RESUMEN
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of compounds widespread in the environment. To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs, surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. The total concentrations of 11 analyzed PAEs (∑11PAEs) in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L (mean ± IQR: 583.1 ± 308.4 ng/L). While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE, DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3% of the ∑11PAEs. The concentrations of the ∑11PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from the middle reaches. To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs, seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction (QWASI). The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs, and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one. For all simulated PAEs, water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir, whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways. The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied from PAEs, depending on their properties. The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based on monitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value, implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ésteres , Ácidos Ftálicos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis , China , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Ésteres/análisis , Ríos/química , Modelos QuímicosRESUMEN
Phthalate esters (PAEs), recognized as endocrine disruptors, are released into the environment during usage, thereby exerting adverse ecological effects. This study investigates the occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of PAEs in surface water obtained from 36 sampling points within the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. The total concentration of PAEs in the Yellow River spans from 124.5 to 836.5 ng/L, with Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (75.4 ± 102.7 ng/L) and Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) (263.4 ± 103.1 ng/L) emerging as the predominant types. Concentrations exhibit a pattern of upstream (512.9 ± 202.1 ng/L) > midstream (344.5 ± 135.3 ng/L) > downstream (177.8 ± 46.7 ng/L). In the Yangtze River, the total concentration ranges from 81.9 to 441.6 ng/L, with DMP (46.1 ± 23.4 ng/L), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) (93.3 ± 45.2 ng/L), and DiBP (174.2 ± 67.6 ng/L) as the primary components. Concentration levels follow a midstream (324.8 ± 107.3 ng/L) > upstream (200.8 ± 51.8 ng/L) > downstream (165.8 ± 71.6 ng/L) pattern. Attention should be directed towards the moderate ecological risks of DiBP in the upstream of HH, and both the upstream and midstream of CJ need consideration for the moderate ecological risks associated with Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Conversely, in other regions, the associated risk with PAEs is either low or negligible. The main source of PAEs in Yellow River is attributed to the release of construction land, while in the Yangtze River Basin, it stems from the accumulation of pollutants in lakes and forests discharged into the river. These findings are instrumental for pinpointing sources of PAEs pollution and formulating control strategies in the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, providing valuable insights for global PAEs research in other major rivers.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ésteres , Ácidos Ftálicos , Ríos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis , Ríos/química , China , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Ésteres/análisis , Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Dibutil Ftalato/análisis , Dibutil Ftalato/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The association of plastic additive mixture exposure with diabetes and the modifying effects of dietary antioxidants are unclear. METHODS: The data from the NHANES 2011-2018 were retrieved, and phthalates and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were selected as exposures. The coexposure effect was analyzed by the environmental risk score (ERS) and quantile g-computation. To mitigate any potential bias caused by using the internal weights, another version of ERS was constructed using the cross-validation approach. The level of dietary antioxidant intake was measured by the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). The biological mechanism underlying the association was studied by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. RESULTS: Fifteen chemicals (ten phthalates and five OPEs) were measured in 2824 adult participants. A higher ERS was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes (OR per 1-SD increment of ERS: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.13-1.39). This association apparently interacted with the CDAI level (ORlow: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.37-2.55; ORhigh: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15-1.45; Pinteraction = 0.038). Moreover, quantile g-computation also revealed higher level of combined exposure was positively associated with diabetes (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05-2.87), and the addition of dietary antioxidants showed a null association (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.85-2.34). The AOP study identified TCPP and TCEP as key chemicals that cause aberrant glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways and result in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Coexposure to phthalates and OPEs is positively associated with diabetes, where an antioxidative diet plays a modifying role. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed by AOP framework.
