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In this study, the structural characteristics, functional properties, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of glutenin from Tiger nut seed meal (TNSMG) treated by microwave (140-700 W, 20-60 s) and water-bath heating (40-100 °C, 10-30 min) were investigated. Analysis of the surface hydrophobicity, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that both microwave and water-bath heating treatments caused structure changes of TNSMG. The results showed an increase in the exposure of sulfhydryl groups and the content of ß-sheet, coupled with a decrease in the content of α-helix and ß-turn. These structural changes contributed to the improved solubility, foamability, emulsification properties, and digestibility of TNSMG under proper thermal treatment conditions. TNSMG exhibited the best solubility (68.48%) and foamability (85.56%) after water-bath heating treatment for 20 min at 80 °C. Furthermore, TNSMG showed the best emulsification property (9.61 m2/g) and digestibility (78.58%) when treated by microwave treatment at 560 W for 40 s.

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PURPOSE: Heat-activated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most common and widely accepted denture base material. Two important drawbacks are the development of denture stomatitis and the high incidence of fracture of denture bases. The present study investigated the effect of adding 0.2% by weight of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) and using the autoclave method of terminal boiling on the flexural strength of heat-activated PMMA denture base resin. METHODS: A total of 40 samples of heat-activated PMMA blocks were divided into four groups, with 10 samples (n = 10) in each group. Group 1 consisted of unmodified heat-activated PMMA resin (PMMA-1) polymerized by the conventional method of terminal boiling (conventional curing); Group 2 consisted of 0.2% by weight AgNPs added to heat-activated PMMA resin (PMMA-2) polymerized by conventional curing; Group 3 consisted of PMMA-1 polymerized by the autoclave method of terminal boiling (autoclave curing); and Group 4 consisted of PMMA-2 polymerized by autoclave curing. The flexural strength was tested using a universal testing machine. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± SD and median flexural strength. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Mann-Whitney U post hoc test was applied to test for statistical significance between the groups. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The results showed a statistically significant reduction in flexural strength in Group 2 compared to Group 1. The samples from Group 4 showed a statistically significant increase in flexural strength compared to Group 2. The Group 4 denture base had the highest flexural strength (115.72 ± 7.27 MPa) among the four groups, followed by Group 3 (104.16 ± 4.85 MPa). The Group 1 samples gave a flexural strength of 101.45 ± 3.13 MPa, and Group 2 gave the lowest flexural strength (85.98 ± 3.49 MPa) among the four groups tested. CONCLUSION: The reduction in flexural strength of the heat-activated PMMA denture base after adding 0.2% by weight of AgNP as an antifungal agent was a major concern among manufacturers of commercially available denture base materials. It was proved in the present study that employing the autoclave curing method of terminal boiling for the polymerization of 0.2% by weight of AgNp-added heat-activated PMMA denture base resulted in a significantly higher flexural strength compared to the conventional curing method of terminal boiling for polymerization. Unmodified heat-activated PMMA gave higher flexural strength values when polymerized by autoclave curing compared to the conventional curing method of terminal boiling.

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The implementation of the head-only electrical stunning procedure in poultry processing has been aimed at enhancing eating, ethical, and religious quality. However, inconsistencies in voltage and frequency standardization, along with variations in previous research outcomes, have led to numerous cases of both under-stunned and over-stunned birds. Thus, this study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of varying voltages and frequencies during electrical water bath stunning on carcass quality, meat attributes, and textural properties in broiler chickens. A cohort of 240 healthy female broilers (Cobb 500, 42-days-old, 2 kg ± 0.1 kg) was meticulously selected from a commercial farm. The birds underwent exposure to different stunning voltages (2.5, 10.5, 30, and 40 V) and frequencies (50 and 300 Hz). Subsequent analyses were conducted on meat samples to assess physicochemical properties, carcass quality, and textural attributes. The findings revealed a higher incidence of petechial hemorrhage (P < 0.05) in birds stunned at 10.5 V compared to other voltage. Notably, no broken bones were recorded in birds subjected to high voltages (30 and 40 V). Low frequency (50 Hz) significantly increased the occurrence of petechial hemorrhage and simultaneously resulted in pectoralis major muscle with decreased redness (a*). Birds subjected to the 10.5 V stunning treatment exhibited a lower cooking loss percentage. Significant interactions between voltage and ageing (V × A) were observed. Birds stunned at 30 V and aged for 7 d displayed highest drip loss compared to a one-day ageing period across different voltage levels. This interaction also impacted pH values, with birds subjected to 10.5 V showing significantly lower (P < 0.05) pH at d 7 of ageing. The meat hardness was influenced by the V × A interaction, wherein birds stunned at 10.5 V exhibited lower hardness after one day of ageing compared to other voltage levels. Red wing tips, lightness (L*), adhesiveness, and resilience were also significantly impacted (P < 0.05) by the interaction between frequency and voltage. A notable 3-way interaction was observed for gumminess and chewiness (F × V × A), where the 2-way interaction between frequency and voltage (F × V) affected both parameters differently at various ageing periods. Additionally, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between frequency and voltage influencing shear strength and yellowness.

