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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a water drinking test (WDT) on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and vascular density of the optic nerve head and macula in healthy individuals and those with primary open glaucoma using optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: In this prospective comparative study, 30 healthy patients and 44 POAG subjects were divided into two groups. The study's outcome measures were the IOP and vessel density of the optic nerve and macular area. After ingesting 1000 ml of water in 5 min, the effect of the WDT on the IOP and the vascular density of the macular area and optic nerve head were measured at baseline and then 20, 40, and 60 min later at intervals of 20 min. RESULTS: The initial IOP in the healthy and glaucomatous eye groups was comparable (15.94 ± 2.6 and 16.87 ± 4.21 mmHg, respectively, P = 0.506). The IOP of both groups peaked at 40' measurements. POAG eyes had significantly higher IOP elevation (4.34 ± 0.30 vs. 2.24 ± 0.30 mmHg, P < 0.001). The glaucomatous eyes had lower radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) and whole macular superficial capillary plexus (SCP) densities at baseline (48.55 ± 5.99 vs. 51.33 ± 3.75) and (48.92 ± 3.41 vs. 45.29 ± 5.29), respectively (P < 0.001). After the WDT, the change in vessel density between groups in the RPC, whole superficial, and deep capillary plexuses was insignificant (SCP and DCP of 0.66 and 0.70, respectively, P = 0.16). CONCLUSION: The WDT caused a significant IOP jump in both glaucomatous and healthy eyes, but generally, the alterations in the glaucomatous eyes were more pronounced. The changes in vascular density in the macula and optic nerve head were similar between the groups.
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Angiografía con Fluoresceína , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto , Presión Intraocular , Mácula Lútea , Disco Óptico , Vasos Retinianos , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Humanos , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Prospectivos , Disco Óptico/irrigación sanguínea , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagen , Presión Intraocular/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagen , Vasos Retinianos/patología , Mácula Lútea/irrigación sanguínea , Mácula Lútea/diagnóstico por imagen , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/fisiopatología , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/diagnóstico , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodos , Adulto , Ingestión de Líquidos/fisiología , Fondo de Ojo , Anciano , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patologíaRESUMEN
Peri-ictal water drinking (PIWD) is a rare vegetative manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy without a definite lateralisation value. We report a case of PIWD in a 22-year-old Omani male patient with post-concussion syndrome and epilepsy presented to a tertiary care hospital in Muscat, Oman, in 2021 for evaluation of paroxysmal events. His behaviour of PIWD was misinterpreted by his family until characterised in the epilepsy-monitoring unit as a manifestation of epilepsy that was treated medically. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the second reported case in the region.
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Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal , Humanos , Masculino , Omán , Adulto Joven , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Ingestión de Líquidos/fisiología , Esclerosis , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Esclerosis del HipocampoRESUMEN
Tool use diversity is often considered to differentiate our two closest living relatives: the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (P. paniscus). Chimpanzees appear to have the largest repertoire of tools amongst nonhuman primates, and in this species, many forms of tool use enhance food and water acquisition. In captivity, bonobos seem as adept as chimpanzees in tool use complexity, including in the foraging context. However, in the wild, bonobos have only been observed engaging in habitual tool use in the contexts of comfort, play, self-directed behaviour and communication, whilst no tool-assisted food acquisition has been reported. Whereas captive bonobos use tools for drinking, so far, the only report from the wild populations comes down to four observations of moss sponges used at Lomako. Here, we present the first report of tool use in the form of water scooping by a wild bonobo at LuiKotale. An adult female was observed and videotaped whilst using an emptied Cola chlamydantha pod to scoop and drink water from a stream. We discuss the conditions for such observations and the importance of looking out for rare behaviours and attempt to put the observation into the context of the opportunity versus necessity hypotheses. By adding novel information on tool use, our report contributes to the ongoing efforts to differentiate population-specific traits in the behavioural ecology of the bonobo.
