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BACKGROUND: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes may modify dietary fatty acid requirements and influence cardiometabolic health (CMH). OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the role of selected variants in maternal and offspring FADS genes on offspring CMH at the age of 11 y and assessed interactions of genotype with diet quality and prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. METHODS: We used data from offspring (n = 203) born to females who participated in a randomized controlled trial of DHA supplementation (400 mg/d) from midgestation to delivery. We generated a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score from body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose and identified 6 distinct haplotypes from 5 offspring FADS SNPs. Dietary n-6 (ω-6):n-3 fatty acid ratios were derived from 24-h recall data (n = 141). We used generalized linear models to test associations of offspring diet and FADS haplotypes with MetS score and interactions of maternal and offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with prenatal treatment group and dietary n-6:n-3 ratio on MetS score. RESULTS: Associations between FADS haplotypes and MetS score were null. Offspring SNP rs174602 did not modify the association of prenatal DHA supplementation with MetS score. Among children with TT or TC genotype for SNP rs174602 (n = 88), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile (>8.61) had higher MetS score relative to the lowest tertile [<6.67) (Δ= 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.69]. Among children with CC genotype (n = 53), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile had a lower MetS score relative to the lowest tertile (Δ= -0.23; 95% CI: -0.61, 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence of an interaction of offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with current dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, but not with prenatal DHA supplementation, on MetS score. Further studies may help to determine the utility of targeted supplementation strategies and dietary recommendations based on genetic profile.
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Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácido Graso Desaturasas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Humanos , Femenino , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/metabolismo , Embarazo , México , Masculino , Niño , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso , Síndrome Metabólico/genética , Síndrome Metabólico/prevención & control , Adulto , Dieta , HaplotiposRESUMEN
Introducción: Los endocannabinoides son una diana en el tratamiento de la obesidad y se producen a partir de ácidos grasos esenciales, los derivados del ácido linoleico actúan como agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides tipo 1 (CB1), asimismo, los derivados del ácido linolénico ejercen efectos de antagonistas de dichos receptores, por lo cual se plantea que modificar el consumo dietario de los ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6 podría modular la activación del sistema endocannabinoide, lo que podría ser favorable para personas con adicción a la comida, considerando cómo este sistema promueve la actividad de las vías dopaminérgicas que se alteran en la adicción a sustancias psicoactivas. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre el puntaje de adicción a la comida por la escala mYFAS 2.0 y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras modular la ingesta de alimentos fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio piloto con diseño de ensayo clínico cruzado en dos tiempos, en donde los participantes recibieron los tratamientos estándar y experimental, en estos se brindaron planes siguiendo recomendaciones para el manejo nutricional de la obesidad, adicionalmente, el tratamiento experimental contó con pautas para disminuir el consumo del Omega 6 y aumentar el consumo de Omega 3 para obtener una relación menor a 5:1 entre estos ácidos grasos. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa en el puntaje de adicción a la comida y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en los participantes tras recibir el tratamiento experimental, presentando una correlación directamente proporcional entre estas, por otro lado, el tratamiento estándar estuvo asociado a una correlación inversamente proporcional entre estos. Conclusiones: El descenso en las concentraciones plasmáticas del ácido araquidónico fue asociado a un menor puntaje en la escala mYFAS 2.0 de adicción a la comida en los participantes de este estudio tras su exposición al tratamiento experimental.
Introduction: Endocannabinoids are a target in obesity treatment and they are produced from the essential fatty acids, the metabolites of linoleic acid act as agonists of the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), likewise, the metabolites of the linolenic acid act as inverse agonists of such receptors, hence, it is proposed that modifying the dietary intake of the essential fatty acids (Omega 6 and 3) may modulate the activation of the endocannabinoid system, this could be favorable for people with food addiction, considering how this system promotes the activity of the dopaminergic pathways that are altered in the psychoactive substances addiction. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid in adults with obesity following a modulation of the dietary intake of essential fatty acids n-6 and n-3 food sources. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with a two-period crossover clinical trial design, in which the participants received standard and experimental treatments, in these programs, plans were provided following guidelines for the nutritional management of obesity, in addition, the experimental treatment included recommendations to reduce the intake of linoleic acid and to increase the intake of linolenic acid to obtain a ratio lower to 5:1 between these fatty acids. Results: A significant decrease in the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid was observed in the participants exposed to the experimental treatment, showing a directly proportional correlation, moreover, the standard treatment was associated to inverse correlations between these variables. Conclusion: The decrease in plasmatic arachidonic acid levels was associated with lower scores on the mYFAS 2.0 of food addiction in the participants of this study following their exposure to the experimental treatment.