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Antioxidantes , Diabetes Mellitus , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Dieta , Organofosfatos , Plásticos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between phthalates exposure and estrogen and progesterone levels, as well as their role in late-onset preeclampsia. METHODS: A total of 60 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. Based on the diagnosis of preeclampsia, participants were divided into two groups: normotensive pregnant women (n = 30) and pregnant women with late-onset preeclampsia (n = 30). The major metabolites of phthalates (MMP, MEP, MiBP, MBP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP) and sex steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) were quantified in urine samples of the participants. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the levels of MMP, MEP, MiBP, MBP, MEHP, MEOHP, and MEHHP between women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women (P > 0.05). The urinary estrogen showed a negative correlation with systolic blood pressure (rs= -0.46, P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (rs= -0.47, P < 0.001). Additionally, the urinary estrogen and progesterone levels were lower in women with preeclampsia compared to those in normotensive pregnant women (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, we observed a significant association between reduced urinary estrogen levels and an increased risk of preeclampsia (aOR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.02-0.46). Notably, in our decision tree model, urinary estrogen emerged as the most crucial variable for identifying pregnant women at a high risk of developing preeclampsia. A positive correlation was observed between urinary progesterone and MEHP (rs = 0.36, P < 0.05) in normotensive pregnant women. A negative correlation was observed between urinary estrogen and MEP in pregnant women with preeclampsia (rs= -0.42, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Phthalates exposure was similar in normotensive pregnant women and those with late-onset preeclampsia within the same region. Pregnant women with preeclampsia had lower levels of estrogen and progesterone in their urine, while maternal urinary estrogen was negatively correlated with the risk of preeclampsia and phthalate metabolites (MEP). TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration ID in Clinical Trials: NCT04369313; registration date: 30/04/2020.
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Estrógenos , Ácidos Ftálicos , Preeclampsia , Progesterona , Humanos , Femenino , Preeclampsia/orina , Preeclampsia/epidemiología , Embarazo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Adulto , Estrógenos/orina , Progesterona/orina , Presión Sanguínea , Exposición Materna/efectos adversosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can result in alterations of natural hormones in the body. The aim of this review article is to highlight the knowledge about EDCs and obesity. METHODS: A scoping review of the electronic literature was performed using PubMed platform for studies on EDCs and obesity published between the years 2013-2023. A total of 10 systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies met our inclusion criteria on more prominent EDCs focusing mainly on bisphenols, including parabens, triclosan, and phthalates, and their association with obesity. DESIGN: Scoping review. RESULTS: EDCs, mostly bisphenols and phthalates, are related to health effects, while there is less information on the impact of parabens and triclosan. A series of negative physiological effects involving obesogenic, diabetogenic, carcinogenic, and inflammatory mechanisms as well as epigenetic and microbiota modulations was related to a prolonged EDCs exposure. A more profound research of particular pollutants is required to illuminate the accelerating effects of particular EDCs, mixtures or their metabolites on the mechanism of the development of obesity. CONCLUSION: Considering the characteristics of EDCs and the heterogeneity of studies, it is necessary to design specific studies of effect tracking and, in particular, education about daily preventive exposure to EDCs for the preservation of long-term public health.
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Disruptores Endocrinos , Obesidad , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Obesidad/prevención & control , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Fenoles/efectos adversos , Parabenos/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Triclosán/efectos adversos , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/efectos adversos , FemeninoRESUMEN
Phthalates are ubiquitous in diverse environments and have been linked to a myriad of detrimental health outcomes. However, the association between phthalate exposure and allergic rhinitis (AR) remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between phthalate exposure and childhood AR risk. We searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica Database, and PubMed to collect relevant studies and estimated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk estimation. Ultimately, 18 articles, including seven cross-sectional, seven case-control, and four prospective cohort studies, were selected for our systematic review and meta-analysis. Our pooled data revealed a significant association between di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure in children's urine and AR risk (OR = 1.188; 95% CI = 1.016-1.389). Additionally, prenatal exposure to combined phthalates and their metabolites in maternal urine was significantly associated with the risk of childhood AR (OR = 1.041; 95% CI = 1.003-1.081), although specific types of phthalates and their metabolites were not significant. Furthermore, we examined environmental phthalate exposure in household dust and found no significant association with AR risk (OR = 1.021; 95% CI = 0.980-1.065). Our findings underscore the potential hazardous effects of phthalates on childhood AR and offer valuable insights into its pathogenesis and prevention.