RESUMEN
This study explores the potential of Cucumaria frondosa (C. frondosa) viscera as a natural source of omega-3 FAs using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction. The extraction conditions were optimized using a response surface design, and the optimal parameters were identified as 75 °C and 45 MPa, with a 20 min static and a 30 min dynamic extraction, and a 2:1 ethanol to feedstock mass ratio. Under these conditions, the scCO2 extraction yielded higher FAs than the solvent-based Bligh and Dyer method. The comparative analysis demonstrated that scCO2 extraction (16.30 g of FAs/100 g of dried samples) yielded more fatty acids than the conventional Bligh and Dyer method (9.02 g, or 13.59 g of FAs/100 g of dried samples with ultrasonic assistance), indicating that scCO2 extraction is a viable, green alternative to traditional solvent-based techniques for recovering fatty acids. The pre-treatment effects, including drying methods and ethanol-soaking, were investigated. Freeze-drying significantly enhanced FA yields to almost 100% recovery, while ethanol-soaked viscera tripled the FA yields compared to fresh samples, achieving similar EPA and DHA levels to hot-air-dried samples. These findings highlight the potential of sea cucumber viscera as an efficient source of omega-3 FA extraction and offer an alternative to traditional extraction procedures.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Vísceras , Animales , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Vísceras/química , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Cucumaria/química , Pepinos de Mar/química , LiofilizaciónRESUMEN
Hydrogels have several characteristics, including biocompatibility, physical similarity with the skin's extracellular matrix, and regeneration capacity. Cell migration and proliferation are facilitated by natural polymers such as gelatin (Gel) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Gelatin dressing acts as a structural framework for cell migration into the wound area, stimulating cell division and promoting granulation tissue formation. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may prevent wound infection and improve the healing of wounds in the early stages. We studied the preparation of wound dressing containing Omega-3 and its ability to heal wounds. In this study, CMC-Gel hydrogels containing different concentrations of Omega-3 were investigated in full-thickness wounds. After the fabrication of the hydrogels by using surfactant (tween 20) and microemulsion method (oil in water), various tests such as SEM, Water uptake evaluation, weight loss, cell viability, blood compatibility, and in vivo study in rat cutaneous modeling during 14 days were performed to evaluate the properties of the fabricated hydrogels. The analysis of the hydrogels revealed that they possess porous structures with interconnected pores, with an average size of 83.23 ± 6.43 µm. The hydrogels exhibited a swelling capacity of up to 60% of their initial weight within 24 h, as indicated by the weight loss and swelling measurements. Cell viability study with the MTT technique showed that no cytotoxicity was observed at the recommended dosage, however, increasing the amount of omega-3 caused hemolysis, cell death, and inhibition of coagulation activity. An in vivo study in adult male rats with a full-thickness model showed greater than 91% improvement of the primary wound region after 2 weeks of treatment. Histological analysis demonstrated Omega-3 in hydrogels, which is a promising approach for topical skin treatment to prevent scar, and has shown efficacy as wound dressing by improving the repair process at the defect site.
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Carboximetilcelulosa de Sodio , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Gelatina , Hidrogeles , Piel , Cicatrización de Heridas , Animales , Gelatina/química , Hidrogeles/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Carboximetilcelulosa de Sodio/química , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/lesiones , Ratas , Masculino , Vendajes , Humanos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regeneración/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The food industry is actively investigating the stability of natural red pigments to replace artificial food colorants from all food applications in the near future. In this study, the stability of coloring extracts from chokeberry, grape, hibiscus, and purple sweet potato was investigated in ω-3 fatty acid-rich flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion during storage. The red color of the oil-in-water emulsions faded within 4 days, indicating that the anthocyanin extracts were susceptible to lipid oxidation reactions of the ω-3 fatty acids. The color stability varied between all used extract sources: The chokeberry (degradation constant k = 19.6 h-1) and grape (k = 15.2 h-1) extracts showed similar degradation kinetics, whereas purple sweet potato extract (k = 10.7 h-1) degraded significantly slower, and hibiscus extract (k = 110.2 h-1) significantly faster. The differences can be explained by the different anthocyanins contained in the plant extract, especially by the proportion of acylated anthocyanins.