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Hominidae , Comportamiento del Uso de la Herramienta , Animales , Femenino , Pan paniscus , Pan troglodytes , AlimentosRESUMEN
Anti-Ma2 encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder that typically involves the brainstem, limbic system, and diencephalon. It can be paraneoplastic and is more common in males. We describe an unusual presentation of anti-Ma2 encephalitis in a patient with an XY chromosome and a female phenotype. She experienced various neurological symptoms, including olfactory hallucinations, episodic nausea, per-ictal water drinking, and hypersomnolence, that were poorly controlled by antiseizure medications (ASMs) and immunotherapy. Brain MRI showed abnormalities in right medial temporal and frontal regions, and blood tests detected anti-Ma2 antibodies. Screening for malignancies yielded no tumors. Pelvic CT showed bilateral inguinal masses and the absence of a uterus, while genetic studies revealed an XY karyotype. Surgical removal of the masses, shown to be primitive gonads, offered temporary relief, necessitating ongoing ASMs and immunotherapy.
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INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a systemic immune-mediated disease primarily manifesting as skin redness and inflammation. Balneotherapy proved to be a successful non-pharmacological option to reduce the skin areas affected by the disease, but the specific mechanisms underlying this effect have not been elucidated yet. Here we test the hypothesis that the effect of thermal treatments on psoriatic lesions could be partially mediated by changes in the resident microbial population, i.e., the microbiome. METHODS: In this study, we enrolled patients with psoriasis and monitored changes in their skin and gut microbiome after a 12-bath balneotherapy course with a combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. Changes in the resident microbiome were then correlated with thermal therapy outcomes evaluated as changes in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Body Surface Area index (BSA). RESULTS: The amplicon sequencing analysis of the skin microbiome showed that after thermal treatment the microbiome composition of affected areas improved to approach that typical of unaffected skin. We moreover identified some low-abundance bacterial biomarkers indicative of disease status and treatment efficacy, and we showed via metagenomic sequencing that thermal treatments and thermal water drinking affect the fecal microbiome to host more species associated with favorable metabolic health. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in lower-abundance microbial taxa presence and abundance could be the basis for the positive effect of thermal water treatment and drinking on the cutaneous and systemic symptomatology of psoriasis.
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease primarily manifesting as skin redness and inflammation that affects 23% of the world's population. No cure is currently available for this condition, and patients are offered pharmacological and non-pharmacological options to alleviate the discomfort. Previous studies and clinical practice have shown that thermal water treatment can be a non-pharmacological option to reduce the areas affected by the disease. However, the specific mechanisms causing this reduction have not been clarified yet. Given that neither the chemical nor the physical composition of thermal water can explain this beneficial effect, recent studies have suggested that it might be due to the effect of thermal water on the microbial communities living on the skin (i.e., the skin microbiome). In this work carried out at Terme di Comano, Northern Italy, we describe the effect of thermal water treatment on the skin microbiome of patients with psoriasis and we highlight the potentially beneficial effect of thermal water drinking on the microbial communities living in the gut, namely the gut microbiome. Specifically, we show that after balneotherapy the areas affected by psoriasis have a higher diversity of microbes usually present on healthy skin, potentially explaining the reduction in disease severity after treatment, and we describe how the gut microbiome of patients who drank thermal water changes to host more species linked with favorable metabolic health. These findings highlight that thermal water treatment and drinking could reduce both the skin and systemic symptomatology of psoriasis by affecting the skin and gut microbiome.
