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This work provides a structural analysis of small-scale 3D-printed wind turbine ribs subjected to compression. The ribs were manufactured according to NACA 23015 and NACA 633618 geometries, with polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid with carbon fiber additives (CF-PLA). In addition, holes were manufactured into the sample bodies by either 3D printing or drilling for being compared with solid samples. The compression testing was performed by following the ASTM 695D standard, whereas the beginning and propagation of delamination were assessed with the ASTM 5528 standard. Experimental results revealed that 3D-printed built-in holes provided higher compression strength, hence higher structural efficiency, than the drilled samples. Significant improvement by adding carbon fiber additives into the PLA resin system in comparison to raw PLA was detected for at least one of the studied airfoil profiles. NACA geometries also represented a key parameter for avoiding stress concentration areas, as the FEM modeling supported. However, in damaged areas, fracture mechanisms were observed such as bead-bridging, which is a key parameter in reinforcing and consolidating the specimen bodies. Working in better interphase bonding and different additives between beads and layers is highly suggested for future studies.
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Damage generated due to low velocity impact in composite plates was evaluated focusing on the design and structural integrity of wind turbine blades. Impact properties of composite plates manufactured with thermoplastic and thermoset resins for different energy levels were measured and compared. Specimens were fabricated using VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer molding), using both matrix systems in conjunction with carbon, glass and carbon/glass hybrid fibers in the NCF (non-crimp fabric) architecture. Resin systems used were ELIUM 188O (thermoplastic) from Arkema Co., Ltd. and a standard epoxy reference, EPR-L20 from Hexion Co., Ltd. (thermoset). Auxiliary numerical finite element analyses were performed to better understand the tests physics. These models were then compared with the experimental results to verify their predictive capacity, given the intrinsic limitations due to their simplicity. Based in the presented results, it is possible to observe that ELIUM is capable to replace a conventional thermoset matrix. The thermoplastic panels presented similar results compared to its thermoset counterparts, with even a trend of less impact damage. Additionally, for both thermoplastic and thermoset resin systems, glass layups showed the lowest levels of damage while carbon panels presented the highest damage levels. Hybrid laminates can be applied as a compromise solution.
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Large cities have a significant area of buildings with roofs that are not used most of the time. Vertical-axis wind turbines are suitable for this kind of on-site renewable energy generation. Since wind speeds are not high in these cities, a suitable solution to improve energy generation is to add a Wind Booster. This paper presents a methodology useful for selecting and optimizing the main components of a Wind Booster. As a case of study, we present this methodology in a Wind Booster for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) that considers the wind flow's specific behavior in a particular city. The final Wind Booster design is state of the art and makes use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques. We experimented with the conditions of Mexico City, obtaining a 35.23% increase in torque with the optimized Wind Booster configuration. The results obtained show the potential of this methodology to improve the performance of this kind of system. Moreover, since wind behavior is very different in each city, our proposal could be beneficial for researchers looking to implement the best possible wind turbine in their locality.
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Structural health monitoring for offshore wind turbine foundations is paramount to the further development of offshore fixed wind farms. At present time there are a limited number of foundation designs, the jacket type being the preferred one in large water depths. In this work, a jacket-type foundation damage diagnosis strategy is stated. Normally, most or all the available data are of regular operation, thus methods that focus on the data leading to failures end up using only a small subset of the available data. Furthermore, when there is no historical precedent of a type of fault, those methods cannot be used. In addition, offshore wind turbines work under a wide variety of environmental conditions and regions of operation involving unknown input excitation given by the wind and waves. Taking into account the aforementioned difficulties, the stated strategy in this work is based on an autoencoder neural network model and its contribution is two-fold: (i) the proposed strategy is based only on healthy data, and (ii) it works under different operating and environmental conditions based only on the output vibration data gathered by accelerometer sensors. The proposed strategy has been tested through experimental laboratory tests on a scaled model.
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As stated by the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE), the wind industry has identified main bearing failures as a critical issue in terms of increasing wind turbine reliability and availability. This is owing to major repairs with high replacement costs and long downtime periods associated with main bearing failures. Thus, the main bearing fault prognosis has become an economically relevant topic and is a technical challenge. In this work, a data-based methodology for fault prognosis is presented. The main contributions of this work are as follows: (i) Prognosis is achieved by using only supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, which is already available in all industrial-sized wind turbines; thus, no extra sensors that are designed for a specific purpose need to be installed. (ii) The proposed method only requires healthy data to be collected; thus, it can be applied to any wind farm even when no faulty data has been recorded. (iii) The proposed algorithm works under different and varying operating and environmental conditions. (iv) The validity and performance of the established methodology is demonstrated on a real underproduction wind farm consisting of 12 wind turbines. The obtained results show that advanced prognostic systems based solely on SCADA data can predict failures several months prior to their occurrence and allow wind turbine operators to plan their operations.