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Ácidos Ftálicos , Rinitis Alérgica , Humanos , Rinitis Alérgica/epidemiología , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Niño , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Femenino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Riesgo , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , PreescolarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phthalates and their replacements have been implicated as developmental toxicants. Young children may be exposed to phthalates/replacements when using skin care products (SCPs). OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to assess the associations between use of SCPs and children's urinary phthalate/replacement metabolite concentrations. METHODS: Children (4-8 years old) from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes-Fetal Growth Study (ECHO-FGS) cohort provided spot urine samples from 2017 to 2019, and mothers were queried about children's SCP use in the past 24 h (n=906). Concentrations of 16 urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (n=630). We used linear regression to estimate the child's use of different SCPs as individual predictors of urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites, adjusted for urinary specific gravity, age, sex assigned at birth, body mass index, and self-reported race/ethnic identity, as well as maternal education, and season of specimen collection. We created self-organizing maps (SOM) to group children into "exposure profiles" that reflect discovered patterns of use for multiple SCPs. RESULTS: Children had lotions applied (43.0%) frequently, but "2-in-1" hair-care products (7.5%), sunscreens (5.9%), and oils (4.3%) infrequently. Use of lotions was associated with 1.17-fold [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.34] greater mono-benzyl phthalate and oils with 2.86-fold (95% CI: 1.89, 4.31) greater monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 1.43-fold (95% CI: 1.09, 1.90) greater monobutyl phthalate (MBP), and 1.40-fold (95% CI: 1.22, 1.61) greater low-molecular-weight phthalates (LMW). Use of 2-in-1 haircare products was associated with 0.84-fold (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) and 0.78-fold (95% CI: 0.62, 0.98) lesser mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and MBP, respectively. Child's race/ethnic identity modified the associations of lotions with LMW, oils with MEP and LMW, sunscreen with MCPP, ointments with MEP, and hair conditioner with MCPP. SOM identified four distinct SCP-use exposure scenarios (i.e., profiles) within our population that predicted 1.09-fold (95% CI: 1.03, 1.15) greater mono-carboxy isononyl phthalate, 1.31-fold (95% CI: 0.98, 1.77) greater mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate, 1.13-fold (95% CI: 0.99, 1.29) greater monoethylhexyl phthalate, and 1.04-fold (95% CI: 1.00, 1.09) greater diethylhexyl phthalate. DISCUSSION: We found that reported SCP use was associated with urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites in young children. These results may inform policymakers, clinicians, and parents to help limit children's exposure to developmental toxicants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13937.
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Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Preescolar , Femenino , Niño , Masculino , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Cosméticos/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Cuidados de la PielRESUMEN
Initial research indicates a possible connection between exposure to phthalates and the development of anemia. To fill the gap in epidemiological data, our study utilized data from across the United States, representative on a national scale, to evaluate the association between the concentration of phthalate metabolites in urine and both anemia and iron levels. We gathered data on 11,406 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, spanning 2003-2018. We conducted logistic and linear regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounding factors, to evaluate the correlations between different phthalate metabolites and anemia, as well as serum iron levels, including gender-stratified analysis. Most urinary phthalate metabolites were positively correlated with an increased risk of anemia, and the majority were negatively correlated with serum iron levels. The study revealed that for every unit increase in ln-transformed metabolite concentrations, the odds ratios (ORs) for anemia increased to varying degrees, depending on the phthalate: Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) at 1.08 (95% CI 1.01-1.17, P = 0.0314), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) at 1.17 (95% CI 1.10-1.24, P < 0.0001), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) at 1.08 (95% CI 1.02-1.15, P = 0.0153), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) at 1.14 (95% CI 1.07-1.21, P < 0.0001), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) at 1.11 (95% CI 1.03-1.18, P = 0.0030), monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP) at 1.11 (95% CI 1.03-1.19, p = 0.0050), and monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) at 1.13 (95% CI 1.07-1.19, P < 0.0001). Increased levels of MBP, MEHP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MIBP, MECPP, MCNP, and MCOP were linked with changes in serum iron levels, ranging from - 0.99 µg/dL (95% CI - 1.69 to - 0.29) to - 3.72 µg/dL (95% CI - 4.32 to - 3.11). Mixed-exposure analysis shows consistency with single-exposure model. Further mediation analysis showed that the association between single urinary phthalates and the risk of anemia was mediated by serum iron with a mediation ratio of 24.34-95.48% (P < 0.05). The presence of phthalate metabolites in urine shows a positive correlation with the prevalence of anemia, which was possibly and partly mediated by iron metabolism. Nonetheless, to confirm a definitive causal link and comprehend the underlying mechanisms of how phthalate exposure influences anemia, additional longitudinal and experimental research is required.
