RESUMEN

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rising global burden, affecting one in four adults. Despite the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. In vitro models of NAFLD are critical to understanding the pathogenesis and searching for effective therapies; thus, we evaluated the effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) on NAFLD hallmarks and their association with the modulation of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) and Keratin 17 (KRT17) in HepG2 cells. Our results show that oleic and palmitic acids can differentially induce intracellular lipid accumulation, cell death, and promote oxidative stress by increasing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and antioxidant defense depletion. Moreover, a markedly increased expression of inflammatory cytokines demonstrated the activation of inflammation pathways associated with lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. ANXA2 overexpression and KRT17 nuclear translocation were also observed, supporting the role of both molecules in the progression of liver disease. Taken together, these data provide insights into the interplay between ANXA2 and KRT17 in NAFLD, paving the way for understanding molecular mechanisms involved with the disease and developing new therapeutic strategies.

Asunto(s)

Anexina A2 , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Estrés Oxidativo , Humanos , Anexina A2/metabolismo , Anexina A2/genética , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

This study describes the association of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and calcium concentrations at calving with early lactation disease, reproductive performance and culling in 646 dairy cows from 13 commercial grazing dairy herds in Uruguay. During one year, health events were recorded from calving to 30 days in milk (DIM). The first author visited each farm every 20 days. During each visit, body condition score (BCS) was recorded (scale 1-5), defining BCS < 3 as suboptimal and BCS > 3 as optimal, and a blood sample was taken from cows between 0 and 4 DIM for metabolite determination. To evaluate the association between health events (i.e., retained placenta-metritis and clinical mastitis) and risk factors (parity, BCS, high NEFA (> 0.6 mmol/L) and subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) (< 2.10 mM)) data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression models. To evaluate the association of health events and risk factors with reproductive performance and culling, data were analysed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. A risk factor and an outcome of interest were assumed to be associated at P < 0.05 and a tendency to be associated was defined at P < 0.10. Overall, 47 % (n = 303) of the cows showed elevated NEFA concentration and 77 % (n = 499) had SCH. In addition, 21.5 % (n = 139) of the cows recorded at least one clinical disease. Cumulative incidence was 17 % (n = 109) for clinical mastitis, 4.2 % (n = 27) for retained placenta (RP)-metritis and 1.4 % (n = 7) for lameness. Clinical mastitis was associated with parity, with lower odds in primiparous (PP) cows (OR = 0.42, P < 0.01). Cows in an optimal BCS also tended to have lower odds (OR = 0.66, P = 0.07). Moreover, high NEFA and SCH cows had higher odds of CM (OR = 4.5, P = 0.01 and OR = 1.75, P = 0.04, respectively). Retained placenta-metritis tended to be associated with high NEFA concentration (OR = 2.2, P = 0.06). Primiparous cows with suboptimal BCS showed an increased first insemination rate (HR = 2.34; P < 0.01). The risk of culling was lower in PP cows (HR = 0.19; P < 0.01) and in cows with optimal BCS and low NEFA concentration (HR = 0.38; P = 0.03). Our data show that metabolic challenge (defined as peripartum suboptimal BCS, high NEFA or SCH) is associated with increased odds of clinical mastitis and RP-metritis, decreased probability of insemination and increased hazard of culling. Under grazing conditions, we suggest that farm management to improve the metabolic adaptation to lactation represents an opportunity to enhance cow performance in terms of health, fertility and longevity.

Asunto(s)

Calcio , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Lactancia , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Lactancia/fisiología , Uruguay/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Calcio/sangre , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Fertilidad/fisiología , Mastitis Bovina/epidemiología , Industria Lechera , Hipocalcemia/veterinaria , Hipocalcemia/epidemiología , Endometritis/veterinaria , Endometritis/epidemiología , Retención de la Placenta/veterinaria , Retención de la Placenta/epidemiología , Retención de la Placenta/sangre

RESUMEN

Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have been widely studied for their biodegradability and for their unique advantages as a stabilizer in Pickering-type emulsions. However, it is challenging to produce cellulose nanofibers from agroindustry waste with good techno-functional properties, without the use of harsh process conditions. Green alternatives (eco-friendly) have been studied to obtain nanofibers, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and/or application of mechanical processes. In this work, we used acid hydrolysis (as a control and example of an efficient method), enzymatic hydrolysis and a mechanical process (ultrasound) to obtain cellulose nanofibers. We also evaluated the effect of the presence of ethyl groups in the cellulosic matrix (ethylcellulose) on the stabilizing mechanism of emulsions. All cellulose nanofibers were able to produce Pickering emulsions at concentrations of 0.01-0.05% (w/w), although showing differences in emulsion stability and digestibility. Morphology of the different cellulose nanofibers affected the viscosity of the aqueous suspensions used as continuous phase. Emulsions with nanofibers obtained from cassava peel (without the presence of ethyl groups) were stabilized only by the Pickering-type mechanism, while ethylcellulose nanofibers also showed surface activity that contributed to the stability of the emulsion. Furthermore, these latter emulsions showed greater release of free fatty acids in in vitro digestion compared to emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanofibers. Despite these differences, in vitro digestion showed the potential of applying cellulose-stabilized emulsions to control the rate of lipid digestion, due to the low amount of free fatty acids released (<20%).

