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60° aniversario del fallecimiento del Dr. Mirizzi.

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Since the modern era, healthcare in Portugal has been provided primarily by hospitals, many of which were founded by the Sisters of Mercy and known as Misericordias. However, the creation of new hospitals in the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century did not necessarily yield improved patient care, since these institutions tended to be small, poorly equipped, and lacking in human and material resources. This study presents a reflection on developments in Portuguese hospitals from 1834 through to the first decades of the twentieth century, drawing on data on several institutions to identify changes and continuities in the healthcare offered.

Desde a época moderna, em Portugal, a assistência à doença foi prestada, sobretudo, pelos hospitais, muitos deles criados pelas Misericórdias. No entanto, a criação de novos hospitais no século XIX e nas primeiras décadas do século XX não trouxe, necessariamente, uma melhoria no tratamento dos doentes, visto que, salvo raras exceções, eram espaços pequenos, mal equipados e carentes de recursos humanos e materiais. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar uma reflexão sobre a resposta hospitalar em Portugal entre 1834 e as primeiras décadas do século XX. Pretendemos apontar as mudanças e continuidades que, nesse período, ocorreram no campo da assistência à doença, fazendo referência à criação de diversas instituições.

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ABSTRACT: During the 1980s and 1990s, international medical graduates (IMGs) sought legal and educational measures aimed at obtaining licensure as physician associates/assistants (PAs). Proponents of IMGs asserted that their ethnic backgrounds and identification with their respective communities could increase access to care for some segments of the population and therefore should be permitted pathways to qualify as PAs. A variety of legal measures were introduced into state legislatures in at least five states and were firmly opposed and defeated by the PA profession. Recent attempts by IMGs to obtain licensure as PAs have occurred in Puerto Rico and Arizona. In their haste to address healthcare access and satisfy various constituencies, state legislators and regulatory boards fail to recognize established professional norms. This is occurring as medical organizations are examining alternative pathways for state licensure of physicians who have completed training and/or practiced outside of the United States. PA organizations, particularly state chapters, must be vigilant in upholding qualifications for practice and licensure standards, and state PA organizations must work to convince legislators to avoid using PA professional regulations to solve a workforce issue that is essentially an issue of physician medical education remediation.

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The present article analyzes the formation of the first pharmaceutical care policies implemented by the Brazilian Federal Government between 1968 and 1974, during the civil-military dictatorship. It examines a set of measures adopted by the Costa e Silva and Médici governments to contain a continuous rise in the prices of raw materials and pharmaceutical specialties, with this context being essential to the creation of the Medicines Center (CEME) in 1971. The core argument of the article is that CEME represented, at the federal level, the consolidation of a policy carried out at the National Institute of Social Security (Instituto Nacional da Previdência Social - INPS) between 1968 and 1970, based on the production of inputs and medicines in public laboratories. Ended in 1970, this policy was resumed the following year with broad participation of military personnel and laboratories of the Armed Forces. The originality of this article lies in its explanation of how such support influenced the establishment of CEME in its early years. Until 1974, military members were the majority in the Board of Directors of CEME, with some of the agency's early missions being the supplier for Civil-Social Actions of the Armed Forces.

O artigo analisa a formação das primeiras políticas de assistência farmacêutica executadas pelo Governo Federal brasileiro entre 1968 e 1974, durante a ditadura civil-militar. Examina um conjunto de medidas adotadas pelos governos Costa e Silva e Médici para conter uma contínua elevação nos preços de matérias-primas e especialidades farmacêuticas, sendo este contexto fundamental para a criação da Central de Medicamentos (CEME), em 1971. O argumento central do artigo é o de que a CEME representou a consolidação, em âmbito federal, de uma política realizada no Instituto Nacional da Previdência Social (INPS) entre 1968 e 1970, baseada na produção de insumos e medicamentos em laboratórios públicos. Encerrada em 1970, esta política foi retomada no ano seguinte com ampla participação de militares e laboratórios das Forças Armadas, sendo a originalidade deste artigo explicar como tal apoio influiu na montagem da CEME em seus primeiros anos. Até 1974, os membros militares eram majoritários na Comissão Diretora da CEME, sendo algumas das primeiras missões da autarquia o abastecimento de Ações Cívico-Sociais das Forças Armadas.