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Anemia , Encuestas Nutricionales , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Ácidos Ftálicos/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Anemia/orina , Anemia/epidemiología , Anemia/inducido químicamente , Anemia/sangre , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hierro/orina , Hierro/sangre , Hierro/metabolismo , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To determine the relationship between mixed exposure to three types of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely phenyl hydroxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates (PAEs), and risk of arthritis. METHODS: Participants were selected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The relationships between the urinary concentrations of phenyl hydroxides, PAHs, and PAEs and the risk of arthritis were analyzed by generalized linear regression model. The mixed exposure to these EDCs and the risk of arthritis was analyzed by weighted quantile sums (WQSs) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. RESULTS: Our analysis showed that participants with urinary benzophenone-3 and methylparaben concentrations in the highest quartile (Q4) had an increased risk of arthritis compared with those in Q1. For each one-unit increase in the natural logarithm-converted urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxynapthalene and 2-hydroxynapthalene, the risk of arthritis increased by 5% and 8%, respectively. Chemical mixing index coefficients were significantly associated with risk of arthritis in both WQS positive- and negative-constraint models. In the BKMR model, there was a significant positive correlation between mixed exposure and the risk of arthritis. CONCLUSION: Mixed exposure to phenyl hydroxides, PAHs, and PAEs increased the risk of arthritis, with exposure to PAHs being the key factor.
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Artritis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Encuestas Nutricionales , Ácidos Ftálicos , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/orina , Femenino , Masculino , Artritis/epidemiología , Artritis/inducido químicamente , Artritis/orina , Adulto , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Disruptores Endocrinos/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Adulto Joven , Teorema de BayesRESUMEN
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are used as additives to enhance the pliability and malleability of plastics. These substances frequently migrate from packaging materials to vegetable oils because of the absence of covalent bonds. Over time, this migration could result in the accumulation of PAEs in the human body through ingestion, contributing to various diseases. Therefore, accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses of PAEs in vegetable oils are imperative to assess the origins of contamination and investigate their toxicity, degradation, migration, and transformation patterns. However, the concentration of PAEs in most samples is low, and the composition of vegetable oils is complex. Thus, PAEs must be enriched and purified using appropriate sample pretreatment procedures before analysis. Common methods for pretreating PAEs in oil include solid-phase extraction (SPE), dispersive SPE, and magnetic SPE. These techniques require time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures such as oil dissolution, solvent extraction, and degreasing. These approaches also require numerous solvents and containers, increasing the risk of sample cross-contamination. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) integrates sampling, extraction, purification, concentration, and injection into a single process, significantly accelerating analytical testing and reducing the potential for sample cross-contamination. In headspace (HS) mode, the analytes achieve equilibrium on the coating and are extracted in the gas phase. The fibers are shielded from nonvolatile and high-relative molecular mass substances in the sample matrix. Thus, SPME is an ideal method for extracting volatile compounds in vegetable oils. When HS-SPME coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it can achieve the rapid screening of PAEs in vegetable oil. In this study, an SPME with cyclodextrin-based hypercrosslinked polymers (BnCD-HCP) coated on stainless steel fibers was employed to extract PAEs from vegetable oil. The structure and morphology of the polymers were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. BnCD-HCP exhibited high stability and diverse interactions, including π-π, hydrophobic, and host-guest interactions. The oil samples were incubated with methanol, and the PAEs were extracted from the headspace using the probe. The optimal extraction parameters included an extraction time of 20 min, extraction temperature of 50 â, desorption time of 4 min, and desorption temperature of 275 â. The BnCD-HCP/HS-SPME method was evaluated under optimized experimental conditions. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were determined by applying signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 3 and 10, respectively. Method accuracy was evaluated using relative standard deviations (RSDs). Single-needle precision was evaluated by conducting three consecutive analyses at 3 h intervals within a day. Inter-needle precision was assessed by conducting the same analyses (three replicates) with differently coated fibers. The 12 PAE compounds exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.99. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.21 to 3.74 µg/kg and from 0.69 to 12.34 µg/kg, respectively. The RSDs were in the range of 1.8%-11.4% and 5.1%-13.9% for the single-needle and needle-to-needle methods, respectively. The proposed method was applied to soybean, peanut, and sunflower oils, and two PAEs were found in all three oils. Moreover, the method demonstrated good precision (RSD=1.17%-11.73%) and recoveries (72.49%-124.43%). Compared with other methods, the developed method was able to extract many target analytes and had a low or comparable LOD and high recovery. More importantly, this method does not require tedious operations such as solvent extraction and purification. Consequently, the developed method can be used to extract not only PAEs in oils but also other substances with a high lipid content.
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Ésteres , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Ácidos Ftálicos , Aceites de Plantas , Microextracción en Fase Sólida , Aceites de Plantas/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis , Ésteres/análisis , Ésteres/química , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Polímeros/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
Phthalates (PAEs) are synthetic compounds extensively employed in consumer products. Blood pressure (BP) in children can vary, the degree of visit-to-visit BP variability (VVV) is at least partially independent of BP. The interactions between PAEs exposure, pubertal-related genetic susceptibility and lifestyles on childhood VVV are not investigated. This study utilized data from a cohort collected from Oct 2017-2020 in Xiamen, China. Seven urine PAE metabolites were measured. The long-term VVV was characterized employing the standard deviation (SD) and average real variability. We constructed a genetic risk score (GRS) of pubertal-related genes and healthy lifestyle scores. Exposed to high levels of mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) (OR=1.43, 95â¯%CI=1.07, 1.92) and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (OR=1.36, 95â¯% CI=1.01, 1.83) was related to increased SBP-SD, and the OR for high SBP-SD related to high GRS was 1.38 (95â¯% CI=1.02, 1.85). Compared to participants who had low GRS and low MEHHP exposure, participants exhibiting high GRS and MEHHP levels were more likely to experience high SBP-SD (OR=2.00, P<0.05). Individuals exhibiting low GRS, low MEHHP levels, and adhering to healthy lifestyles were associated with the least probability of experiencing high SBP-SD (OR=0.31, P<0.05). Increased PAEs exposure could elevate childhood systolic VVV, and exacerbated the adverse impact of pubertal-related genetic susceptibility on the high VVV of SBP; however, healthy lifestyles might alleviate these adverse effects. Promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing PAEs exposure for preventing elevated BP variability among children is important, especially for individuals with greater genetic susceptibility to early pubertal onset. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Blood pressure (BP) in children can vary, as a noninvasive, inexpensive and applicable method, the extent of visit-to-visit variability (VVV) is at least partially independent of BP. The interactions between phthalates (PAEs) exposure, variants of puberty-related genes and lifestyles on VVV are not investigated. Increased childhood systolic VVV might be associated with PAEs exposure, with the associations more pronounced combined with pubertal genetic susceptibility. Yet, healthy habits could partly eliminate such adverse effects. Our study underscores the importance of advocating for healthy lifestyles and reducing exposure to PAEs, especially among individuals with high genetic susceptibility to early puberty onset.