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AIM: To investigate the aqueous vein in vivo by using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: In this cross-sectional comparative study, 30 healthy participants were enrolled. Images of the aqueous and conjunctival veins were captured by EDI-OCT and OCTA before and after water loading. The area, height, width, location depth and blood flow of the aqueous vein and conjunctival vein were measured by Image J software. RESULTS: In the static state, the area of the aqueous vein was 8166.7±3272.7 µm2, which was smaller than that of the conjunctival vein (13 690±7457 µm2, P<0.001). The mean blood flow density of the aqueous vein was 35.3%±12.6%, which was significantly less than that of the conjunctival vein (51.5%±10.6%, P<0.001). After water loading, the area of the aqueous vein decreased significantly from 8725.8±779.4 µm2 (baseline) to 7005.2±566.2 µm2 at 45min but rose to 7863.0±703.2 µm2 at 60min (P=0.032). The blood flow density of the aqueous vein decreased significantly from 41.2%±4.5% (baseline) to 35.4%±3.2% at 30min but returned to 45.6%±3.6% at 60min (P=0.021). CONCLUSION: The structure and blood flow density of the aqueous vein can be effectively evaluated by OCT and OCTA. These may become biological indicators to evaluate aqueous vein changes and aqueous outflow resistance under different interventions in glaucoma patients.
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Because children learn habits from observing their parents, we assessed the top-of-the-mind beliefs held by parents about "drinking plain water in front of their preschool child during lunch one day this coming weekend." We recruited a convenience sample of 34 Mexican parents from daycares in Guadalajara and conducted a content analysis. Main advantage identified was getting healthier, followed by being a good example for the child. Few parents identified disadvantages. Most reported to have at least one approver within their families. The most frequent facilitator was "having it," while "not having it" was the main barrier.
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Agua Potable , Preescolar , Humanos , Padres , MéxicoRESUMEN
Many insects detect water bodies by observing the linearly polarised light which is reflected from the water surface. Polarotactic horseflies exhibit acrobatic manoeuvres above the water and are able to plunge on its surface, collect a droplet and fly away. This behaviour is extremely fast and has not yet been analysed. We recorded the flight patterns and kinematics of drinking horseflies using a pair of high-speed cameras. The animals of both sexes are attracted to water puddles where they make short, millisecond pitstops to collect a droplet of water that is then presumably drank "on the wing". Before the collection, the flies perform several low-altitude flybys above the puddle. After a few passes, the fly suddenly reverses its body orientation, decelerates, briefly touches the water surface and immediately flies away, usually with a droplet carried between its front legs. During the approach flight, the horseflies fly low but do not show any angular preference. Thus, they view the reflections from the sky, sun, or vegetation with a wide band of ventral ommatidia. Polarotaxis in drinking horseflies is a very robust visually guided behaviour, which operates at a broad range of intensities and various spectral compositions of reflected light.
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Dípteros , Agua , Masculino , Femenino , Animales , Dípteros/fisiología , Insectos/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Alas de Animales , Vuelo Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Accurately assessing the health risks of human exposure to heavy metals via water is of great importance for performing targeted health risk prevention measures. To better understand the concentration characteristics and potential harm to human health of cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic in the main drinking water-type reservoirs of Changzhou city, we collected samples from the Haidi Reservoir, Dongjin Reservoir, Xinfushan Reservoir, Maodong Reservoir and Xiangyang Reservoir of Changzhou in the summer of 2019. The results showed that the daily average comprehensive exposure level of metals was much lower than the provisional tolerated daily intake (PTDI), i.e., Cd: 1 µg kg-1 d-1; Cr: 3 µg kg-1 d-1; Pb: 3.57 µg kg-1 d-1; and As: 2.14 µg kg-1 d-1. The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk levels of four metals under water-drinking exposure and water-skin exposure routes ranged from 4.68E - 3 to 1.69E - 1, and the carcinogenic risk ranged from 2.09E - 5 to 7.30E - 5, which were all at acceptable risk levels. Although lead and chromium were present at acceptable health risk levels, they still represented the main pollutants of potential health risk in the local water environment from a non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic perspective, and they should be listed as the primary targets for water environmental risk management.