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Humanos , Ácido Araquidónico , Ciencias de la Nutrición , Adicción a la Comida , Obesidad , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , EndocannabinoidesRESUMEN
Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by various hallmarks, including dysregulation in apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that efficiently eliminates damaged cells. Several studies have indicated the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in apoptosis, including omega-3 PUFAs such as alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the role of omega-6 PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, in apoptosis is controversial, with some studies supporting their activation of apoptosis and others suggesting inhibition. These PUFAs are essential fatty acids, and Western populations today have a high consumption rate of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs. This review focuses on presenting the diverse molecular mechanisms evidence in both in vitro and in vivo models, to help clarify the controversial involvement of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in apoptosis mechanisms in cancer.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Neoplasias , Humanos , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , ApoptosisRESUMEN
In the present work, a statistical experiment based on the microscopy X-ray fluorescence technique was developed to evaluate the effect of diets rich in ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on tumour tissues. Relative variations on the local content of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn were analysed in the experiment. Neoplastic tissues were obtained from mammary gland adenocarcinomas inoculated in mice belonging to three different dietary groups: normal, rich in ω-3 and in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Slices of 30 microns thick sections of these samples were scanned in the air atmosphere in areas of 5 mm × 5 mm with a spatial resolution of 50 microns using synchrotron radiation. Principal component analysis was employed to analyse the correlation between the X-ray fluorescence signals of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn. The subsequent application of the K-means clustering was used for the automatic segmentation of the image scans. By comparison with conventional histological analysis, the clusters were positively identified as tumour parenchyma, transition and necrotic region. The calculation of the mean content of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn in these regions showed that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modify elemental content of tumour parenchyma, suggesting its involvement in the antitumour effects of chia oil and protumour effects of safflower oil.
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Adenocarcinoma , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ratones , Animales , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales , Adenocarcinoma/patologíaRESUMEN
We evaluated whether linseed oil (LO) modulates the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on liver inflammation, fatty acid (FA) accumulation, and lipid distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. The control group (control high-carbohydrate diet [HCD-C]) received an HCD with lard and soybean oil as the lipid source. The L10 and L100 groups received the HCD with 10% and 100% of LO as the lipid source, respectively. The animals were killed by decapitation before (day 0) and after receiving the diets. Liver FA composition, inflammation, and fibrogenesis gene expression were evaluated. Also, the percentage of lipid-occupied area in periportal end perivenous hepatocytes were measured. The L100 group exhibited a higher (P < .05) liver amount of omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) and lower (P < .05) amounts of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (n-6 PUFA) compared with L10 or HCD-C mice. On day 56, interleukin 10 and type IV collagen gene expression were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively in L100. Also, the L100 group showed lower (P < .05) FA accumulation (i.e., total FA, SFA, MUFA, and n-6 PUFA). Also, L10 and L100 presented lower (P < .05) percentage of high lipid-containing portion in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. We concluded that LO attenuation of liver inflammation promoted by an HCD is associated with increased liver n-3 PUFA levels, so modulating FA composition, deposition, and distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Hepatitis , Animales , Ratones , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Aceite de Linaza/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Dieta , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , CarbohidratosRESUMEN
Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and bears poor prognosis. It has been shown that diet is an important environmental factor that contributes to the risk and mortality of several types of cancers. Intake of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs plays an important role in cancer risk and progression. Current Western populations have high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs with a ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs at 15:1 to 16.7:1 This high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs is related to increased cancer risk and progression. However, whether a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs can contribute to tumor aggressiveness has not been well investigated. We used a murine model of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma to study the aggressiveness of tumors in mice fed with a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs and its relationship with oxylipins. Our results shown that the mice fed a diet rich in ω-6 showed a marked increase in proliferation, angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory markers and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in their tumors. Oxylipin profiling revealed an upregulation of various pro-tumoral oxylipins including PGs, HETEs, DiHETrEs and HODEs. These results demonstrate for the first time that high intake of ω-6 PUFAs in the diet enhances the malignancy of tumor cells by histological changes on tumor dedifferentiation and increases cell proliferation, angiogenesis, pro-inflammatory oxylipins and molecular aggressiveness targets such as NF-κB p65, YY1, COX-2 and TGF-ß.