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This article analyzes the Integrated Endemic Disease Program (PIDE), which was established in 1973 by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq, financed by the Brazilian Funding Authority for Studies and Projects FINEP. The program was established to finance research on diseases considered strategic to the economic development plans of the military regime (1964-1985). Acknowledged to be a landmark program in the history of Brazilian parasitology, PIDE was set up during a period when the dictatorship was both violently repressing scholars and investing heavily in science and technology (S&T). The article examines the context in which the program was implemented and analyzes what it signified for planners in the S&T field and for the scientists who coordinated it. The contention is that PIDE was an example of how the scientific community managed to use financial and institutional resources available under the S&T policy in the 1970s to advance research on parasitic diseases and update its agenda. This analysis contributes to recent historiography that, based on specific historical cases, reflects on the paradoxical nature of a regime that, in its authoritarian modernization project, simultaneously persecuted scientists and supported science.

Este artigo analisa o Programa Integrado de Doenças Endêmicas (PIDE), criado em 1973 no Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq), com recursos da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), para financiar pesquisas sobre doenças consideradas estratégicas aos planos de desenvolvimento econômico do regime militar (1964-1985). O PIDE é reconhecido como marco na história da parasitologia brasileira. Sua formulação ocorreu em um período de violenta repressão da ditadura ao campo acadêmico e, ao mesmo tempo, de significativos investimentos governamentais em ciência e tecnologia. O artigo examina as circunstâncias de sua criação e implementação e analisa os sentidos que assumiu para os planejadores da área de C&T e para os cientistas que o coordenaram. Argumenta-se que o PIDE foi um exemplo de como a comunidade científica soube utilizar os recursos financeiros e institucionais da política científica e tecnológica da década de 1970 para fazer avançar a tradição de pesquisa em doenças parasitárias e inovar sua agenda. Pretende-se contribuir para a historiografia que vem refletindo, a partir de casos históricos específicos, sobre o caráter paradoxal de um regime que, em seu projeto de modernização autoritária, simultaneamente perseguiu cientistas e apoiou a ciência.

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The scope of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the country's political redemocratization process from the 1980s onwards and the issue of identification, preservation and access to the archives of information and security bodies that worked to combat the opponents of the authoritarian regime during the military dictatorship (1964-1985). It addresses the dictatorship's action on university and scientific institutions, to highlight the importance of the archive of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, as well as the personal files maintained by scientists and donated to Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. It features archives and collections organized and available for public consultation, which can serve as research sources for historical studies on science and health during the dictatorship.

Analisa a relação entre o processo de redemocratização política do país a partir da década de 1980 e a questão da identificação, preservação e acesso aos arquivos dos órgãos de informação e segurança que durante a ditadura militar (1964-1985) atuaram no combate aos adversários do regime autoritário. Aborda a ação da ditadura sob as instituições universitárias e científicas, de forma a destacar a importância do arquivo institucional da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, assim como os arquivos pessoais mantidos pelos cientistas e doados à Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Apresenta os arquivos e coleções organizados e disponíveis à consulta pública, que podem servir como fontes de pesquisa para os estudos históricos sobre a ciência e a saúde na ditadura.

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This article aimed to historically assess the impact undergone by the Faculty of Medicine-USP when it formally supported the military regime established in Brazil from 1964 onwards and the consequences of this support in its daily life. Another objective was unearthing how this context, lived between persecution, prisons, and torture, also intervened in didactic-pedagogical actions, such as the creation of a new model of medical education in 1967, known as the Experimental Course. This course would be immediately attacked by groups that saw it as a communist stronghold and a threat to the tradition of the so-called "Casa de Arnaldo", resulting in the closure of its activities in 1974.

