RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE To calculate the cost of centralized dispensing of four categories of drugs （ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， hazardous drugs， and parenteral nutrition solutions） in pharmacy intravenous admixture service （PIVAS）， and provide reference for setting charging standards for relevant departments. METHODS The operating costs of PIVAS in 12 medical institutions from Shaanxi province were collected through questionnaire survey， including labor costs， medical and health material costs， fixed asset depreciation and repair costs， water and electricity costs， and management costs. The operation time allocation coefficient method and workload allocation coefficient method were comprehensively used to allocate the above costs， and the unit preparation costs of four categories of drugs were calculated. RESULTS The average annual total costs of dispensing ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， hazardous drugs， and parenteral nutrition solutions in Shaanxi province were （2 195 900.25±1 680 893.73） yuan， （746 341.59±725 839.39） yuan， （331 420.15±183 258.83） yuan， and （330 322.68±277 281.70） yuan， respectively， with labor costs accounting for the highest proportion， averaging 85.49%. The costs of dispensing a set of ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， and hazardous drugs were 5.89， 7.60， and 14.37 yuan， respectively； the cost of dispensing one bag of parenteral nutrition solution was 32.15 yuan （excluding the cost of disposable intravenous nutrition bags）. CONCLUSIONS The cost calculation method and data of different types of intravenous drugs obtained in this study can provide reference for relevant departments to formulate and adjust PIVAS fee standards.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE To calculate the cost of centralized dispensing of four categories of drugs （ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， hazardous drugs， and parenteral nutrition solutions） in pharmacy intravenous admixture service （PIVAS）， and provide reference for setting charging standards for relevant departments. METHODS The operating costs of PIVAS in 12 medical institutions from Shaanxi province were collected through questionnaire survey， including labor costs， medical and health material costs， fixed asset depreciation and repair costs， water and electricity costs， and management costs. The operation time allocation coefficient method and workload allocation coefficient method were comprehensively used to allocate the above costs， and the unit preparation costs of four categories of drugs were calculated. RESULTS The average annual total costs of dispensing ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， hazardous drugs， and parenteral nutrition solutions in Shaanxi province were （2 195 900.25±1 680 893.73） yuan， （746 341.59±725 839.39） yuan， （331 420.15±183 258.83） yuan， and （330 322.68±277 281.70） yuan， respectively， with labor costs accounting for the highest proportion， averaging 85.49%. The costs of dispensing a set of ordinary drugs， antibacterial drugs， and hazardous drugs were 5.89， 7.60， and 14.37 yuan， respectively； the cost of dispensing one bag of parenteral nutrition solution was 32.15 yuan （excluding the cost of disposable intravenous nutrition bags）. CONCLUSIONS The cost calculation method and data of different types of intravenous drugs obtained in this study can provide reference for relevant departments to formulate and adjust PIVAS fee standards.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: While nurse faculty may believe that they teach more than faculty in other academic departments, their perceptions are difficult to corroborate when workload policies are not transparent at institutions. PURPOSE: This descriptive study was designed to examine inequities in teaching workloads between nurse faculty and their academic colleagues from the perspectives of Deans and Directors of Nursing Programs. METHODS: A web-based, investigator-developed survey was emailed to Nurse Unit Leaders in spring, 2019. The final sample included 224 respondents. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. FINDINGS: Nurse Unit Leaders perceived that nurse faculty teach larger classes and more courses than their academic peers. Survey respondents attributed these and other variations at their institutions to the complexity of teaching responsibilities in nursing units and the limited understanding of these responsibilities by university administrators. DISCUSSION: Ensuring equitable teaching workloads requires transparent policies and an organizational culture committed to faculty governance.

Asunto(s)

Educación en Enfermería/métodos , Docentes de Enfermería/normas , Carga de Trabajo/normas , Educación en Enfermería/normas , Docentes de Enfermería/psicología , Humanos , Facultades de Enfermería/organización & administración , Facultades de Enfermería/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Universidades/organización & administración , Universidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Carga de Trabajo/psicología

RESUMEN

Fog computing has recently emerged as an extension of cloud computing in providing high-performance computing services for delay-sensitive Internet of Things (IoT) applications. By offloading tasks to a geographically proximal fog computing server instead of a remote cloud, the delay performance can be greatly improved. However, some IoT applications may still experience considerable delays, including queuing and computation delays, when huge amounts of tasks instantaneously feed into a resource-limited fog node. Accordingly, the cooperation among geographically close fog nodes and the cloud center is desired in fog computing with the ever-increasing computational demands from IoT applications. This paper investigates a workload allocation scheme in an IoT-fog-cloud cooperation system for reducing task service delay, aiming at satisfying as many as possible delay-sensitive IoT applications' quality of service (QoS) requirements. To this end, we first formulate the workload allocation problem in an IoT-edge-cloud cooperation system, which suggests optimal workload allocation among local fog node, neighboring fog node, and the cloud center to minimize task service delay. Then, the stability of the IoT-fog-cloud queueing system is theoretically analyzed with Lyapunov drift plus penalty theory. Based on the analytical results, we propose a delay-aware online workload allocation and scheduling (DAOWA) algorithm to achieve the goal of reducing long-term average task serve delay. Theoretical analysis and simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposal in task serve delay reduction and IoT-fog-cloud queueing system stability.