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Antocianinas , Emulsiones , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Hibiscus , Ipomoea batatas , Extractos Vegetales , Vitis , Antocianinas/química , Hibiscus/química , Ipomoea batatas/química , Vitis/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Emulsiones/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Agua/química , CinéticaRESUMEN
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-3 and n-6 classes are crucial for maintaining many physiological functions of the human body. It has previously been suggested that the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs are mediated by the action of bioactive lipid components, although it remains unclear which specific lipids are metabolically active. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various liposomal diets on the content and ratio of liver phospholipids, containing n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, in F1 (C57blxDBA2\6) mice. Lipidomic analysis using chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to investigate changes in the fatty acid profile of liver phospholipids in six groups of mice. These mice were fed liposomal complexes of different compositions in drinks replacing water for a long-term diet (3 months). Two additional groups of mice, aged 2 and 5 months, were used as control groups. The six liposomal complexes included different combinations of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a natural antioxidant (clove bud essential oil (CEO)), fish oil (FO), and sodium caseinate (SC). The consumption of the PC-CEO-FO-SC liposomal complex significantly increased the amount of liver phospholipids containing n-3 docosahexaenoic acid, including phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylserines (PS), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). This increase was accompanied by a marked decrease in the amount of phospholipids containing n-6 arachidonic acid. As a result, the weight ratio of phospholipids containing n-6 PUFAs to those containing n-3 PUFAs decreased significantly, especially for PC and PE subclasses. Therefore, the PC-CEO-FO-SC liposomal complex has the potential to enhance resistance to inflammation and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases.
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Lipidómica , Liposomas , Hígado , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fosfolípidos , Animales , Liposomas/química , Fosfolípidos/química , Fosfolípidos/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ácidos Grasos/química , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , DietaRESUMEN
Microalgae are promising sources of essential lipids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFA) and novel lipid metabolites like oxylipins. However, limited data exist on the oxylipin profile, its characterization, and the potential impact of the extraction process on these metabolites in microalgae. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the fatty acid and oxylipin profile of four microalgal species of interest (Microchloropsis gaditana, Tisochrysis lutea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Porphyridium cruentum) while also examining the impact of the extraction method, with a focus on developing a greener process using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ethanol. The UAE method showed similar oxylipin profiles, generally yielding concentrations comparable to those of the conventional Folch method. In total, 68 oxylipins derived from n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected, with the highest concentrations of n-3 oxylipins found in P. tricornutum and T. lutea and of n-6 oxylipins in P. cruentum. This study provides the most extensive oxylipin characterization of these microalgae species to date, offering insights into alternative extraction methods and opening new avenues for further investigation of the significance of oxylipins in microalgae.
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Microalgas , Oxilipinas , Oxilipinas/aislamiento & purificación , Oxilipinas/análisis , Microalgas/química , Microalgas/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Tecnología Química Verde , Espectrometría de Masas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that are not synthesised by the human body and have been linked with the prevention of chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the current dietary habits of the majority of the population include lower omega-3 content compared to omega-6, which does not promote good health. To overcome this, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies aim to produce omega-3-fortified foods. For this purpose, various approaches have been employed to obtain omega-3 concentrates from sources such as fish and algal oil with higher amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Among these techniques, enzymatic enrichment using lipase enzymes has gained tremendous interest as it is low in capital cost and simple in operation. Microorganism-derived lipases are preferred as they are easily produced due to their higher growth rate, and they hold the ability to be manipulated using genetic modification. This review aims to highlight the recent studies that have been carried out using marine lipases for the enrichment of omega-3, to provide insight into future directions. Overall, the covalent bond-based lipase immobilization to various support materials appears most promising; however, greener and less expensive options need to be strengthened.