O objetivo deste artigo é estudar historicamente o impacto sofrido pela Faculdade de Medicina-USP quando ela apoiou formalmente o regime militar que se estabelecia no Brasil a partir de 1964 e os reflexos desse apoio em seu cotidiano. Outro objetivo é apresentar como esse contexto, vivido entre perseguições, prisões e torturas, interveio também em ações de ordem didático-pedagógica, como na criação de um novo modelo de ensino médico no ano de 1967, conhecido como Curso Experimental. Esse curso seria imediatamente atacado por grupos que o viam como um reduto comunista e uma ameaça à tradição da chamada "Casa de Arnaldo", logrando o encerramento de suas atividades no ano de 1974.

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The article discusses the participation of doctors in the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985). It identifies the main ways in which these doctors contributed with their technical and scientific knowledge and their institutional positions to the repression of the regime's opponents. The authors argue that this collaboration was not casual but strategic, organized, and systematic in assisting interrogations and practices of physical and psychological torture, as well as in covering up human rights violations. The article points out that this collaboration between doctors and the authoritarian regime violated all professional codes of ethics and international conventions for the protection and promotion of human rights, as well as the Hippocratic Oath. The primary historical sources on which the article is based are documents from the Brasil Nunca Mais Project, the final report of the National Truth Commission (CNV), and reports from states truth commissions. It concludes that the scant civil, criminal, and professional punishment of doctors involved in the regime's violence, protected by the 1979 Amnesty Law and other legal provisions, characterizes an incomplete rupture with the authoritarian legacies of the past, with consequences for the present and future of Brazilian democracy.

O artigo aborda a participação de médicos na ditadura civil militar brasileira (1964-1985) e identifica as principais formas pelas quais esses médicos contribuíram com seus conhecimentos técnicos e científicos e suas posições institucionais para a repressão aos opositores do regime. Os autores argumentam que essa colaboração não foi eventual, mas estratégica, organizada e sistemática na assessoria a interrogatórios e práticas de tortura física e psicológicas, assim como no encobrimento de violações de direitos humanos. O artigo chama a atenção para que essa colaboração de médicos com o regime autoritário transgrediu códigos de ética profissionais e as convenções internacionais de proteção e promoção dos direitos humanos, assim como o Juramento de Hipócrates. As principais fontes históricas que embasam o artigo são os documentos do Projeto Brasil Nunca Mais e do relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV), assim como relatórios de comissões estaduais da verdade. Conclui que a exígua punição civil, criminal e profissional aos médicos envolvidos com a violência do regime, protegidos pela Lei da Anistia de 1979 e outras provisões legais, caracteriza o rompimento incompleto com os legados autoritários do passado, com consequências para o presente e o futuro da democracia brasileira.

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Several countries and non-governmental organizations have discussed the use of animals in industry and biomedical areas. This work shows the progression of animal' rights for scientific purposes in Brazil and how Brazilian Councils have advanced to follow worldwide regulations. Since the first rules about animals' usage in Ireland in 1635, the British Cruelty to Animals Act in 1876, and the Brazilian animal protection rules in 1924 and 1934, most worldwide actions culminated in the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights (1978). In 1979, the Brazilian Law 6.638 displayed directives for didactic-scientific practice of vivisection. In 2008, the Arouca Law 11.794 filled regulatory gaps and created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA). In 2014, the CONCEA incorporated the 3R's philosophy and recognized substitute techniques, but only in 2023 it prohibited vertebrate animals in scientific research, development and control of personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes. It is clear current Brazilian and international rules are unable to cover all aspects of animal wellbeing, even for regulations of commercial issues. Certainly, innovative tools, as organ-on-chip, in vitro techniques and bioinformatical advancements will provide a crucial animal welfare and new laws will minimize animal pain and distress, including for disregarded invertebrates.

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The establishment of Russian neurology in the late 19th century was significantly shaped by the neurology department at La Salpêtrière Hospital under Professor Jean-Martin Charcot's leadership. A group of Russian neurologists, guided by Professor Kozhevnikov and featuring his disciples such as Korsakov, Minor, Darkshevich, and Bekhterev, had the privilege of being mentored by Professor Charcot. Subsequently, they played pivotal roles in founding various neurology services in Russia, greatly influenced by the teachings and insights they acquired under Charcot's tutelage.