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Animales , Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/farmacología , Ratones , Oxilipinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play essential roles in cell membrane structure and physiological processes including signal transduction, cellular metabolism and tissue homeostasis to combat diseases. PUFA are either consumed from food or synthesized by enzymatic desaturation, elongation and peroxisomal ß-oxidation. The nutritionally essential precursors α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA) are subjected to desaturation by Δ6D/Δ5D desaturases and elongation by elongases 2/5, enzymes that are induced by insulin and repressed by PUFA. Maintaining an optimally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is linked to prevention of the development of several diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by depletion of PUFA promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In this context, supplementation with n-3 PUFA revealed significant lowering of hepatic steatosis in obese patients, whereas prevention of fatty liver by high-fat diet in mice is observed in n-3 PUFA and hydroxytyrosol co-administration. The aim of this work is to review the role of nutritional status and nutrient availability on markers of PUFA biosynthesis. In addition, the impact of oxidative stress developed as a result of NAFLD, a redox imbalance that may alter the expression and activity of the enzymes involved, and diminished n-3 PUFA levels by free-radical dependent peroxidation processes will be discussed.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Animales , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Estado Nutricional , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
The polymorphisms of fatty acid desaturase genes FADS1 and FADS2 have been associated with an increase in weight gain. We investigated FADS1 and FADS2 gene polymorphisms and the relation between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid plasma concentrations and gestational weight gain. A prospective cohort study of 199 pregnant women was followed in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil. Plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were measured at baseline and gestational weight gain during the first, second, and third trimesters. Fatty acid recognition was carried out with the aid of gas chromatography. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using real-time PCR. Statistical analyses included Structural Equation Modelling. A direct effect of FADS1 and FADS2 gene polymorphisms on gestational weight was observed; however, only the SNP rs174575 (FADS2) showed a significant positive direct effect on weight over the course of the pregnancy (0.106; p = 0.016). In terms of the influence of SNPs on plasma levels of PUFAs, it was found that SNP rs174561 (FADS1) and SNP rs174575 (FADS2) showed direct adverse effects on plasma concentrations of ω-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid and alpha-linoleic acid), and only SNP rs174575 had positive direct effects on plasma levels of ARA and the ARA/LA (arachidonic acid/linoleic acid) ratio, ω-6 products, while the SNP rs3834458 (FADS2) had an adverse effect on plasma concentrations of EPA, leading to its increase. Pregnant women who were heterozygous and homozygous for the minor allele of the SNP rs3834458 (FADS2), on the other hand, showed larger concentrations of series ω-3 substrates, which indicates a protective factor for women's health.
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delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso , Ácido Graso Desaturasas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Ganancia de Peso Gestacional , Estudios de Cohortes , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso/sangre , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/sangre , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
ABSTRACTObjective: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association of dietary fatty acids, cholesterol and omega-6/omega-3 ratio to depressive symptoms in a sample of low-risk pregnant women.Methods: Pregnant women (n = 60) within 20-40 years of age and with 22-24 gestational weeks were evaluated. Food intake was assessed by two 24-h recalls and depressive symptoms according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 18.3%. The Prevalence Ratio (PR) adjusted by per capita income, history of depression and pregnancy intention, showed a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms among pregnant women with excessive total fatty acid intake (PR: 5.80; CI95% 1.20-27.7) and omega-6/omega-3 ratio above 10:1 (PR: 3.63; CI95% 1.20-10.94).Discussion: Our results indicated a higher risk of depressive symptoms among pregnant women with total fatty acids intake and omega-6/omega-3 ratio above recommendation, but further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of dietary fatty acids in the onset of maternal depression.