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Organismos Acuáticos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Lipasa , Lipasa/metabolismo , Lipasa/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Humanos , Animales , Aceites de Pescado/químicaRESUMEN
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) offer diverse health benefits, such as supporting cardiovascular health, improving cognitive function, promoting joint and musculoskeletal health, and contributing to healthy aging. Despite their advantages, challenges like oxidation susceptibility, low bioavailability, and potential adverse effects at high doses persist. Nanoparticle encapsulation emerges as a promising avenue to address these limitations while preserving stability, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release. This comprehensive review explores the therapeutic roles of omega-3 fatty acids, critically appraising their shortcomings and delving into modern encapsulation strategies. Furthermore, it explores the potential advantages of metal-organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) compared to other commonly utilized nanoparticles in improving the therapeutic effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids within drug delivery systems (DDSs). Additionally, it outlines future research directions to fully exploit the therapeutic benefits of these encapsulated omega-3 formulations for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Nanopartículas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Nanopartículas/química , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/químicaRESUMEN
Omega-3 fatty acids are in high demand due to their efficacy in treating hypertriglyceridemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the growth of the industry is hampered by low purity and insufficient productivity. This study aims to develop an efficient RP-MPLC purification method for omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and capacity. The results indicate that the AQ-C18 featuring polar end-capped silanol groups outperformed C18 and others in retention time and impurity separation. By injecting pure fish oil esters with a volume equivalent to a 1.25% bed volume on an AQ-C18 MPLC column using a binary isocratic methanol-water (90:10, v:v) mobile phase at 30 mL/min, optimal omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters were obtained, with the notable purity of 90.34% and a recovery rate of 74.30%. The total content of EPA and DHA produced increased from 67.91% to 85.27%, meeting the acceptance criteria of no less than 84% set by the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. In contrast, RP-MPLC significantly enhanced the production efficiency per unit output compared to RP-HPLC. This study demonstrates a pioneering approach to producing omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and of greater quantity using AQ-C18 RP-MPLC, showing this method's significant potential for use in industrial-scale manufacturing.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía de Fase Inversa , Ésteres , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Aceites de Pescado , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/aislamiento & purificación , Ésteres/química , Ésteres/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites de Pescado/química , Cromatografía de Fase Inversa/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/química , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/química , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) play critical roles in human development and health. Their intake is often effectively estimated solely based on seafood consumption, though the high intake of terrestrial animal-based foods with minor amounts of LCPUFA may be significant. Covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) tandem mass spectrometry is one approach for de novo structural and quantitative analysis of minor unsaturated fatty acids (FA), for which standards are unavailable. Here, CACI-MS and MS/MS are used to identify and quantify minor omega-3 LCPUFA of terrestrial animal foods based on the application of measured response factors (RFs) to various FA. American mean intakes of pork, beef, chicken, and eggs contribute 20, 27, 45, and 71 mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. The estimated intake of omega-3 DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid from nonseafood sources is significant, at 164, 103, and 330 mg/day, greater than most existing estimates of omega-3 LCPUFA intake.