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Arsénico , Agua Potable , Metales Pesados , Humanos , Arsénico/análisis , Cadmio/análisis , Cromo , Plomo , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales Pesados/análisis , Agua Potable/análisis , China , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of phacoemulsification and endo-cyclophotocoagulation (phaco-ECP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation as assessed by the water drinking test (WDT) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study carried out at a tertiary referral centre. POAG patients on topical antiglaucoma medications and planned for phaco-ECP were recruited. WDT was performed before surgery and 6 weeks postoperatively by drinking 10 mL/kg of water in 5 min followed by serial IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometry measurements at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Mean IOP, IOP fluctuation (difference between highest and lowest IOP), IOP reduction, and factors affecting IOP fluctuation were analysed. RESULTS: Twenty eyes from 17 patients were included. Baseline IOP was similar before (14.7 ± 2.7 mm Hg) and after (14.8 ± 3.4 mm Hg, p = 0.90) surgery. There was no difference in mean IOP (17.6 ± 3.4 mm Hg vs. 19.3 ± 4.7 mm Hg pre- and postoperative, respectively, p = 0.26) or peak IOP (19.37 ± 3.74 mm Hg vs. 21.23 ± 5.29 mm Hg, p = 0.25), albeit a significant reduction in IOP-lowering medications (2.2 ± 1.15 vs. 0.35 ± 0.93, p < 0.001) postoperatively. IOP fluctuation was significantly greater (6.4 ± 3.2 mm Hg vs. 4.6 ± 2.1 mm Hg, p = 0.015) with more eyes having significant IOP fluctuation of ≥6 mm Hg (11 eyes [55%] vs. 4 eyes [20%], p < 0.001) postoperatively. Factors that were significantly associated with increased postoperative IOP fluctuations were higher preoperative IOP fluctuation (ß = 0.69, 95% CI 0.379-1.582, p = 0.004) and more number of postoperative antiglaucoma medications (ß = 0.627, 95% CI 0.614-3.322, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Reducing aqueous production with phaco-ECP does not eliminate IOP fluctuation in POAG patients. The increase in postoperative IOP fluctuation suggests increased outflow resistance after phaco-ECP.
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Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto , Glaucoma , Facoemulsificación , Humanos , Presión Intraocular , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/cirugía , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/tratamiento farmacológico , Agentes Antiglaucoma , Tonometría Ocular , Glaucoma/cirugía , AguaRESUMEN
Background and objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effects of the water drinking test (WDT) on several systemic and ocular parameters, including choroidal thickness, which was assessed through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), in glaucoma suspects. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 eyes from 20 glaucoma suspects without any systemic or ocular diseases were included in this prospective observational study. All the participants undertook the WDT, which required the drinking of 1 L of table water in 5 min. The outcome measures included IOP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), and subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, which were assessed at baseline and at four 15 min intervals after the WDT. Generalized least squares models and mixed model analyses that take into account repeated measurements were used to assess the changes over time of these parameters. Results: All the ocular and systemic parameters showed statistically significant changes at all time points compared to baseline apart from choroidal thickness. The peak changes were an IOP of 20.1 mmHg versus 17.3 mmHg at 45 min, an SBP of 137.6 mmHg versus 125 mmHg at 30 min, a DBP of 95.9 mmHg versus 85.7 mmHg at 15 min, and an MOP of 53.51 mmHg versus 48.89 mmHg at 15 min. Conclusions: Despite elevations in IOP and significant changes in all the assessed systemic parameters, the WDT was not associated with changes in choroidal thickness in glaucoma suspects.