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In this work, it is studied a wind-powered electrokinetic soil flushing process for the removal of pesticides from soil. This approach aims to develop an eco-friendly electrochemical soil treatment technique and to face the in-situ treatment of polluted soils at remote locations. Herbicide 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is selected as a model pollutant for the soil treatment tests. The performance of the wind-powered process throughout a 15 days experiment is compared to the same remediation process powered by a conventional DC power supply. The wind-powered test covered many different wind conditions (from calm to near gale), being performed 20.7% under calm conditions and 17% under moderate or gentle breeze. According to the results obtained, the wind-powered soil treatment is feasible, obtaining a 53.9% removal of 2,4-D after 15 days treatment. Nevertheless, the remediation is more efficient if it is fed by a constant electric input (conventional DC power supply), reaching a 90.2% removal of 2,4-D with a much lower amount of charge supplied (49.2 A h kg(-1) and 4.33 A h kg(-1) for wind-powered and conventional) within the same operation time.
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Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético/análisis , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental/métodos , Herbicidas/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Viento , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Suelo/químicaRESUMEN
No Brasil existem muitos locais que não são têm acesso a energia elétrica, principalmente em áreas rurais de agricultura familiar. Isto tem acentuado a importância da utilização de fontes de energia renováveis, como a energia eólica. Este trabalho consistiu no projeto, construção e teste de campo de duas pequenas turbinas eólicas de três pás, utilizando dois perfis aerodinâmicos diferentes. O objetivo foi comparar a influência destes perfis no desempenho aerodinâmico das turbinas. Com a Teoria do Momento do Elemento de Pá (BEM), duas turbinas eólicas de pequeno porte foram projetadas e construídas, tento como diferencial os perfis aerodinâmicos utilizados em sua seção: NACA 0012 (simétrico) e 4412 (cambado). Os resultados obtidos em campo, depois de analisados através de métodos estatísticos apropriados, demonstraram que os desempenhos das turbinas são similares em faixas de rotação próximas à de projeto (?=5). No entanto, em rotações abaixo e acima do projetado o perfil NACA 4412 tem desempenho superior.(AU)
In Brazil, there are many places that do not have access to electric energy, mainly in rural areas with small farms. This situation has accentuated the importance of renewable energy sources, such as wind energy. This work consisted of the design, construction and field testing of two small three-bladed wind turbines with two different aerodynamic profiles. The aim of the study was to compare the profile influence on the turbine aerodynamic performance. Using the blade element momentum (BEM) theory, two wind turbines were designed and built with different cross-section aerodynamic profiles (NACA 0012 (symmetric) and 4412 (chambered)). Following statistical analysis, the results of the field tests demonstrated that the performances of the turbines are similar when the rotational speed is near the designed value (?=5). However, when the rotational speed is under or above the designed value, the NACA 4412 profile yields superior performance.(AU)
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Energía Eólica , Energía Renovable , Fuentes Generadoras de Energía , GranjasRESUMEN
In the search for greener treatment technologies, this work studies the coupling of a wind turbine energy supply with an electrolytic cell (CWTEC device) for the remediation of wastewater polluted with pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The discontinuous and unforeseeable supply of energy is the main challenge inspiring this new proposal, which aims at reducing the environmental impact of electrolytic treatment by using a green energy supply. The results obtained using the coupled technologies are compared with those obtained by powering the electrolyser with a traditional power supply with a similar current intensity. The mineralisation of wastewater can be accomplished independently of how the electrolytic cell is powered, although differences in performance are clearly observed in the total organic carbon (TOC) and 2,4-D decays. These changes can be explained in terms of the changing profile of the current intensity, which influences the concentrations of the oxidants produced and thereby the mediated electrolytic process.
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Técnicas Electroquímicas , Herbicidas/química , Aguas Residuales/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Viento , Boro , Diamante , Electrodos , HumanosRESUMEN
No Brasil existem muitos locais que não são têm acesso a energia elétrica, principalmente em áreas rurais de agricultura familiar. Isto tem acentuado a importância da utilização de fontes de energia renováveis, como a energia eólica. Este trabalho consistiu no projeto, construção e teste de campo de duas pequenas turbinas eólicas de três pás, utilizando dois perfis aerodinâmicos diferentes. O objetivo foi comparar a influência destes perfis no desempenho aerodinâmico das turbinas. Com a Teoria do Momento do Elemento de Pá (BEM), duas turbinas eólicas de pequeno porte foram projetadas e construídas, tento como diferencial os perfis aerodinâmicos utilizados em sua seção: NACA 0012 (simétrico) e 4412 (cambado). Os resultados obtidos em campo, depois de analisados através de métodos estatísticos apropriados, demonstraram que os desempenhos das turbinas são similares em faixas de rotação próximas à de projeto (?=5). No entanto, em rotações abaixo e acima do projetado o perfil NACA 4412 tem desempenho superior.
In Brazil, there are many places that do not have access to electric energy, mainly in rural areas with small farms. This situation has accentuated the importance of renewable energy sources, such as wind energy. This work consisted of the design, construction and field testing of two small three-bladed wind turbines with two different aerodynamic profiles. The aim of the study was to compare the profile influence on the turbine aerodynamic performance. Using the blade element momentum (BEM) theory, two wind turbines were designed and built with different cross-section aerodynamic profiles (NACA 0012 (symmetric) and 4412 (chambered)). Following statistical analysis, the results of the field tests demonstrated that the performances of the turbines are similar when the rotational speed is near the designed value (?=5). However, when the rotational speed is under or above the designed value, the NACA 4412 profile yields superior performance.