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Presión Sanguínea , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Estilo de Vida , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Niño , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/genética , Masculino , Femenino , China , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Polimorfismo Genético , Pubertad/efectos de los fármacos , Pubertad/genética , Adolescente , Dietilhexil Ftalato/toxicidad , Estudios de CohortesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Exposure to phthalates during the pubertal window is linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases. Understanding temporal trends in exposure can inform public health initiatives. OBJECTIVE: Characterize temporal trends in phthalate metabolite levels in adolescent girls overall and by sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: We used the cross-sectional data from each cycle of NHANES from years 2001-2018. We included participants aged 8-14 years who had at least one urinary measurement of the selected 12 phthalate metabolites within the study period (n = 2063). We used multivariable linear regression to assess temporal trends for selected individual phthalate metabolite concentrations (ng/ml) and source groupings of parent metabolites (sum low and high molecular weight phthalates; ∑LMW and ∑HMW), overall and by sociodemographic characteristics (race/ethnicity), nativity, socioeconomic status (SES), intersection of race/ethnicity-SES) to assess for modification. RESULTS: Overall, levels of ∑HMW and ∑LMW declined between 2001 and 2018; however, only ∑LMW consistently differed by all sociodemographic characteristics. Trends in ∑LMW concentration were significantly higher across all racial/ethnic groups, ranging from an average of 35% (Other Hispanic) to 65% (Mexican American and non-Hispanic Black) higher than non-Hispanic White (all p-values <0.0001). Compared to non-Hispanic White, a significant decrease in MiBP concentrations was observed for non-Hispanic Black (15% decrease ßSpline = -0.16, p < 0.0001) and Other Hispanic (28% decrease, ßSpline = -0.33, p = 0.01) in 2011-2018 versus 2001-2010. Summary and individual LMW metabolite phthalate concentrations were 11%-49% higher among girls with low vs. high SES. LMW metabolites MBP and MiBP were on average 22% and 35% higher, respectively, among foreign-born vs. U.S.-born girls. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, all racial/ethnic groups had statistically significant higher trends in ∑LMW concentrations irrespective of SES. SIGNIFICANCE: Girls identifying with a historically disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups exhibited elevated ∑LMW concentrations irrespective of SES; suggesting the need for targeted interventions to mitigate exposure among the most historically disadvantaged strata.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Contaminantes Ambientales , Encuestas Nutricionales , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Femenino , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Adolescente , Estados Unidos , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Sociodemográficos , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the growing fetus, when exposure to toxic agents, especially in the early phases, can decisively harm embryo development and compromise the future health of the newborn. The inclusion of various chemical substances in personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetic formulations can be associated with disruption and damage to the nervous system. Microplastics, benzophenones, parabens, phthalates and metals are among the most common chemical substances found in cosmetics that have been shown to induce neurotoxic mechanisms. Although cosmetic neurotoxin exposure is believed to be minimal, different exposure scenarios of cosmetics suggest that these neurotoxins remain a threat. Special attention should be paid to early exposure in the first weeks of gestation, when critical processes, like the migration and proliferation of the neural crest derived cells, start to form the ENS. Importantly, cosmetic neurotoxins can cross the placental barrier and affect the future embryo, but they are also secreted in breast milk, so babies remain exposed for longer periods, even after birth. In this review, we explore how neurotoxins contained in cosmetics and PCPs may have a role in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases and, therefore, also in congenital enteric aganglionosis as well as in postnatal motility disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of these chemicals used in cosmetic formulations and their role in neurotoxicity is crucial to determining the safety of use for cosmetic products during pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Cosméticos , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Cosméticos/efectos adversos , Neurotoxinas/toxicidad , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/etiología , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidad , AnimalesRESUMEN
This study introduces an innovative approach using highly efficient nanocomposite materials to effectively remove PFAS from water, demonstrating remarkable adsorption capabilities. The nanocomposite was synthesized by integrating a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) called UiO-66 with graphene oxide (GO) within a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The resulting PVA@UiO-66/GO material features flower-like UiO-66 MOF crystals embedded in the PVA and GO matrix. Various kinetic models were applied to determine the rate constants and adsorption capacities, with the Langmuir isotherm indicating an adsorption capacity of 9.904 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the process's spontaneity and exothermic nature. The UiO-66-NH2/GO/PVA composite also demonstrated high reusability, maintaining substantial PFOA removal efficiency across multiple cycles, with optimal reduction occurring at approximately pH 5. Overall, the PVA@UiO-66/GO composites offer an effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution for PFAS removal in water purification.