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Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto , Presión Intraocular , Humanos , Tonometría Ocular , Coroides , Agua , Tomografía de Coherencia ÓpticaRESUMEN
Purpose: We describe a patient with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) secondary to an oral water bolus and examine the utility of the water-drinking test. Observations: A 66-year-old male with a history of hypertension presented with headache, bilateral retro-orbital ache, and blurry vision. Symptoms began shortly after his radiation treatment for prostate cancer, for which he consumed a water bolus to fill his bladder 30 minutes prior to treatment initiation. On exam, he had bilateral elevated IOP that responded to topical IOP-lowering medications. Gonioscopy demonstrated open angles and fundus exam showed non-glaucomatous optic nerves with pronounced retinal venous tortuosity. The water-drinking test showed a peak intraocular pressure of 20 mmHg in the right eye (5 mmHg increase from baseline) and 23 mmHg in the left eye (8 mmHg increase from baseline), suggesting impairment of the outflow system in the left compared to the right eye. He was started on topical IOP-lowering therapy and followed in our clinic as a glaucoma suspect. Conclusions: Consumption of a water bolus can be associated with IOP elevation and may be a risk factor in patients with otherwise normal IOPs at risk for glaucoma. The water-drinking test was historically used as provocative testing for open-angle glaucoma and may have an updated role in evaluating at-risk patients without ocular hypertension.
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OBJECTIVE: Periictal water drinking (PIWD), which is a rare seizure-related autonomic behavior, has been reported in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) but only rarely in extra-TLE. Additionally, the lateralizing value of PIWD is controversial. We aimed to clarify the occurrence and lateralizing value of PIWD in patients with focal epilepsy. METHODS: This retrospective study included 240 focal epilepsy patients aged >10 years with a favorable postoperative seizure outcome (Engel class I). PIWD was defined as water drinking behavior during a seizure or within 2 min in the postictal phase. The occurrence of PIWD documented on video-electroencephalogram monitoring was assessed. The lateralizing value of PIWD was analyzed among patients whose language dominant hemisphere was identified. RESULTS: Twenty-three (9.5%) patients exhibited PIWD. PIWD occurred more frequently in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE; eight of 41 patients, 19.5%) than in TLE (15 of 188 patients, 8%). The occurrence of PIWD was significantly different between FLE and extra-FLE (P = 0.035), with a low positive predictive value (34.8%). In FLE with PIWD, all but one patient underwent resective surgery involving the medial frontal lobe. In 194 patients whose language dominant hemisphere was determined, the lateralizing value of PIWD in FLE and TLE showed no statistical significance (P = 0.69 and P = 0.27, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE: Periictal water drinking occurred more often in FLE than TLE. Thus, PIWD might not be a specific periictal symptom in TLE. There was no evidence for the lateralizing value of PIWD in FLE and TLE. These findings can provide useful clinical clues for preoperative evaluations to estimate the epileptogenic zone based on seizure semiology and allow for a better understanding of pathophysiological insights into PIWD.
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Epilepsias Parciales , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/cirugía , ConvulsionesRESUMEN
AIM: To summarize the clinical features of the 24h intraocular pressure data and the water drinking test(WDT)results in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and ocular hypertension(OHT), and analyze the correlation.METHODS: To collect the data of 87 cases(174 eyes)with POAG and OHT, who had completed 24h intraocular pressure(IOP)(measured every 2h)and WDT(drink 1 000mL water off within 5min and then measure every 15min within 1h)in the ophthalmology department of Shenzhen University General Hospital from December 2019 to March 2022. They were divided into three groups, with 33 cases(66 eyes)in high tension glaucoma(HTG)group, 28 cases(56 eyes)in normal tension glaucoma(NTG)group and 26 cases(52 eyes)in OHT group. The clinical features of 24h IOP and WDT among the patients in three groups were summarized, and Spearman correlation was used to analyze the peak and fluctuation values of IOP.RESULTS: Clinical features among the patients in three groups:(1)the proportion of peak IOP of HTG, NTG and OHT group:(2:00-6:00 a.m.): 40.9%, 23.2% and 26.9%;(8:00-12:00 a.m.): 34.8%, 46.4% and 55.8%;(14:00-18:00 p.m.): 18.2%, 21.4% and 11.5%;(20:00-24:00 p.m.): 6.1%, 8.9% and 5.8%. Valley proportion among groups: early morning: 21.2%, 25.0% and 30.8%; morning: 22.7%, 10.7% and 13.5%; afternoon: 19.7%, 17.9% and 17.3%; evening: 36.4%, 46.4% and 38.5%. The proportion of 24h IOP fluctuation &#x003C;6mmHg: 9.1%, 62.5% and 17.3%; 6-&#x003C;8mmHg: 24.2%, 32.1% and 40.4%; ≥8mmHg: 66.7%, 5.4% and 42.3%.