Asunto(s)

Nanofibras , Emulsiones , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Celulosa , Hidrólisis

RESUMEN

The solvent-free esterification of the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil (a non-edible vegetable oil) with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (a branched fatty alcohol) was catalyzed by different free lipases. Eversa Transform 2.0 (ETL) features surpassed most commercial lipases. Some process parameters were optimized by the Taguchi method (L16'). As a result, a conversion over 95% of the FFAs of castor oil into esters with lubricants properties was achieved under optimized reaction conditions (15 wt% of biocatalyst content, 1:4 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 30 °C, 180 rpm, 96 h). The substrates molar ratio had the highest influence on the dependent variable (conversion at 24 h). FFAs/2-ethyl-1-hexanol esters were characterized regarding the physicochemical and tribological properties. Interestingly, the modification of the FFAs with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol by ETL increased the oxidative stability of the FFAs feedstock from 0.18 h to 16.83 h. The biolubricants presented a lower friction coefficient than the reference commercial mineral lubricant (0.052 ± 0.07 against 0.078 ± 0.04). Under these conditions, ETL catalyzed the oligomerization of ricinoleic acid (a hydroxyl fatty acid) into estolides, reaching a conversion of 25.15% of the initial FFAs (for the first time).

Asunto(s)

Aceite de Ricino , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Hexanoles , Esterificación , Ésteres/química , Ácidos Grasos/química , Lipasa/metabolismo , Etanol , Catálisis , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química

RESUMEN

While sperm migrate within the reproductive tract of cows experiencing negative energy balance (NEB), they come into contact with elevated concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of three different NEFA - palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), and oleic acid (OA) - on bovine sperm motility, kinetic parameters, oxidative status, and morphology. Frozen thawed semen samples from Bos taurus bulls were incubated with varying concentrations of each fatty acid, and the sperm's characteristics were analysed at different time points. Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) was employed to assess sperm motility and kinetic parameters. Concurrently, the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity were measured to determine the oxidative status. Additionally, sperm morphology was evaluated. In Experiment 1, different concentrations of PA did not show significant effects on total motility, progressive motility, or any kinetic parameters analysed. Similarly, PA did not have a significant impact on the oxidative status or sperm morphology. In Experiment 2, SA at various concentrations did not lead to significant changes in total motility, progressive motility, or any kinetic parameters evaluated. Furthermore, SA did not affect oxidative status or sperm morphology. In Experiment 3, the concentrations of OA used did not result in significant changes in total motility, progressive motility, or any kinetic parameters studied. Likewise, OA did not induce any alterations in oxidative status or sperm morphology. Overall, the results from all three experiments indicate that PA, SA and OA, at the in vitro conditions and tested concentrations, do not exert detrimental effects on bovine sperm function and morphology. These results provide insights that contribute to our understanding of how fatty acids can impact the reduction of fertility rates in cows facing NEB. This, in turn, lays the foundation for additional critical investigations in this area. Further studies are necessary to validate these findings in vivo.

Asunto(s)

Preservación de Semen , Semen , Femenino , Bovinos , Masculino , Animales , Ácidos Grasos , Motilidad Espermática , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Espermatozoides , Preservación de Semen/veterinaria , Estrés Oxidativo