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Pollos , Huevos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Animales , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Huevos/análisis , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Bovinos , Porcinos , Carne/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/químicaRESUMEN
Medium and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were obtained in three-hour interesterification of fish oil with medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCTs), using lipase bio-imprinted with surfactant as a catalyst. Initially, for bio-imprinted lipase preparation, the interesterification reaction conditions were optimized, resulting in a lipase with 1.47 times higher catalytic activity compared to control (non-bio-imprinted). Afterwards, the reaction conditions for MLCT synthesis were optimized, using bio-imprinted lipase as a catalyst. The reaction reached equilibrium within first three hours at 70 °C temperature, 4 wt% lipase load, and molar ratio of substrate 1:1.5. Under these conditions, final product contained 18.52% MCT, 56.65% MLCT, and 24.83% long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT). To reduce the MCT content, a solvent extraction process was performed, yielding 2.42% MCT, 56.19% MLCT, and 41.39% LCT. The obtained structured lipids (SLs), enriched in n-3 PUFAs, offer significant health benefits, enhanced bioavailability, with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Aceites de Pescado , Lipasa , Triglicéridos , Lipasa/química , Lipasa/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Esterificación , Aceites de Pescado/química , Biocatálisis , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/químicaRESUMEN
The major lipids and antioxidant activities of Asterias rolleston gonad lipids were evaluated systematically. Major lipids of A. Rolleston gonad lipids were triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs). Total lipids were composed of 15.62% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and 40.81% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The most abundant PUFA were C20:5n-3 (EPA) (6.28%) and C22:6n-3 (DHA) (5.80%). Predominantly composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), polar lipids were rich in PUFAs and could contain up to 34.59% EPA and DHA, and PE and PI (phosphatidylinositol) were also found to be the main carriers of EPA and ARA (arachidonic acid) in polar lipids. The MUFA and PUFA of Sn-2 in TAG are 39.72% and 30.37%, respectively. A total of 64 TAG species were identified, with Eo-P-M, Eo-Eo-M, and M-M-Eo being the main TAGs components. Moreover, A. rollestoni gonad lipids exhibited potent radical scavenging activities and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner.
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Antioxidantes , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Gónadas , Estrellas de Mar , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Animales , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Estrellas de Mar/química , Gónadas/química , Gónadas/metabolismo , Lípidos/química , Fosfolípidos/química , Fosfolípidos/análisisRESUMEN
There has been an increase in interest in the application of ω-3 PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA, in the development of various food products owing to their myriad health benefits. However, most fish oils do not contain more than 30% combined levels of EPA and DHA. In this study, through the urea complexation procedure, the production of EPA and DHA concentrate in their free fatty acids (FFAs) form was achieved from an enzymatic oil extracted from common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia). To gain the maximum value of EPA and DHA, the response surface methodology (RSM), which is an effective tool to categorize the level of independent variables onto the responses of an experimental process, was also used. Different variables including the urea-fatty acids (FAs) ratio (in the range of 2-6, w/w), the temperature of crystallization (in the range of -24-8 °C), and the time of crystallization (in the range of 8-40 h) were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) for maximizing the EPA and DHA contents. Following the model validation, the levels of the variables at which the maximum desirability function (0.907 score) was obtained for response variables were 5:1 (urea-FAs ratio), -9 °C (the temperature of crystallization), and 24 h (the time of crystallization). Under these optimal conditions, increases of 2.2 and 4.4 times in the EPA and DHA concentrations were observed, respectively, and an increase in the concentrations of EPA and DHA from 5.39 and 13.32% in the crude oil to 12.07 and 58.36% in the ω-3 PUFA concentrates were observed, respectively. These findings indicate that the urea complexation process is efficient at optimizated conditions.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Aceites de Pescado , Urea , Urea/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Aceites de Pescado/química , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/química , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/química , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análisis , Animales , CristalizaciónRESUMEN
Excipient selection is crucial to address the oxidation and solubility challenges of bioactive substances, impacting their safety and efficacy. AKPL, a novel ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified phospholipid derived from Antarctic krill, demonstrates unique antioxidant capabilities and synergistic effects. It exhibits pronounced surface activity and electronegativity at physiological pH, as evidenced by a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.15 g/L and ζ-potential of -49.9 mV. In aqueous environments, AKPL self-assembles into liposomal structures, offering high biocompatibility and promoting cell proliferation. Its polyunsaturated bond-rich structure provides additional oxidation sites, imparting antioxidant properties superior to other phospholipids like DSPC and DOPC. Additionally, AKPL augments the efficacy of lipophilic antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol and curcumin, in aqueous media through both intermolecular and intramolecular interactions. In sum, AKPL emerges as an innovative unsaturated phospholipid, offering new strategies for encapsulating and delivering oxygen-sensitive agents.