(2)WDT: The proportion of the three groups that could reach peak IOP within 30min was 81.8%, 76.8% and 80.8%, respectively. The proportion of IOP fluctuations in the three groups &#x003C;6mmHg: 10.6%, 78.6% and 38.5%; 6-&#x003C;8mmHg: 22.7%, 16.1% and 28.8%; ≥8mmHg: 66.7%, 5.4% and 32.7%.(3)the proportions of WDT peak higher than 24h peak IOP in the three groups were 80.3%, 80.4% and 80.8%. Correlation: the peak values of 24h IOP were positively correlated with the peak values of WDT(all P&#x003C;0.01), the fluctuation of 24h IOP was positively correlated with the fluctuation of WDT in HTG and OHT group(P&#x003C;0.01, P&#x003C;0.05), while it showed no significant correlation in NTG group(P&#x003E;0.05).CONCLUSION: Diurnal measurements of IOP during office hours(08:00 a.m.-18:00 p.m.)may fail to capture the peak values and underestimate IOP fluctuations. The 24h IOP fluctuation ≥HTG group of 8mmHg&#x003E;OHT group&#x003E;NTG group. The peak WDT in over 75% patients could be achieved within 30min, and it was higher than 24h peak IOP of over 80% patients. There was a positive correlation between the 24h IOP fluctuations and the WDT fluctuations in HTG and OHT patients. Therefore, WDT has clinical significance in assessing fluctuations in patients' IOP.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the acute effects of the water drinking test (WDT) on the eye using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on healthy young male subjects. METHODS: The study included 25 eyes of 25 male subjects. Selected parameters of the retinal vasculature were measured, including macular flow indices, foveal avascular zone, and vessel densities (VDs) of the macula using OCTA. The measurements were taken on the first day without drinking water at 0 min, 30 min and 60 min, then repeated on the second day before drinking water at 0 min, and after drinking water at 30 min and 60 min. The Paired Samples t-test and repeated measures One-way analysis of variance test were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The repeated measures analysis of variance test using Bonferroni adjustment demonstrated a significant increase in superficial and deep foveal VD following WDT (p < 0.001 for both). Intraocular pressure, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, foveal avascular zone, flow area of choriocapillaris, flow area of outer retina, foveal non-flow area of superficial layer, and retinal thickness measurements showed no significant changes following WDT. CONCLUSIONS: WDT is associated with temporary flow modifications in superficial and deep foveal vascular plexus in young male subjects.
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Agua Potable , Mácula Lútea , Masculino , Humanos , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodos , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagen , Vasos Retinianos/fisiología , Mácula Lútea/diagnóstico por imagen , Mácula Lútea/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Bolus water drinking, at room temperature, has been shown to improve orthostatic tolerance (OT), probably via sympathetic activation; however, it is not clear whether the temperature of the water bolus modifies the effect on OT or the cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress. The aim of this study was to assess whether differing water temperature of the water bolus would alter time to presyncope and/or cardiovascular parameters during incremental orthostatic stress. METHODS: Fourteen participants underwent three head-up tilt (HUT) tests with graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) continued until presyncope. Fifteen minutes prior to each HUT, participants drank a 500 mL bolus of water which was randomised, in single-blind crossover fashion, to either room temperature water (20 °C) (ROOM), ice-cold water (0-3 °C) (COLD) or warm water (45 °C) (WARM). Cardiovascular parameters were monitored continuously. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in OT in the COLD (33 ± 3 min; p = 0.3321) and WARM (32 ± 3 min; p = 0.6764) conditions in comparison to the ROOM condition (31 ± 3 min). During the HUT tests, heart rate and cardiac output were significantly reduced (p < 0.0073), with significantly increased systolic blood pressure, stroke volume, cerebral blood flow velocity and total peripheral resistance (p < 0.0054), in the COLD compared to ROOM conditions. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy controls, bolus cold water drinking results in favourable orthostatic cardiovascular responses during HUT/LBNP without significantly altering OT. Using a cold water bolus may result in additional benefits in patients with orthostatic intolerance above those conferred by bolus water at room temperature (by ameliorating orthostatic tachycardia and enhancing vascular resistance responses). Further research in patients with orthostatic intolerance is warranted.