RESUMEN

AIM: Obesity is a worldwide health issue, associated with development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of consumption of two hypercaloric diets on metabolic disturbance and beta cells damage. MAIN METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to twelve months consumption of three diets: a Control balanced diet (CTD, carbohydrates 58 %, proteins 29 %, lipids 13 %) and two hypercaloric diets, high in sucrose (HSD, carbohydrates 68 %, proteins 22 %, lipids 10 %) or high in fat (HFD, carbohydrates 31 %, proteins 14 %, lipids 55 %). Serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids were measured after zoometric parameters determination. Antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress-marker were measured in pancreas tissue among histological analysis of Langerhans islets. KEY FINDINGS: Although diets were hypercaloric, the amount of food consumed by rats decreased, resulting in an equal caloric consumption. The HSD induced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia with higher levels in free fatty acids (FFA, lipotoxicity); whereas HFD did not increased neither the triglycerides nor FFA, nevertheless the loss of islets' cell was larger. Both diets induced obesity with hyperglycemia and significant reduction in Langerhans islets size. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrate that consumption of HSD induces more significant metabolic disturbances that HFD, although both generated pancreas damage; as well hypercaloric diet consumption is not indispensable to becoming obese; the chronic consumption of unbalanced diets (rich in carbohydrates or lipids) may lead to abdominal obesity with metabolic and functional disturbances, although the total amount of calories are similar.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hiperglucemia , Masculino , Ratas , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Obesidad Abdominal/etiología , Sacarosa , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Células de Langerhans/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Glucemia/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Dieta , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos

RESUMEN

Rumen-protected choline (RPC) promotes benefits in milk production, immunity, and health in dairy cows by optimizing lipid metabolism during transition period management and early lactation. However, the RPC success in dairy cows depends on choline bioavailability, which is affected by the type of protection used in rumen-protected choline. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the effects of a novel RPC on dry matter intake (DMI), identify markers of metabolism and immunity, and evaluate lactation performance. Dry Holstein (n = 48) cows at 245 ± 3 d of gestation were blocked by parity and assigned to control or RPC treatment within each block. Cows enrolled in the RPC treatment received 15 g/d of CholiGEM (Kemin Industries, Cavriago RE, Italy) from 21 d prepartum and 30 g/d of CholiGEM from calving to 21 d postpartum. During the transition period, DMI was measured daily, and blood was sampled weekly for energy-related metabolites such as ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), as well as immune function markers such as haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LPB). Vaginal discharge samples were collected at the calving and 7 d postpartum and stored in microcentrifuge tubes at -80°C until 16S rRNA sequencing. The main responses of body condition score, body weight, DMI, milk yield, milk components, and immune function markers were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the effects of treatment, time, parity, and relevant covariates added to the models. The relative abundance of microbiome α-diversity was evaluated by 3 indexes (Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) and ß-diversity by principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate ANOVA. We found no differences in DMI in the pre- and postpartum periods. Cows fed RPC increased the yields of energy- and 3.5% fat-corrected milk and fat yield in primiparous and multiparous cows, with an interaction between treatment and parity for these lactation variables. However, we found no differences in milk protein and lactose up to 150 DIM between treatments. Glucose, NEFA, and BHB had no differences between the treatments. However, RPC decreased BHB numerically (control = 1.07 ± 0.13 vs. RPC = 0.63 ± 0.13) in multiparous on the third week postpartum and tended to reduce the incidence of subclinical ketosis (12.7% vs. 4.2%). No effects for Hp and LPB were found in cows fed RPC. Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes were lower at calving in the RPC treatment than in the Control. However, no differences were found 7 d later for Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes. The vaginal discharge microbiome was altered in cows fed RPC at 7 d postpartum. Fusobacterium, a common pathogen associated with metritis, was reduced in cows fed RPC. Rumen-protected choline enhanced lactation performance and health and altered the vaginal discharge microbiome which is a potential proxy for uterine healthy in dairy cows. The current study's findings corroborate that RPC is a tool to support adaptation to lactation and shed light on opportunities for further research in reproductive health.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Excreción Vaginal , Embarazo , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Colina/farmacología , Colina/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Rumen/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 16S/metabolismo , Periodo Posparto/metabolismo , Lactancia/fisiología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Excreción Vaginal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early weaning (EW) on body composition, hormone concentrations and metabolites, and reproductive performance of Nelore cows in the subsequent breeding season (BS). Suckled cows that became pregnant by timed-AI (TAI) in the 2020-BS were exposed in 2021 to early weaning at 150 d (27 primiparous [PRI] and 74 multiparous [MUL]) or conventional weaning (CW) at 240 d postpartum (30 PRI and 77 MUL). Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were determined at 2020-BS, EW, CW, prepartum, and 2021-BS. Blood samples were collected at EW, CW, prepartum (54.75 ±â€…0.56 d prepartum), and 2021-TAI and assayed for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. In 2021-BS, cows were exposed to a P4/E2-based protocol for TAI at day 0 (D0), and a second TAI was performed at D22 in females detected with luteolysis (D20) by Doppler ultrasound. The presence of corpus luteum (CL) on D10, estrous expression, and dominant follicle (DF) diameter, and blood perfusion (BP) on D2 and D0 were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA or logistic regression of SAS as a 2 × 2 factorial with main factors of parity (PRI or MUL) and weaning strategy (EW or CW). An interaction of parity and weaning strategy was not observed (P > 0.1), but the weight (kg) and BCS were greater (P < 0.05) in MUL cows at the five timepoints, and EW cows were heavier than CW at the moment of CW (541 vs. 493 kg; and 5.3 vs. 4.3), prepartum (551 vs. 506 kg; and 5.2 vs. 4.4) and 2021-BS (475 vs. 450 kg; and 4.5 vs. 3.7). Plasma urea concentration at 2021-BS was greater (P = 0.01) for PRI than for MUL. A parity-by-time interaction was observed (P ≤ 0.05) for concentrations of IGF-I, NEFA, and BHB. PRI cows had greater (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of IGF-I at EW and greater (P ≤ 0.05) prepartum concentrations of NEFA and BHB than MUL cows. The proportion of cows with CL at D10 was not affected (P > 0.1) by weaning but was greater (P < 0.05) in MUL than in PRI cows (40.4 vs. 15.7%). The diameter of DF and proportion of BP on D0 were greater (P < 0.05) in EW cows than in CW cows. The pregnancy rate (P/AI, %) at the first TAI was greater (P < 0.05) in EW cows (60% vs. 45%), whereas no difference (P > 0.1) was observed at the second TAI. Cumulative P/AI (first and second TAIs) was greater (P < 0.05) in EW cows (81% vs. 63%). In conclusion, weaning at 150 d in Nelore cattle is a strategy to successfully recover the parous cow's body condition and to improve pregnancy success in the next BS, regardless of the cow's parity order.