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Antioxidantes , Euphausiacea , Fosfolípidos , Euphausiacea/química , Animales , Fosfolípidos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Coloides/química , Humanos , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Regiones Antárticas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OMT-28 is a metabolically robust small molecule developed to mimic the structure and function of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids. However, it remained unknown to what extent OMT-28 also shares the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of its natural counterparts. To address this question, we analyzed the ability of OMT-28 to ameliorate hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR)-injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia in cultured cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we investigated the potential of OMT-28 to limit functional damage and inflammasome activation in isolated perfused mouse hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. In the HR model, OMT-28 (1 µM) treatment largely preserved cell viability (about 75 versus 40% with the vehicle) and mitochondrial function as indicated by the maintenance of NAD+/NADH-, ADP/ATP-, and respiratory control ratios. Moreover, OMT-28 blocked the HR-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Pharmacological inhibition experiments suggested that Gαi, PI3K, PPARα, and Sirt1 are essential components of the OMT-28-mediated pro-survival pathway. Counteracting inflammatory injury of cardiomyocytes, OMT-28 (1 µM) reduced LPS-induced increases in TNFα protein (by about 85% versus vehicle) and NF-κB DNA binding (by about 70% versus vehicle). In the ex vivo model, OMT-28 improved post-IR myocardial function recovery to reach about 40% of the baseline value compared to less than 20% with the vehicle. Furthermore, OMT-28 (1 µM) limited IR-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation similarly to a direct NLRP3 inhibitor (MCC950). Overall, this study demonstrates that OMT-28 possesses potent cardio-protective and anti-inflammatory properties supporting the hypothesis that extending the bioavailability of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids may improve their prospects as therapeutic agents.
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Cardiotónicos , Miocitos Cardíacos , Animales , Ratones , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/química , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/patología , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/prevención & control , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Endotoxemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Endotoxemia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tetraselmis chuii is a microalgae marketed as ingredient meeting the acceptance criteria for novel foods established by the European Union and can be an important source of healthy fatty acids (FA). The aim of this research was to characterize the FA profile of T. chuii fractions obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction operating with two sequential co-solvents and to evaluate the effect of biomass pretreatment (freeze/thaw cycles followed by ultrasounds). T. chuii biomass was confirmed to be an important source of omega-3 FA, mainly due to the abundance of α-linolenic acid, and pre-treatment significantly improved the lipid yield. Other omega-3 FA, such as 16:3, 16:4, 18:4, 18:5, 20:3 and 20:5, were also detected in different proportions. When SCCO2 extraction of pretreated and un-pretreated T. chuii was compared with conventional solvent extraction, the nutritional quality indices of the extracts were improved by the use of SCCO2.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/aislamiento & purificación , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Chlorophyta/química , Chlorophyta/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Microalgas/química , Microalgas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Krill oil is extracted from krill, a small crustacean in the Antarctic Ocean. It has received growing attention because of krill oil's unique properties and diverse health benefits. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that it has potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the development of a range of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Krill oil is enriched with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The possible underlying mechanisms of krill oil's health benefits include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, maintaining intestinal barrier functions, and modulating gut microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects of krill oil and its bioactive components on intestinal inflammation and to discuss the findings on the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of krill oil in IBD prevention and treatment.
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Euphausiacea , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Euphausiacea/química , Animales , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites/química , Aceites/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/químicaRESUMEN
The impacts of enzymatically produced acylglycerol and glycerin monostearate on the characteristics of gelatin-stabilized omega-3 emulsions and microcapsules were investigated. Tuna oil was enzymatically produced and the resulting acylglycerol was mixed with tuna oil at 12.5% (w/w) to prepare a novel oil phase. This oil phase was stabilized by gelatin to prepare oil-in-water emulsions and subsequent microcapsules via complex coacervation. The tuna oil with glycerin monostearate (GMS) at 1 and 2% (w/w) were used as controls. Results showed that both acylglycerol and GMS significantly reduced the emulsion droplet size and zeta potential, while increasing the viscoelasticity and stability. The diacylglycerol/monoacylglycerol were involved in the oil/water interfacial layer formation by lowering interfacial tension and increasing droplet surface hydrophobicity. Overall, the changed emulsion properties promoted the complex coacervation and contributed to the formation of microcapsules with improved oxidative stability. Therefore, enzymatically produced acylglycerol can develop high-quality stable omega-3 microencapsulated novel food ingredients.