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Intolerancia Ortostática , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Estudios Cruzados , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Presión Negativa de la Región Corporal Inferior , Intolerancia Ortostática/diagnóstico , Método Simple Ciego , Síncope , Temperatura , Agua/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: We aimed to assess the impact of drinking water (500 and 1000 mL) on corneal biomechanics and determine the level of association between changes in intraocular pressure and variations in the different biomechanical properties of the cornea. Methods: A total of 39 healthy young adults ingested either 1000 mL (n = 21) or 500 mL (n = 18) of tap water in 5 min. The CorVis ST system was used to assess corneal biomechanics at baseline and at 15, 30, and 45 min after water ingestion. Results: Water drinking induced statistically significant changes in the deformation amplitude (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.166), highest concavity time (P = 0.012, η2 = 0.093), peak distance (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.171), time and velocity of the first applanation (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.288 and P = 0.016, η2 = 0.087, respectively), and time and velocity of the second applanation (P = 0.030, η2 = 0.074 and P = 0.001, η2 = 0.132, respectively), being independent of the amount of water ingested (P > 0.05 in all cases). There were significant associations between changes in intraocular pressure and some parameters of corneal biomechanics. Conclusion: Small variations in whole-body hydration status alter different biomechanical properties of the cornea, with these changes being associated with intraocular pressure levels. These findings indicate that whole-body hydration status can be considered for the diagnosis and management of different ocular conditions.
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Oftalmopatías , Presión Intraocular , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Córnea , Humanos , Tonometría Ocular , Agua , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the time of occurrence of intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks during the water-drinking test (WDT) and visual field damage in a cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. METHODS: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 98 eyes from 49 consecutive POAG patients were followed in a referral clinical practice. The relationship between the time when IOP peaks occurred during the WDT and the visual field mean deviation (MD) assessed with 24-2 visual field was tested with mixed-effects models. RESULTS: MD value was significantly associated with the time of IOP peak occurrence (P = 0.020) when adjusting for the number of medications, but not with the IOP peak values (P = 0.238). CONCLUSION: The time of IOP peaks occurrence during the WDT was associated with glaucoma severity among treated POAG patients.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal changes in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients after water-drinking test (WDT). METHODS: This prospective study included treatment-naïve acute and chronic CSCR eyes and healthy controls. Intraocular pressure and optical coherence tomography measurements with choroidal vascular index (CVI) measurements were done at baseline. Patients were asked to drink 1 L of water, and tests were repeated at 15, 30, and 45 min. RESULTS: Fifty-six eyes from 42 patients were enrolled. Choroidal area, luminal area, and stromal area were higher at baseline in eyes with acute CSCR compared to healthy controls. Chronic CSCR eyes showed an increase in choroidal area and stromal area and a decrease in the luminal area at 15 min. There was a significant decrease in CVI at 30 and 45 min in chronic CSCR and CVI at 45 min in fellow eyes of acute CSCR. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant change in central macular thickness in acute CSCR, choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of acute CSCR, stromal area, and total choroidal area in chronic CSCR. Mixed model ANOVA showed that the change in various choroidal parameters seen had no interaction with the eye type. CONCLUSION: Although change in various parameters was seen in acute CSCR, chronic CSCR, and fellow eyes of acute CSCR following WDT, the change was not significantly different among the groups.