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The nutritional condition and body energy reserves at parturition are important factors that can affect the reproductive performance of suckled Nelore cows. Also, decreasing the weaning time can benefit the cow's metabolic status. The present study evaluated the effect of two periods of weaning (150 vs. 240 d) on the reproductive performance of the Nelore dam in the subsequent breeding season. The results of the present study indicate that early weaning: 1) improves the body condition, rump fat thickness, and metabolic condition of Nelore cows for the subsequent breeding season; 2) provides better ovarian follicle growth and blood perfusion during the subsequent timed artificial insemination program; 3) enhances the pregnancy rates in the subsequent breeding season.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Embarazo , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Estaciones del Año , Destete , Reproducción , Inseminación Artificial/veterinaria , Progesterona , Lactancia

RESUMEN

In the postpartum period, there is an increase in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in both serum and follicular fluid (FF) of cattle. The increase in fatty acid concentration results in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can compromise bovine fertility. The objectives of this study were to characterize the lipid profile found in the FF of cows experiencing induced negative energy balance (NEB) and to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol in the prevention of oxidative stress in the serum and FF of cows. Twenty-nine beef cows were divided into groups: (1) control; (2) Fasting for 24 days; and (3) Fasting + VitE. Between D0 and D4 blood samples were taken to assess concentrations of NEFA, ROS production, total antioxidant capacity (FRAP), lipid peroxidation, and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). On D4, follicular aspiration was performed for analysis of FF from the dominant follicle. Our results demonstrate that fasting was effective in causing increased fat mobilization in animals. The increase in serum concentration of C18:1c9 was reflected in the FF of fasting cows. Serum α-tocopherol concentration was higher in the control and Fasting + VitE groups compared to the Fasting group. In FF, there was an increase of α-tocopherol in the Fasting + VitE group in comparison to Fasting cows. There was an increase in ROS production in the serum of fasting cows. ROS production in FF was higher in the Fasting compared to the Fasting + VitE group. Vitamin E has beneficial effects in reducing ROS production in the dominant follicle of cows in NEB.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Vitamina E , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Vitamina E/farmacología , Lactancia/metabolismo , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacología

RESUMEN

Myonectin has shown beneficial effects on lipid regulation in murine models; therefore, it may have implications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated the relationship between serum myonectin and serum lipids, global and regional fat mass, intramuscular lipid content, and insulin resistance (IR) in adults with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study in sedentary adults who were diagnosed with MS or without MS (NMS). Serum myonectin was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile by conventional techniques, and free fatty acids (FFA) by gas chromatography. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and intramuscular lipid content through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the right vastus lateralis muscle. IR was estimated with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The MS (n = 61) and NMS (n = 29) groups were comparable in age (median (interquartile range): 51.0 (46.0-56.0) vs. 53.0 (45.5-57.5) years, p > 0.05) and sex (70.5% men vs. 72.4% women). MS subjects had lower serum levels of myonectin than NMS subjects (1.08 (0.87-1.35) vs. 1.09 (0.93-4.05) ng·mL-1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass index and lean mass index showed that serum myonectin was negatively correlated with the android/gynoid fat mass ratio (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.01), but not with the lipid profile, FFA, intramuscular lipid content or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, serum myonectin is lower in subjects with MS. Myonectin negatively correlates with a component relevant to the pathophysiology of MS, such as the android/gynoid fat mass ratio, but not with other components such as FFA, intramuscular fat or IR.