A criação da neurologia russa no final do século XIX foi significativamente moldada pelo departamento de neurologia do Hospital La Salpêtrière, sob a direção do Professor Jean-Martin Charcot. Um grupo de neurologistas russos, orientado pelo Professor Kozhevnikov e com discípulos como Korsakov, Minor, Darkshevich e Bekhterev, teve o privilégio de ser orientado pelo Professor Charcot. Posteriormente, desempenharam papéis fundamentais na fundação de vários serviços de neurologia na Rússia, muito influenciados pelos ensinamentos e conhecimentos que adquiriram sob a tutela de Charcot.

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Interest in the study of domesticated plants increased near the end of the 18th century, mainly because of their economic potential. In the 19th century, there was a new focus on the historical understanding of species, their origin, changes in their distribution, and their evolutionary history. Charles Darwin developed an extended interpretation of species domestication, considering variations, reproduction, inheritance, and modification as standard processes between wild and domesticated organisms. In this context, one relatively neglected aspect was the geographical distribution of domesticated species. Alphonse de Candolle addressed and developed in detail the question of the geographical origin of cultivated plants. Since 1836 Alphonse de Candolle had been studying the topic and obtained evidence that contributed to understanding aspects such as the center of origin, dispersion, competition, selection, and time of domestication. Although Darwin himself admitted that Géographie botanique raisonnée (de Candolle, Alphonse,de. Géographie botanique raisonnée; ou, exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l'epoque actuelle, 2ème tome. Paris: Masson.) was of great help to him in the development of his evolutionary theory, the importance of de Candolle's contribution is seldom recognized. Our purpose is to detail the dialogue between Alphonse de Candolle and Darwin on the geography of domesticated plants, to understand some of the most critical discussions that contributed to the reinterpretation of domestication under the Darwinian proposal of modified descent.

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This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897-1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state's support for the Capuchin order's evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.

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Muscimol (3) is a psychoactive isoxazole present in various Amanita mushrooms, along with ibotenic acid and muscarine. It is structurally related to GABA and acts as a GABAA agonist with great affinity. Muscimol use dates back to Siberian shamanic cultures as an entheogen, where it was ingested orally to exert psychoactive effects. Although not approved for clinical use, its potential and use as a research tool in neuroscience is of immense value, with 3H-muscimol being used as a radioligand in GABA receptor research. Since its discovery in the early 60s, many research groups have worked on the synthesis of the compound. Recent research suggests the potential use of muscimol in neuropathic pain relief and other potential uses are also being studied. In this review, we will cover the history, chemistry, pharmacology and overall importance of the compound.