Asunto(s)
Caprilatos , Fluorocarburos , Grafito , Alcohol Polivinílico , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Adsorción , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Alcohol Polivinílico/química , Grafito/química , Fluorocarburos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Caprilatos/química , Nanocompuestos/química , Cinética , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/química , Termodinámica , Ácidos FtálicosRESUMEN
Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on nutrition labels, their migration from packaging to food could inadvertently lead to food contamination, affecting individuals by inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact. The aim of our narrative review is to investigate the role of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) in foods, assessing their risks for precocious puberty (PP) and early-onset obesity, which are two clinical entities that are often associated and that share common pathogenetic mechanisms. The diverse outcomes observed across different studies highlight the complexity of phthalates and BPA effects on the human body, both in terms of early puberty, particularly in girls, and obesity with its metabolic disruptions. Moreover, obesity, which is independently linked to early puberty, might confound the relationship between exposure to these EDCs and pubertal timing. Given the potential public health implications, it is crucial to adopt a precautionary approach, minimizing exposure to these EDCs, especially in vulnerable populations such as children.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Disruptores Endocrinos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Fenoles , Ácidos Ftálicos , Pubertad Precoz , Humanos , Pubertad Precoz/inducido químicamente , Pubertad Precoz/epidemiología , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/efectos adversos , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/efectos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis , Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Niño , Femenino , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/inducido químicamente , MasculinoRESUMEN
Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals commonly used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride-based polymers. They are used in a variety of commercial consumer products, including children's toys. Exposure to phthalates is associated with various adverse health effects, such as developmental and reproductive disorders, liver and kidney toxicity, etc. In the European Union, but also in the Republic of Serbia, restrictions have been imposed on the presence of seven phthalates in toys. In addition, the European Union has established the Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-Food Products (RAPEX) to protect consumers across borders by preventing or restricting the sale and use of non-food articles, including children's toys, that pose a significant health and safety risk. In this work, 118 samples of children's toys from the market of the Republic of Serbia were analysed for the presence of all seven restricted phthalates using the HPLC-DAD method. We also comprehensively analysed the RAPEX notifications of toys posing a chemical risk due to the presence of phthalates from 2012 to 2022. In total, 23.7% of the tested toy samples contained one or more phthalates above 0.1% w/w, which corresponds to the legal limit. DEHP was found above the limit in all non-compliant toy samples, followed by DBP, DINP, BBP and DIDP. DIBP and DNOP were not found in any of the samples. In general, phthalates were present in the tested samples in concentrations ranging from Asunto(s)
Ácidos Ftálicos
, Juego e Implementos de Juego
, Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis
, Serbia
, Humanos
, Plastificantes/análisis
, Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión
, Niño
RESUMEN
Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is the primary active metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), the key plasticizer component. A substantial body of evidence from studies conducted on both animals and humans indicates that MBP exposure could result in harmful impacts on toxicity pathways. In addition, it can seriously affect human and animal reproductive health. In our present study, we showed that exposure to MBP causes abnormal epigenetic modifications in porcine oocytes and failure of early embryonic development. However, glycine (Gly) can protect oocytes and early embryos from damage caused by MBP. Our study indicated a significant decrease in the percentage of porcine oocytes that reached the metaphase II (MII) phase when exposed to MBP. SET-domain-containing 2(SETD2)-mediated H3K36me3 histone methylation was detected, and the results showed that MBP significantly decreased the protein expression of H3K36me3 and SETD2. Moreover, the expression of the DNA break markers γH2AX and the mRNA expression of Asf1a, and Asf1b increased in the MBP group. The detection of DNA methylation marker proteins showed that MBP significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The results from our RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of the DNA methylation-related genes Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a, as well as the embryonic developmental potential-related genes Oct4 and Nanog, in porcine oocytes following exposure to MBP. Additionally, the mRNA expression of p53 significantly increased. Subsequently, the effects of MBP on early embryonic development were examined via parthenogenesis activation (PA) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Exposure to MBP significantly impacted the development of embryos in both PA and IVF processes. The TUNEL staining data showed that MBP significantly increased embryonic apoptosis. However, Gly can ameliorate MBP-induced defects in oocyte epigenetic modifications and early embryonic development.