Asunto(s)

Resistencia a la Insulina , Síndrome Metabólico , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Animales , Ratones , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados

RESUMEN

The intensification of ewe production, focusing on increasing prolificity, results in a higher incidence of metabolic disorders, especially in the transition period, which can lead to production losses with consequences for the health of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile in transition period Lacaune ewes according to the parity and litter size born and its influence on the transference of passive immunity. Nineteen Lacaune ewes, with initial mean body weight of 76.36 ± 10.37 kg (SD), kept in a semi-extensive system and receiving the same diet, were used. Ewes were classified according to parity (primiparous and multiparous) and the litter size born at parturition (1, 2, and 3). On days - 14, - 7, and - 4 of the expected date of parturition and on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postpartum, blood sampling, the evaluation of the body condition score (BCS), and the weighing of animals were performed. Blood samples were taken from the lambs 48 h after birth. Colostrum was collected up to 6 h postpartum to determine the brix percentage. Serum concentrations of total plasma proteins (TPP), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), paraoxonase (PON1), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were evaluated. In lambs, the blood parameters evaluated were TPP, albumin, GGT, and PON1. Lamb plasma was used to estimate colostrum efficiency, brix percentage immunity, and total plasma protein (PPT). Productive data, pre- and postpartum metabolic variables for ewes, lambs, and those related to colostrum brix were analyzed. The BCS had a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the postpartum period, which is evidenced on days 7 and 14 (2.88 and 2.73, respectively). Serum concentration of BHB presented the highest concentrations in the prepartum period for ewes that gave birth to triplets, from day - 14, and for ewes that gave birth to twins on day - 4 (p = 0.0245). Serum concentration of NEFA demonstrated the highest value on day 14 in primiparous (1.07; p = 0.0402). Calcium had the lowest concentrations on day 1 (8.85 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and magnesium on day 3 (1.79 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) postpartum. The multiparous with two lambs had higher brix percentages (30.5%), and the lowest value was observed in primiparous ewes that gave birth to a single lamb (27.06%; p = 0.0395). Triplet lambs had the lowest weight (3.73 kg, p = 0.0007), and the best brix percentage in plasma was observed in twins (10.29%, p = 0.0174). Regardless of the parity, the ewes that presented the greatest metabolic challenge were those that gave birth to triplets, and these lambs presented the worst immunity and the lowest live weight. The quality of colostrum was influenced by the parity, and multiparous ewes that gave birth to triplets had the lowest brix percentage in the colostrum.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Magnesio , Embarazo , Ovinos , Animales , Femenino , Calcio , Oveja Doméstica , Metaboloma , Calcio de la Dieta

RESUMEN

This study aimed to investigate the effect of age at weaning of calves on non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and reproductive parameters of beef cows. Animals (n = 65) were randomly assigned to three treatments after calving: hyper-early weaning (W30) at 32 ± 0.89 days, early weaning (W75) at 77 ± 0.95 days, and conventional weaning (W180) at 183 ± 0.82 days. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated at parturition (AP) and at 30, 45, 64, 81, 100 and 115 days postpartum (dPP). Blood samples were collected to analyze NEFA levels and progesterone (P4) at 30, 45, 64 and 81 dPP. Higher BW and BCS were observed from 64 to 115 dPP in W30 cows than W180 ones (p < 0.05). Cows subjected to W30 condition had higher levels of NEFA at 30 dPP compared to 64 and 81 dPP (p < 0.05). We also observed that cows from W180 group showed decreased levels of NEFA at 30 dPP compared to 45 (p < 0.01) and 64 dPP (p < 0.05). The highest P4 level was observed at 64 dPP in W30 cows compared to W75 and W180 (p < 0.05). We also observed higher CR of W30 (86%) compared to W180 (47%) at 45 dPP (p < 0.05). The overall pregnancy rate (PR) was higher for W30 (95.5%) than W180 (73.9%). In addition, higher BW at calving and P4 levels at 30 dPP were positively correlated with the possibility of pregnancy (p < 0.05). Improvement in BW and BCS were observed in cows subjected to hyper-early weaning management. However, levels of NEFA decreased as the postpartum period progressed. We concluded that cows who weaned calves hyper-early have greater chances of increasing cyclicity and PRs.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Embarazo , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Destete , Reproducción , Periodo Posparto , Peso Corporal , Sobrepeso/veterinaria