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Depresión , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Ácidos Grasos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
It is well established that diets containing an increased omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) ratios are linked to inflammation and chronic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the influence of an elevated n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio in the tissues requires clarification. Herein, we identified primary experimental and clinical studies where it is possible to compare the performance of the myristic acid (Myr):docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratios in the liver and/or serum as potential NAFLD biomarkers. Articles were included if quantitative values of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, Myr, DHA, and information about liver inflammation or liver disease progression parameters were provided. Overall, most experimental (91.6%) and clinical studies (87.5%) reported higher Myr:DHA ratios associated with inflammation and/or NAFLD progression than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. We conclude that the Myr:DHA ratio represents a better biomarker of NAFLD than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. Future studies are necessary for verifying this observation.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Biomarcadores , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Humanos , Inflamación , Ácido Mirístico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/diagnósticoRESUMEN
This study aims to investigate the effects of different levels of chia (Salvia Hispanica L.) seed oil supplementation as omega-3 source to the diets of laying quails on yield performance, egg quality, and egg yolk fatty acid profiles. The study was conducted including 4 treatment groups as follows: C0 (0 g/kg diet), C1 (1 g/kg diet), C2 (2 g/kg diet), and C3 (3 g/kg diet). In the study, 96 female quails at the age of 18 weeks were used and the trial was carried out for 4 weeks. As a result, it was determined that chia seed oil supplementation to the diet was not effective on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg yield, or egg weight of quails, but it was effective on the yolk index of egg quality characteristics (p<0.05). The most important effect of chia seed oil supplementation to the diet was determined to be on the omega-3/omega-6 ratio of egg yolk. Dietary chia seed oil increased the omega-3/omega-6 ratio (p<0.01). It can be stated that increasing the level of omega-3 in the diets, positively affects the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio.(AU)
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Animales , Femenino , Semillas/efectos adversos , Colinus/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Salvia hispanica/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate different n6:n3ratios on performance, serum biochemical variables, and egg quality in 81-week-old laying hens. A total of 224 laying hens, 81-week-old Hysex White, were utilized and distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of seven treatments and eight replications of four birds per cage, totaling 56 cages. The experimental treatments consisted of seven different n6:n3fatty acid ratios: 1.0:1.0, 2.0:1.0, 4.0:1.0, 8.0:1.0, 16.0:1.0, 32.0:1.0, and 64.0:1.0. For diet formulation, sunflower oil, rich in omega-6, and linseed oil, rich in omega-3, were used. Productive performance, egg quality and serum biochemical variables of laying hens were evaluated at the end of the cycle at 26, 27, and 28 days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and orthogonal contrasts were used to obtain the sum of squares of the treatment of the analysis of variance in polynomial regression effects. Egg quality variables did not vary significantly between the diets. Therefore, diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids at different ratios was possible without altering egg quality. The only exception was Haugh unit, which displayed a quadratic effect indicating that the best value was the n6:n3ratio of 32, according to data significance. It was concluded that an increase in n6:n3ratios decreases laying hens' feed intake. The n6:n3 ratio of 34.64 provides greater eggs' Haugh units, decreasing from that value on. The ratios of n6:n3 did not influence the hens' serum biochemical variables.(AU)
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Animales , Femenino , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Pollos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Huevos , Ácidos Grasos InsaturadosRESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality indices in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Samples were collected from two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between commercial cuts. If ANOVA was statistically significant (α = 0.05), the averages were compared using Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between commercial cuts. The commercial cuts with the highest percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) steak at 47.050%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) fillet at 45.120%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) band at 19.050%. In addition, the band expresses the highest values of omegas 3, 6, 7, and n-9. The indices prescribed ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, indicating that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Nutritional information is important for conservation and processing processes, the development of new products on the market, and guidance on the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.