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Cápsulas , Emulsiones , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Aceites de Pescado , Gelatina , Emulsiones/química , Cápsulas/química , Gelatina/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Aceites de Pescado/química , Animales , Tamaño de la Partícula , Glicerol/química , Atún , Glicéridos/química , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , BiocatálisisRESUMEN
Recently, MLCTs have attracted considerable attention as a potential alternative to traditional oils due to their suppressive effect on fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity. In this study, the microcapsules of MLCTs with superior performance were fabricated through different homogenization processes to overcome the limitations of ω-3 medium- and long- chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs), including poor stability and prone oxidation. Additionally, the impact of various homogenization techniques, namely, high-pressure, ultrasound, and cavitation jet, on the particle structure, encapsulation efficiency, and oxidation stability of microcapsules (MLCTs) was investigated. The MLCTs microcapsules fabricated through high-pressure homogenization had a smaller particle size of 295.12 nm, lower PDI of 0.24, and a higher zeta-potential absolute value of 32.65, which significantly improved their dispersion and encapsulation efficiency, reaching 94.56 % after the spray-drying process. Furthermore, the low moisture content and superior storage stability of MLCTs microcapsules have the potential to serve as carriers of liposoluble actives.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Proteínas de Soja , Cápsulas/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Oxidación-Reducción , TriglicéridosRESUMEN
The incorporation of a non-specific lipase and a sn-1,3 specific one in a single immobilized system can be a promising approach for the exploitation of both lipases. A one-step immobilization platform mediated by an isocyanide-based multi-component reaction was applied to create co-cross-linked enzymes (co-CLEs) of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (sn-1,3 specific) and Candida antarctica (non-specific). Glutaraldehyde was found to be effective cross-linker by producing specific activity of 16.9 U/mg and immobilization yield of 99 %. High activity recovery of up to 404 % was obtained for immobilized derivatives. Leaking experiment showed covalent nature of the cross-linking processes. BSA had considerable effect on the immobilization process, providing 87-100 % immobilization yields and up to 10 times improvement in the specific activity of the immobilized derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy images showed flower-like and rod-like structures for the CLEs prepared by glutaraldehyde and undecanedicarboxylic acid, respectively. The prepared co-CLEs were examined in non-selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil, showing capability of releasing up to 100 % of both omega-3 fatty acids within 8 h of the reaction. The reusability of co-CLEs in five successive cycles presented retaining 63-72 % of their initial activities after the fifth reuse cycle in the hydrolysis reaction.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Proteínas Fúngicas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Aceites de Pescado/química , Glutaral , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Lipasa/química , RhizomucorRESUMEN
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements, such as fish oil and plant-based oils, have gained popularity because of their potential health benefits. However, the quality and composition of these supplements can vary widely, particularly in terms of the two main forms of omega-3 fatty acids: triacylglycerols (TAGs) and ethyl esters (EEs). TAGs are the natural form found in fish oil but are prone to oxidation, whereas EEs are more stable but less well absorbed by the body. Differentiating between these forms is crucial for assessing the efficacy and tolerance of omega-3 supplements. This article describes a novel approach to differentiate between TAG and EE forms of omega-3 fatty acids in dietary supplements, utilizing a 60-MHz benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The proposed method using 1H and 1H-1H COSY NMR provides a quick and accurate approach to screen the forms of omega-3 fatty acids and evaluate their ratios. The presence of diacylglycerol (DAGs) in some supplements was also highlighted by this method and adds some information about the process used (i.e., esterification/enrichment). The affordability and user-friendliness of benchtop NMR equipment make this method feasible for food processing companies or quality control laboratories. In this study, 24 oil supplements were analyzed using NMR analysis in order to demonstrate the potential of this method for the differentiation of TAG and EE forms in omega-3 supplements.