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of folic acid, cobalamin, and indicators of energy metabolism during the peripartum period of ewes submitted to different diets and with or without pregnancy toxemia. Forty Santa Inês ewes were divided into three groups, a group of 20 animals fed only roughage-diet with low energy density (G1), a group of 10 ewes submitted to diet containing roughage and concentrate-diet with high energy density (G2), and a group of 10 ewes with diagnosis of pregnancy toxemia (PT) (G3). In the ewes of groups G1 and G2, blood samples were collected -30, -15, -7 days pre-partum, on the day of partum, and 7, 15, and 30 days postpartum; blood samples from G3 animals were collected during the veterinary clinic care. Significant variations were observed in the plasma concentration of glucose and serum folic acid, cobalamin, fructosamine, NEFA, and ß-hydroxybutyrate in the groups fed diets with different energy levels, with and without PT (P < 0.05). A positive correlation of folic acid and cobalamin was observed with plasma glucose and serum NEFA concentrations, in addition to negative correlation of glucose with NEFA and ß-hydroxybutyrate and positive correlation between the latter biomarkers of energy metabolism. The ewes diagnosed with PT showed higher levels of folic acid, NEFA, and ß-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.05). Ewes fed diet containing roughage and concentrate present higher serum levels of folic acid, cobalamin, and glucose, in the pre-partum period and in the lactation period. The results obtained contribute to better understanding of the application of blood concentration tests for folic acid and cobalamin in the energy metabolism and in PT in ewes.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Preeclampsia , Ovinos , Femenino , Animales , Embarazo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Preeclampsia/veterinaria , Periodo Periparto , Vitamina B 12 , Ácido Fólico , Dieta/veterinaria , Lactancia , Metabolismo Energético , Glucosa/metabolismo , Fibras de la Dieta

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: It is known that consuming a high-fat meal (HFM) induces microvascular dysfunction (MD) in eutrophic women and aggravates it in those with obesity. Our purpose was to investigate if the MD observed after a single HFM intake is caused by endothelial damage or increased inflammatory state, both determined by blood biomarkers. METHODS: Nineteen women with obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2) and 18 eutrophic ones (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2) were enrolled into two groups: Obese (OBG) and Control (CG), respectively. Blood samples were collected at five-time points: before (fasting state) and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after HFM intake to determine levels of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and endothelium damage [soluble E-selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] biomarkers. RESULTS: Levels of soluble E-selectin, leptin, and PAI-1 were higher in OBG at all-time points (P < 0.05) compared to CG. In the fasting state, OBG had higher levels of NEFA compared to CG (P < 0.05). In intra-group analysis, no significant change in the levels of circulating inflammatory and endothelial injury biomarkers was observed after HFM intake, independently of the group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that women with obesity have an increased pro-inflammatory state and more significant endothelial injury compared to eutrophic ones. However, the consumption of a HFM was not sufficient to change circulating levels of inflammatory and endothelial injury biomarkers in either group. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT01692327.

Asunto(s)

Adiposidad , Leptina , Femenino , Humanos , Adipoquinas , Adiponectina , Biomarcadores , Estudios Transversales , Selectina E/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/farmacología , Interleucina-6 , Obesidad , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/metabolismo , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Celular Vascular/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Celular Vascular/farmacología

RESUMEN

The transition period in taurine dairy cows is widely reported in the literature. However, little is known about the metabolism of zebu animals and their crossbreeding with taurine breeds during this phase. Considering the importance of these breeds in tropical and subtropical regions, this study aimed to evaluate the feed intake, milk production and hepatic metabolism in Holstein, Gyr and Girolando-F1 (½ Holstein × ½ Gyr) heifers presenting high body condition score (BCS) during the transition period (prepartum weeks -2 and -1 and postpartum weeks +1 and + 3). Twelve heifers of each genetic group were used, totaling 36 animals. Variables considered were blood metabolites related to liver function, dry matter intake (DMI), body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), milk yield (MY), and fat and protein concentrations in milk. Gyr heifers had the lowest concentrations of paraoxonase in weeks -2 (43.13 U/mL), -1 (62.10 U/mL) and + 3 (77.89 U/mL), albumin in week -1 (3.07 g/dL), and the highest concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in weeks -2 (1.35 mmol/L) and -1 (1.19 mmol/L). ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and NEFA values were negatively correlated with prepartum DMI (-0.82 and -0.57, respectively), while paraoxonase was positively correlated to DMI (0.54). Gyr cows were more susceptible to inflammation despite having intermediate BCS and lower milk yield. Girolando-F1 animals showed the highest BCS among groups, although their hepatic metabolism had better results than Gyr cows. Holstein animals had lower lipomobilization and higher DMI and MY between breeds. These results suggest that the metabolism of zebu and crossbred cows does not react equally to the metabolism of Holstein cows concerning stress factors such as transition period and obesity. Therefore, the present study addresses an emerging theme that highlights the need for differentiated management during the transition period between the different breeds studied in order to ensure the maximum health and welfare of these animals.