O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e índices de qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As coletas de amostras foram realizadas em duas indústrias de processamento de pescado localizadas no estado de Rondônia, Brasil. O delineamen-to experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com processamento realizado em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) para avaliar diferenças entre cortes comerciais. Quando a ANOVA foi estatisticamente significativa (α = 0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Na composição dos ácidos graxos, houve diferença (p < 0,05) entre os cortes comerciais. O corte comercial com maiores percentagens de ácido graxo saturado (AGSs) foi a posta 47,050%, de ácido graxo monossaturado (AGMs) foi o filé 45,120% e de ácido graxo poli-insaturado (AGPs) foi a banda 19,050%. Esta também expressou os maiores valores de ômegas 3, 6, 7 e n-9. Os índices prescritos ∑AGPs/∑AGSs, ∑AGPs (n-6/∑n-3); índice de aterogenicidade; índice de trombogenicidade; razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos mostram que os cortes comerciais possuem qualidade lipídica. As informações nutricionais são importantes para os processos de conservação e processamento e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos no mercado, bem como orientam a forma de preparo, proporcionando assim segurança comercial para diferentes nichos de mercado.
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Animales , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Characiformes , Brasil , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Industria Pesquera , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6 , Explotaciones PesquerasRESUMEN
We investigated if supplementing obese mothers (MO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition and offspring anxiety behavior. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating and through lactation, half the mothers received 400 mg DHA kg-1 d-1 orally (C+DHA or MO+DHA). Offspring ate C after weaning. Maternal weight, total body fat, milk hormones, and milk nutrient composition were determined. Pups' milk nutrient intake was evaluated, and behavioral anxiety tests were conducted. MO exhibited increased weight and total fat, and higher milk corticosterone, leptin, linoleic, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations, and less DHA content. MO male and female offspring had higher ω-6/ ω-3 milk consumption ratios. In the elevated plus maze, female but not male MO offspring exhibited more anxiety. MO+DHA mothers exhibited lower weight, total fat, milk leptin, and AA concentrations, and enhanced milk DHA. MO+DHA offspring had a lower ω-6/ω-3 milk intake ratio and reduced anxiety vs. MO. DHA content was greater in C+DHA milk vs. C. Supplementing MO mothers with DHA improves milk composition, especially LCPUFA content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio reducing offspring anxiety in a sex-dependent manner.
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Animales Recién Nacidos/psicología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Leche/química , Animales , Ansiedad/prevención & control , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/análisis , Femenino , Lactancia , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Chronic pain (CP) is a severe clinical entity with devastating physical and emotional consequences for patients, which can occur in a myriad of diseases. Often, conventional treatment approaches appear to be insufficient for its management. Moreover, considering the adverse effects of traditional analgesic treatments, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have emerged as a promising alternative for CP. These include various bioactive molecules such as resolvins, maresins, and protectins, derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); and lipoxins, produced from ω-6 PUFAs. Indeed, SPMs have been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation and resolution of the inflammation associated with CP. Furthermore, these molecules can modulate neuroinflammation and thus inhibit central and peripheral sensitizations, as well as long-term potentiation, via immunomodulation and regulation of nociceptor activity and neuronal pathways. In this context, preclinical and clinical studies have evidenced that the use of SPMs is beneficial in CP-related disorders, including rheumatic diseases, migraine, neuropathies, and others. This review integrates current preclinical and clinical knowledge on the role of SPMs as a potential therapeutic tool for the management of patients with CP.