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN , Desarrollo Embrionario , Epigénesis Genética , Glicina , Oocitos , Ácidos Ftálicos , Animales , Oocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Oocitos/metabolismo , Desarrollo Embrionario/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Epigénesis Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/toxicidad , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidad , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Plastificantes/toxicidad , Histonas/metabolismoRESUMEN
We present the synthesis and characterisation of three Ce-based metal-organic frameworks (Ce-MOFs) using fumaric acid (Fu), terephthalic acid (BDC), and trimesic acid (H3BTC) as linkers. The use of different linkers influenced the size of the MOF particles, surface area, crystallinity, and microporous structure. The successful implementation of Ce-Fu, Ce-BDC, and Ce-H3BTC MOFs for fluoride ion removal from wastewater was carried out, in which Ce-Fu MOFs exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (AC) of 64.2 mg g-1. The study also reveals that the use of ultrasound as a mediator for adsorption study over conventional method gives rapid adsorption rate, in which 85% of the fluoride uptake took place just in 10 min and achieved maximum AC in 30 min. The kinetics data were most accurately explained by the pseudo-second-order model (PSO). The existence of co-ions such as NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, Br-, CO32-, and PO43- has a substantial effect on fluoride removal. The mechanism between the fluoride ions and the MOF surface took place via the electrostatic force and the ion exchange process, confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and delsa nano. The material is sustained its relatively higher F- ions removal efficiency up to the five cycles. This research might help in the development of novel microporous Ce-based MOFs since it possesses a highly stable crystalline structure in water, suggesting a promising role in aqueous applications.
Asunto(s)
Cerio , Fluoruros , Estructuras Metalorgánicas , Adsorción , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/química , Fluoruros/química , Cinética , Cerio/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , LigandosRESUMEN
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are emerging pollutants that need to be analyzed precisely. Chromatography-based determination of PAE content in soils are frequently affected by matrix effect, which may limit the quantification of different kinds of PAEs from different types of soil. Here we optimized a QuEChERS protocol combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for simultaneous determination of 16 PAEs in different soils. PAEs in different type of soils (fluvo-aquic soil, red soil, and black soil) were extracted with acetonitrile followed by GC-MS detection based on quantitative ion internal standard method. All 16 PAEs showed excellent linear relationships with mass peak areas (R2 > 0.99). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of all the samples were in the range of 0.91-66.97 µg/kg and 2.7-200.9 µg/kg, respectively. The accurate test at 0.5, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg spiking level recorded recovery rate between 80.11% and 100.99% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.37 to 8.50% in tested matrices. No significant matrix effect was observed for most tested PAEs. This is a simple method with high sensitivity and strong stability, which is suitable and reproducible for quantifying large number of PAEs in different types of soil.
Asunto(s)
Ésteres , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Ácidos Ftálicos , Contaminantes del Suelo , Suelo , Ácidos Ftálicos/análisis , Suelo/química , Ésteres/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Food waste (FW) and its biogas residue were considered as sources of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) contamination. However, there was a lack of research and understanding of the MPs and PAEs pollution problem in FW dry anaerobic digestion process (DADP). The MPs and PAEs in three stages of the DADP with the largest monomer disposal scale in China were identified. At the biogas residue extrusion stage, MPs abundance and PAEs concentration reached the highest values, which were 3.63 ± 0.45 × 103 N·kg-1 and 3.62 ± 0.72 mg·kg-1, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between MPs and PAEs throughout the process (p < 0.05). Although bacteria and fungi with plastic degradation potential were present in all stages, the contamination problem of MPs and PAEs cannot be completely solved through DADP. This study provides a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the pollution of MPs and PAEs.