Asunto(s)

Lactancia , Leche , Bovinos , Animales , Femenino , Leche/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Arildialquilfosfatasa/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Alimentos , Periodo Posparto , Metabolismo Energético

RESUMEN

Introducción: los recién nacidos con peso elevado al nacer presentan mayor riesgo de complicaciones en el parto y problemas de salud a largo plazo. Un factor poco explorado durante la gestación es el nivel de los ácidos grasos circulantes. Materiales y métodos: estudio prospectivo donde se estudiaron mujeres durante el embarazo hasta el parto. Se analizaron las variables antropométricas y la medición de ácidos grasos libres entre las semanas 24-28 de gestación. Resultados: se incluyeron 27 pacientes, de las cuales cuatro (13,8%) dieron a luz a recién nacidos macrosómicos. Las pacientes se agruparon según el índice de masa corporal (IMC) preembarazo en normopeso y sobrepeso u obesidad. Los bebés macrosómicos correspondieron al grupo de madres con sobrepeso y obesidad que, además, tuvieron un incremento significativo de los niveles de ácidos grasos libres (2067 uM, ICC: 947,5-1590 vs 1212 uM, ICC: 13367-2247; p<0,05) en el grupo obesidad y sobrepeso. Los valores de glucemia basal y posteriores a la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa no mostraron diferencias. El análisis multivariado reveló que tener obesidad o sobrepeso al inicio del embarazo resulta en un odds ratio (OR) de ácidos grasos libres de 1,0023 (IC9 5%:1,0000-1,0046), mientras que la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa presentó un OR: 1,0186 (IC 95%: 0,9645-1,0756). Conclusiones: los resultados muestran el rol del IMC pregestacional sobre el riesgo de tener hijos macrosómicos, lo que confirma la necesidad de mejorar el estado nutricional de las mujeres antes y durante el embarazo.

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Introduction: neonates with high birth weight are at increased risk of birth complications and long term health problems. An unexplored factor during gestation is the level of circulating fatty acids. Materials and methods: prospective study where women were studied during pregnancy until delivery. Anthropometric variables and free fatty acid measurements were analyzed between 24-28 weeks of gestation. Results: we included 27 patients, of whom 4 (13.8%) gave birth to macrosomic newborns. Patients were grouped according to pre-pregnancy mass index (BMI) into normal weight and overweight or obese. Macrosomic neonates corresponded to the group of overweight and obese mothers, who also presented a significant increase in free fatty acid levels (2067 uM, ICC: 947,5-1590 vs 1212 uM, ICC: 13367-2247; p<0.05) was found in the obese and overweight group. Basal and post oral glucose tolerance test showed no differences, Multivariate analysis showed that being obese or overweight at the beginning of pregnancy results in an OR of free fatty acids 1,0023 (95%CI: 1,0000-1,0046), while oral glucose tolerance test presented an OR: 1,0186 (95%CI: 0,9645-1,0756). Conclusions: the results show the role of pre-gestational BMI on the risk of having macrosomic children, confirming the need to improve the nutritional status of women before and during pregnancy

Asunto(s)

Macrosomía Fetal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Ácidos Grasos , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados

RESUMEN

This study aimed to (i) prepare functionalized maghemite nanoparticles for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) by covalent binding, (ii) evaluate the application of the immobilized derivative in the hydrolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) to fatty acids, and (iii) assess the potential of the hydrolyzed material for biodiesel production by hydroesterification. Maghemite (γFe2O3) obtained by precipitation of Fe3Cl2 with NH4OH served as an efficient support for covalent immobilization of CRL. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrolytic activity analysis indicated that CRL was covalently immobilized on the surface of the maghemite support. The derivative showed an activity of 166.62 ± 8 U g-1 in WCO hydrolysis at 40 °C and pH 6. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that, after lipase immobilization, nanoparticles became more dispersed, which is advantageous for biocatalysis reactions, as it increases the contact area with the substrate. WCO hydrolysis afforded 96 ± 0.2 wt% free fatty acids. In the second step, free fatty acids were subjected to chemical esterification with sulfuric acid, affording 94.4 ± 0.02 wt% fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). The findings of this study contribute to the field of biotechnology and may promote the development of enzymatic technologies for the synthesis of products of economic and social interest.