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Dolor Crónico/metabolismo , Dolor Crónico/terapia , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Manejo del Dolor , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
Long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are of increasing interest because of their favorable effect on cardiometabolic risk. This study explores the association between omega 6 and 3 fatty acids intake and cardiometabolic risk in four African-origin populations spanning the epidemiological transition. Data are obtained from a cohort of 2500 adults aged 25-45 enrolled in the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS), from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, and the Seychelles. Dietary intake was measured using two 24 h recalls from the Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR). The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk was analyzed by comparing the lowest and highest quartile of omega-3 (EPA+ DHA) consumption and by comparing participants who consumed a ratio of arachidonic acid (AA)/EPA + DHA ≤4:1 and >4:1. Data were analyzed using multiple variable logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, activity, calorie intake, alcohol intake, and smoking status. The lowest quartile of EPA + DHA intake is associated with cardiometabolic risk 2.16 (1.45, 3.2), inflammation 1.59 (1.17, 2.16), and obesity 2.06 (1.50, 2.82). Additionally, consuming an AA/EPA + DHA ratio of >4:1 is also associated with cardiometabolic risk 1.80 (1.24, 2.60), inflammation 1.47 (1.06, 2.03), and obesity 1.72 (1.25, 2.39). Our findings corroborate previous research supporting a beneficial role for monounsaturated fatty acids in reducing cardiometabolic risk.
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Población Negra , Factores de Riesgo Cardiometabólico , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análogos & derivados , Femenino , Ghana/epidemiología , Humanos , Inflamación/epidemiología , Jamaica/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Seychelles/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Modern western diets have been associated with a reduced proportion of dietary omega-3 fatty acids leading to decreased levels of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in the brain. Low DHA content has been associated with altered development of visual acuity in infants and also with an altered time course of synapse elimination and plasticity in subcortical visual nuclei in rodents. Microglia has an active role in normal developmental processes such as circuitry refinement and plasticity, and its activation status can be modulated by omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) essential fatty acids. In the present study, we investigated the impact of dietary restriction of DHA (ω3-), through the chronic administration of a coconut-based diet as the only fat source. This dietary protocol resulted in a reduction in DHA content in the retina and superior colliculus (SC) and in a neuroinflammatory outcome during the development of the rodent visual system. The ω3- group showed changes in microglial morphology in the retina and SC and a corresponding altered pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Early and late fish oil protocols supplementation were able to restore DHA levels. The early supplementation also decreased neuroinflammatory markers in the visual system. The present study indicates that a chronic dietary restriction of omega-3 fatty acids and the resulting deficits in DHA content, commonly observed in Western diets, interferes with the microglial profile leading to an inflamed microenvironment which may underlie a disruption of synapse elimination, altered topographical organization, abnormal plasticity, and duration of critical periods during brain development.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Inflamación/etiología , Visión Ocular/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Dieta , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/uso terapéutico , Microglía , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/etiología , Ratas , Retina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Retina/metabolismo , Colículos Superiores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Colículos Superiores/metabolismo , Agudeza VisualRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine effects of various sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on ovarian response and embryo quality in Boer does when there was a superovulation treatment regimen imposed. Pluriparous does were randomly assigned to be treated with 300 g of one of four experimental supplements containing linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), palm oil (PO), or a control supplement without fatty acids (CO), for 15 days. Does were fitted with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 0.3 g progesterone for 7 days. At 48 h before CIDR withdrawal, does were treated with 80 mg follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) administered at 12 h intervals. Embryos were collected 7 days after the last natural mating. Estrous response and interval between CIDR withdrawals to estrous onset were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). Number of ovulations was similar for does in the different groups (10.0, 9.2, 7.0, and 7.0, in LO, SO, PO, and CO, respectively; P > 0.05). There was premature luteal regression in does of the SO, PO, and CO groups, except in LO group. The LO-treated does had a larger (P < 0.05) mean number of ova/embryos recovered than does of SO, PO, and CO groups (7.2, 2.0, 0.2, 0.2, respectively) and transferable embryos (5.1, 1.4, 0.2, 0.2, respectively). These results indicate that including LO in supplements may be a feasible strategy for preventing premature luteal regression and improving embryo quality in goats treated to induce follicular super-stimulation for induction of superovulation.