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BACKGROUND: The German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt conducted an expedition through the American continent, alongside Aimé Bonpland, from 1799 to 1804. Before finally returning to Europe, they decided to take a side trip to the USA between May 20 and July 7, 1804. Humboldt's most detailed account of his time in the USA consists of a manuscript entitled "Plantae des États-Unis" (1804), containing information on useful plants and timber of the country. The aim of this paper is to retrieve, for the first time, ethnobotanical information regarding North American plants and their uses inside this Humboldt's manuscript as well as to highlight the erasure and invisibilization of North American Indigenous knowledge within historical documents and bibliography, mainly during the nineteenth century. METHODS: "Plantae des États-Unis" (digitized version and its transcription) was carefully analyzed, and information on plant species mentioned in the manuscript (including botanical and vernacular names, traditional uses, and general observations) was retrieved. Traditional uses were correlated with ethnobotanical data from the Native American Ethnobotany Database and encyclopedic literature on North American plants from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as recent pharmacological studies searched in scientific papers. RESULTS: In the manuscript are mentioned 28 species distributed in 15 botanical families, with Fagaceae (9 Quercus species) being the most representative. All species are USA natives, except for one undetermined species (only the genus was mentioned, Corylus). Four species were directly mentioned as medicinal (Toxicodendron radicans, Liriodendron tulipifera, Actaea racemosa, and Gillenia stipulata), while other four were described as tanning agents (astringent) (Cornus florida, Diospyros virginiana, Quercus rubra, and Quercus velutina). Two species were described as bitter (Xanthorhiza simplicissima and A. racemosa). Nine Quercus species were described, but five were reported as the most useful oaks for cultivation in Europe (Quercus bicolor, Quercus castanea, Quercus virginiana, Quercus michauxii, and Quercus alba); three of them were used for ship construction (Q. virginiana, Q. michauxii, and Q. alba), two as astringent (Q. rubra and Q. stellata), and one had wood of poor quality (Quercus phellos). One species was described as a yellow dye (Hydrastis canadensis), and the other was mentioned as toxic (Aesculus pavia). Ten species did not have any useful applications listed. CONCLUSIONS: Although "Plantae des États-Unis" is a brief collection of annotations, these data reveal a historical scenario of outstanding plants with social and economic interest in the USA at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The data highlight a clear process of suppression of the traditional knowledge of Native North American Indigenous peoples in past historical records and literature, due to the lack of acknowledgment by white European settlers and American-born explorers. This ethnobotanical inventory may help us understand the relationship between plants and Native North American Indigenous peoples, as well as European naturalists and settlers, and USA-born people in the past, and reflect on the importance of Indigenous traditional knowledge, bioeconomy, sustainable management, and conservation of biodiversity in the present and future.

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De humani corporis fabrica libri septem es un libro del médico y anatomista renacentista flamenco Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), quien fue profesor de Anatomía en la Universidad de Padua y médico de la corte del emperador Carlos V. En ella se puede apreciar por primera vez a detalle, (en un compendio de siete libros), una lección académica docta de anatomía del cuerpo humano, basada en disecciones directas del cadáver, hecha y documentada por un joven profesor (Vesalio con 28 años), a sus alumnos de Medicina. Esta obra fue impresa en latín ciceroniano y publicada en Basilea en 1543 en el taller del humanista, lingüista e impresor Johannes Oporinus (1507-1568), e ilustrada probablemente, por artistas del taller de Ticiano como Jan Stephan van Calcar (1499-1546). Considerada hoy como una joya literaria, científica y artística, la fabrica de Vesalio de 1543, fue un hito en la Historia de la Medicina y es considerada como la obra fundacional de los atlas de anatomía modernos y el sustento del método de enseñanza de la disciplina en la carrera de Medicina en todo el mundo. Este volumen original mexicano, considerado hoy patrimonio de la humanidad por la UNESCO y primero de su tipo en América desde el siglo XVI, se encuentra en México como parte del acervo de libros raros y antiguos de la Biblioteca Palafoxiana en la ciudad de Puebla. En este artículo se describen y documentan por primera vez a detalle desde su fuente original, sus características.

SUMMARY: De humani corporis fabrica libri septem is a book written by the Flemish Renaissance physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and physician to the court of Emperor Charles V. It is in this book that for the very first time in detail, a learned academic lesson on the anatomy of the human body can be observed, in a compendium of seven books, based on direct dissections of the corpse, created and documented by a young professor (Vesalius at the age of 28) for his Medicine students. This work was printed in ciceronian latin and published in Basel in 1543 in the workshop of the humanist, linguist, and printer Johannes Oporinus (1507-1568), and illustrated by artists from the Titian workshop such as Jan Stephan van Calcar (1499-1546). Nowadays considered a literary, scientific and artistic jewel, Vesalius´fabrica of 1543 was a milestone in the history of medicine and is considered the foundation work of modern anatomy atlases, and basis for the teaching method of the discipline in medical careers worldwide. This original Mexican volume, is now considered part of UNESCO World Heritage and is the first book of its kind in America since the 16th century. It is part of the old and rare book collection of the Palafoxiana Library in the city of Puebla in Mexico. In this article, its characteristics are described and for the first time, documented in detail from its original source.