Asunto(s)

Lipasa , Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Lipasa/química , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Biocombustibles , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Candida , Temperatura , Esterificación , Biocatálisis , Ácidos Sulfúricos

RESUMEN

This experiment evaluated the effects of advancing days on feed (DOF) on insulin resistance (IR) of finishing Bos indicus bulls offered a high-concentrate diet. On day 0, 100 Bos indicus Nellore bulls were housed in 12 feedlot pens (8 or 9 bulls/pen) for a 108-d feeding period, in a manner that all pens had an equivalent BW at the beginning of the finishing period. Bulls received the same diets throughout the 108-d feeding period. Diets were corn-based (38% starch) and were offered in amounts to ensure ad libitum intake. Individual shrunk BW was obtained on days 0 and 108 after 16 h of feed and water withdrawal, whereas unshrunk BW was recorded on days 19 and 60 for average daily gain (ADG) calculation. From days 0 to 108, feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) were calculated from each pen. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 60, and 108 to assess serum concentrations of haptoglobin, cortisol, glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and insulin. Glucose, NEFA, and insulin concentrations were used to determine revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI), so that lower RQUICKI values indicate a greater IR of the herd. Pen was used as the experimental unit. Overall, DMI increased as DOF also increased (R2 = 0.71), being greater from days 19 to 60 and 60 to 108 vs. 0 to 19 (P < 0.0001), but did not differ between days 19 to 60 and 60 to 108 (P = 0.79). Conversely, ADG and FE linearly decreased as DOF increased from days 0 to 108 (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.68 and 0.79, respectively). Log-transformed RQUICKI decreased as DOF increased up to 108 (P < 0.0001; r = -0.61). Similarly, serum concentrations of haptoglobin and cortisol increased as RQUICKI increased (P < 0.0001; r = 0.43 and 0.67, respectively). In summary, insulin resistance, per RQUICKI, increased and performance reduced in feedlot bulls with the advance of days on feed. Moreover, inflammatory markers were also positively associated with insulin resistance, suggesting that inflammation might be involved with the incidence of insulin resistance.

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This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of feeding a high-starch during the feedlot phase (108 d) on performance, inflammatory markers, and insulin resistance of Bos indicus bulls. As feeding period increased, performance of the animals was reduced, whereas inflammatory markers were positively correlated with days on feed. Moreover, insulin resistance state also worsened as days on feeding increased, indicating that offering a high-starch diet for an extended period of time might lead to chronic inflammation and the occurrence of insulin resistance, which, in turn, could help us to explain the often observed decrease on performance of animals in the later stages of the feedlot phase.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Insulinas , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Glucosa , Haptoglobinas , Hidrocortisona , Masculino

RESUMEN

The maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) assessed during a graded exercise test is a remarkable physiological indicator associated with metabolic flexibility, body weight loss and endurance performance. The present review considers existing biomarkers related to MFO, highlighting the validity of maximal oxygen uptake and free fatty acid availability for predicting MFO in athletes and healthy individuals. Moreover, we emphasize the role of different key enzymes and structural proteins that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis (i.e., triacylglycerol lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin 1), fatty acid trafficking (i.e., fatty acid translocase cluster of differentiation 36) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (i.e., citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II-V) on MFO variation. Likewise, we discuss the association of MFO with different polymorphism on the ACE, ADRB3, AR and CD36 genes, identifying prospective studies that will help to elucidate the mechanisms behind such associations. In addition, we highlight existing evidence that contradict the paradigm of a higher MFO in women due to ovarian hormones activity and highlight current gaps regarding endocrine function and MFO relationship.

Asunto(s)

Rendimiento Atlético , Consumo de Oxígeno , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Femenino , Humanos , Oxidación-Reducción , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Polimorfismo Genético , Estudios Prospectivos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Free fatty acid receptor 1 phosphorylation sites were studied using mutants, including a) a mutant with T215V in the third intracellular loop (3IL), b) another with changes in the carboxyl terminus (C-term): T287V, T293V, S298A, and c) a mutant with all of these changes (3IL/C-term). Agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium were similar between cells expressing wild-type or mutant receptors. In contrast, agonist-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was reduced in mutants compared to wild type. Phorbol ester-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was rapid and robust in cells expressing the wild-type receptor and essentially abolished in the mutants. Agonist-induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and receptor internalization were decreased in cells expressing the mutant receptors compared to those expressing the wild-type receptor. Our data suggest that the identified sites might participate in receptor phosphorylation, signaling, and internalization.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutación/genética , Fosforilación , Transducción de Señal