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Alimentación Animal/análisis , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/farmacología , Cabras/embriología , Superovulación/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Dinoprost/administración & dosificación , Dinoprost/farmacología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/administración & dosificación , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/farmacología , Progesterona/administración & dosificación , Progesterona/farmacología , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Lower concentrations of omega-3 (ω-3) and higher concentrations of omega-6 (ω-6) have been associated with excess weight in adults; however, the information on this relationship in pregnancy remains in its infancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma levels of ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and weight gain during the gestational period. This is a prospective cohort study involving 185 pregnant women registered with the prenatal services of a municipality in the northeast of Brazil. The dosage of the serum concentration of fatty acids and the anthropometric measurements were carried out at the baseline, and the women's weight information in the first, second, and third trimesters was collected from their pregnancy cards. Serum fatty acids were determined with the help of gas chromatography. The response variable of this study is the latent variable weight gain in pregnancy, derived from three variables: gestational weight in the first, second, and third trimesters. The main exposure was the plasma concentrations of PUFAs. Structural equation modeling was used for the data analysis. The mean age of the pregnant women was 26.74 years old (SD: 5.96 years). Most of the women had not completed high school (84%) and had a low income (70.86%). It was observed that the ω-3 PUFAs, represented by ALA plasm (alpha-linolenic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and the EPA/ALA ratio (eicosapentaenoic acid to alpha-linolenic acid ratio), were negatively associated with the weight gain during pregnancy construct (-0.20, -0.12, and -0.14, respectively). Meanwhile, the PUFAs represented by the ratio between the ω-6 category acids ARA and LA (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) had a direct and positive association (0.22) with that construct. Excess maternal weight gain was associated with ω-3 and ω-6 plasma levels. The women with the greatest gestational weight gain were the ones that presented the highest ARA/LA ratio (ω-6) and the lowest plasma concentrations of ALA, DHA, and EPA/ALA ratio (ω-3).
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/sangre , Ganancia de Peso Gestacional/efectos de los fármacos , Trimestres del Embarazo/sangre , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
O leite materno é considerado a melhor fonte de alimentação infantil e representa uma das experiências nutricionais mais precoces do recém-nascido dando continuidade à nutrição iniciada na vida intrauterina. Apesar de inúmeros estudos já terem elucidado grande parte de fatores associados à composição nutricional do leite, ressalta-se que a maioria esclareceu essas associações de forma isolada e com resultados contraditórios. Esta tese investigou, através de uma coletânea de artigos, os potenciais fatores associados à composição nutricional do leite humano. Para isso, foram escritos sete artigos já publicados, a saber: quatro revisões sistemáticas dois artigos originais advindos do estudo maior denominado "Morbidades e hábitos nutricionais durante a gestação impactam os macronutrientes e hormônios do leite materno e composição corporal do recém-nascido a termo?" e um manuscrito que propôs um modelo teórico de causalidade entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e conteúdo de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que diversos fatores maternos podem acarretar modificações na composição de macronutrientes do leite humano, sobretudo o excesso de peso materno pré-gestacional, o ganho de peso gestacional inadequado, o hábito de fumar, a presença de diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica. No que diz respeito aos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, foi observado, a partir da revisão sistemática realizada, que o leite maduro de mulheres com excesso de peso tem um conteúdo pró-inflamatório maior comparado ao leite de mulheres com peso adequado. Já em relação à construção do modelo causal entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e a razão de ômega-6 para ômega-3 no leite humano, o gráfico acíclico direcionado proposto conduziu um conjunto mínimo de variáveis ((condições socioeconômicas (raça, escolaridade, renda), o intervalo interpartal, a idade materna e o padrão de consumo alimentar) para ajustar a fim de estimar o efeito total entre exposição e desfecho. É importante ressaltar que mesmo que alguns fatores maternos possam ocasionar modificações nutricionais no leite humano, o aleitamento materno deve ser estimulado e fortemente encorajado exclusivamente até o 6º mês de vida do recém-nascido e complementado até os dois anos ou mais. Espera-se que, com os resultados desse estudo, os principais fatores associados à composição nutricional do leite humano sejam considerados na prática clínica dos profissionais de saúde. Além disso, é importante pontuar a importância do acompanhamento da mulher antes da concepção e na incorporação de cuidados pré-natais o mais precocemente possível na gestação, com o objetivo de reduzir os desfechos obstétricos desfavoráveis, favorecendo o crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil adequado com repercussões ao longo de todo o ciclo vital.