with nine replications in a factorial scheme (2x4x2)+1 was used. Two nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonium and urea), four doses of nitrogen (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), two different times of nitrogen application and one additional treatment without nitrogen were taken as factors. The nymphal phases, the pre-reproductive, reproductive and pos-reproductive periods, longevity, the life cycle and fecundity of the cotton aphid were evaluated. The doses of nitrogen influenced the cotton aphid biology in both sources and times of application, favoring its development and fecundity.
Asunto(s)
Sulfato de Amonio/farmacología , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Áfidos/fisiología , Fertilizantes , Gossypium/parasitología , Nitrógeno/farmacología , Urea/farmacología , AnimalesRESUMEN
O pulgão Aphis gossypii Glover é uma das pragas do algodoeiro e suas relações com o hospedeiro são dependentes da quantidade de nitrogênio disponível para a planta. A biologia do A. gossypii, em função do regime de adubação nitrogenada no algodoeiro, foi estudada em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em Dourados, MS. Para isto foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com nove repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em fatorial (2 x 4 x 2) + 1, com duas fontes de adubo nitrogenado, quatro doses de nitrogênio (50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1), duas épocas de aplicação do nitrogênio em cobertura e um tratamento adicional sem a adição do nitrogênio. Foram avaliadas as durações dos estádios ninfais e da fase ninfal, os períodos pré-reprodutivo, reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, a longevidade, o ciclo biológico e a fecundidade dos pulgões. Concluiu-se que apenas as doses de nitrogênio influenciaram a biologia do pulgão-do-algodoeiro, independente da fonte e época de aplicação, favorecendo seu desenvolvimento e fecundidade.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glove, is one of the pests of cotton crop and its relation with the host seem to depend on the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The biology of A. gossypii using different cotton nitrogen fertility regimes was studied under greenhouse conditions, in Dourados, MS. A completely randomized design with nine replications in a factorial scheme (2x4x2)+1 was used. Two nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonium and urea), four doses of nitrogen (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), two different times of nitrogen application and one additional treatment without nitrogen were taken as factors. The nymphal phases, the pre-reproductive, reproductive and pos-reproductive periods, longevity, the life cycle and fecundity of the cotton aphid were evaluated. The doses of nitrogen influenced the cotton aphid biology in both sources and times of application, favoring its development and fecundity.