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Introdução: A Fonoaudiologia é uma profissão jovem, mas sua regulamentação, entretanto, é fruto de um longo processo, iniciado algumas décadas antes. Vários documentos deixam marcas desta trajetória e contam histórias das questões e tensões presentes no momento de sua elaboração. Objetivos: Discutir a questão da autonomia do profissional da Fonoaudiologia a partir da análise de alguns de seus documentos normatizadores, considerando dois momentos significativos: a) a mudança de tecnólogo para profissional de nível superior, em 1981 e b) a ameaça de perda de direitos na ocasião da tramitação do Projeto de Lei do Ato Médico, em 2001. Método: Pesquisa documental, descritiva exploratória, de caráter qualitativo. Resultados: A palavra diagnóstico aparece de forma implícita no texto da Lei 6965/81 e no primeiro Código de Ética, em 1984, e de forma explícita, enquanto competência do fonoaudiólogo, nos códigos de 1995 e 2004. A palavra autonomia não aparece na Lei nem no código de 1984. É mencionada de forma restrita no código de 1995 e apenas referida como autonomia profissional ampla no código de 2004. Conclusão: Analisar as questões e as tensões presentes na elaboração de documentos normativos de uma profissão permite destacar o conjunto de valores, as disputas de poder e o caráter ético e político presente nestas definições. Permite também perceber o quanto estes processos são dinâmicos, incessantes e, ainda, o quanto algumas situações se colocam no tempo presente, resgatando debates antigos. (AU)

Introduction: Speech therapy is a young profession, but its regulation, however, is the result of a long process, started a few decades earlier. Several documents leave marks of this trajectory and tell stories of the issues and tensions present at the time of their preparation. Objectives: To discuss the issue of the autonomy of Speech Therapy professionals based on the analysis of some of their standardizing documents, considering two significant moments: a) the change from technologist to higher education professional, in 1981 and b) the threat of loss of rights in occasion of the processing of the Medical Act Bill, in 2001. Method: Documentary, exploratory, qualitative research. Results: The word diagnosis appears implicitly in the text of Law 6965/81 and in the first Code of Ethics, in 1984, and explicitly, as a speech therapist competence, in the codes of 1995 and 2004. The word autonomy does not appear in the Law nor in the 1984 code. It is mentioned in a restricted way in the 1995 code and only referred to as broad professional autonomy in the 2004 code. Conclusion: Analyzing the issues and tensions present in the preparation of normative documents for a profession allows us to highlight the set of values, power disputes and the ethical and political character present in these definitions. It also allows us to understand how dynamic and incessant these processes are and, also, how much some situations arise in the present time, rescuing old debates. (AU)

Introducción: La logopedia es una profesión joven, pero su regulación, sin embargo, es el resultado de un largo proceso, iniciado algunas décadas antes. Varios documentos dejan huellas de esta trayectoria y cuentan historias de los problemas y tensiones presentes en el momento de su preparación. Objetivos:Discutir la cuestión de la autonomía de los profesionales de Logopedia a partir del análisis de algunos de sus documentos normativos, considerando dos momentos significativos: a) el paso de tecnólogo a profesional de educación superior, en 1981 y b) la amenaza de pérdida de derechos con motivo de la tramitación del Proyecto de Ley Médica, en 2001. Método: Investigación documental, exploratoria, cualitativa. Resultados: La palabra diagnóstico aparece implícitamente en el texto de la Ley 6965/81 y en el primer Código de Ética, de 1984, y explícitamente, como competencia del logopeda, en los códigos de 1995 y 2004. La palabra autonomía no aparece en la Ley ni en el código de 1984. Se menciona de forma restringida en el código de 1995 y sólo se la denomina amplia autonomía profesional en el código de 2004. Conclusión: Analizar las cuestiones y tensiones presentes en la elaboración de documentos normativos para una profesión permite resaltar el conjunto de valores, las disputas de poder y el carácter ético y político presentes en estas definiciones. También nos permite comprender cuán dinámicos e incesantes son estos procesos y, también, cuánto surgen algunas situaciones en la actualidad, rescatando viejos debates. (AU)

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