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Heat therapy, including saunas, jacuzzi, and hot tub bathing, has gained global popularity. However, the escalating incidents of injuries and fatalities associated with hot tub activities are a significant public health concern. This study aims to comprehensively review and analyze the pathophysiological factors contributing to hot tub-related deaths, addressing the need for awareness and mitigation strategies. A comprehensive search of electronic databases, PubMed and Science Direct, was conducted to identify articles relevant to bath-related deaths. Eligible studies were exported to the Rayyan (Qatar Computing Research Institute, Qatar) software for data analysis. The data extracted from the 18 studies were compiled to elucidate the mechanisms underlying hot tub bath-related deaths and to advocate for the adoption of potential mitigation strategies and future directions to prevent such incidents in the future. The review revealed insights into the current trend of fatalities linked to hot tub bathing. A detailed analysis of pathophysiological aspects, encompassing hemodynamics, electrolyte disturbances, serum glucagon alterations, and the impact of alcohol and substance abuse during hot tub use, was conducted. Furthermore, we explored the effects of temperature and conducted a thorough discussion of postmortem evidence analysis concerning deaths related to bathtub usage. Finally, the paper discusses mitigation strategies to prevent fatalities attributed to hot tub bathing. In conclusion, our review highlights growing public health concerns surrounding injuries and fatalities related to hot tub activities. Through an examination of the incidence rates, pathophysiological factors, and proposed mitigation strategies, we provide crucial insights for enhancing safety and addressing the escalating risks associated with hot tub bathing.

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BACKGROUND: Traditional water baths for ultrasound exams place a hand into a pan of water and submerge an ultrasound probe into the water. While this improves ultrasound transmission and moves structures into the focal zone to make higher resolution images, this method does have limitations. Patients must be manipulated directly under the probe, which can be limited by pain or normal movement restrictions. The probe must also be held very still in water to minimize motion artifact. The lateral approach water bath method addresses such limitations by imaging through the side of a thin-walled plastic container without submerging the probe. This reduces much need for patient manipulation by imaging through the side of a column-shaped bath, which has 360 degrees of imaging freedom. It also stabilizes the probe directly against the flat, firm container to reduce image degrading motion artifact. We hypothesized that because of these improvements the lateral approach water bath might create higher quality images than traditional water baths. METHODS: We compared twenty images from each method, which were obtained with the same model and ultrasound operator at the same time. Two ultrasound fellowship trained blinded reviewers rated the images for quality and adequacy for clinical decision making on a scale from 1 to 5. RESULTS: Image quality was better for the lateral water bath, with an average rating of 4.2 compared to the traditional bath's 2.6 (p < 0.001). Adequacy to aid clinical decision making was better for the lateral approach bath with an average rating of 4.0 compared to the traditional bath's 2.6 (p < 0.001). The lateral bath also had a smaller range for image quality and thus greater consistency. CONCLUSIONS: The lateral approach water bath is a method of hand imaging that produces higher quality, more consistent, and more clinically useful images than traditional water bath imaging.

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Previously, it was shown that both blood flow and angiogenesis in the ischemic hind limb of diabetic rats were increased upon CO2 treatment for 4 weeks. In the present study, we have compared the effects of 6 weeks CO2 therapy in diabetic rats with or without peripheral ischemia. Diabetes was induced in rats by a tail vein injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight), whereas peripheral ischemia was produced by occluding the femoral artery at 2 weeks of inducing diabetes. Both diabetic and diabetic-ischemic animals were treated with or without CO2 water-bath at 37 °C for 6 weeks (30 min/day; 5 days/week) starting at 2 weeks, after the induction of ischemia. CO2 treatment did not affect heart rate and R-R interval as well as plasma levels of creatine kinase, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins. Unlike the levels of plasma Ox-LDL, MDA and TNF-α, the levels of NO in diabetic group were increased by CO2 water-bath treatment. On the other hand, the levels of plasma Ox-LDL and MDA were decreased whereas that of NO was increased without any changes in TNF-α level in diabetic-ischemic animals upon CO2 therapy. Treatment of diabetic animals with CO2 increased peak, mean and minimal blood flow by 20, 49 and 43% whereas these values were increased by 53, 26 and 80% in the diabetic-ischemic group by CO2 therapy, respectively. Blood vessel count in diabetic and diabetic-ischemic skeletal muscles was increased by 73 and 136% by CO2 therapy, respectively. These data indicate that peripheral ischemia augmented the increase in blood flow and development of angiogenesis in diabetic skeletal muscle upon CO2 therapy. It is suggested that greater beneficial effects of CO2 therapy in diabetic-ischemic animals in comparison to diabetic group may be a consequence of difference of changes in the redox-sensitive signal transduction mechanisms.

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The development of the quality and commercial value of poultry meat is related to the formation of visible quality defects (hemorrhages) in muscles during the first stage of production (stunning). The production of meat with an unusual appearance for the consumers affects their purchasing decisions and, consequently, the company's economics. The aim of this research was to determine the possibility of reducing visible quality defects (large and small hemorrhages) in commercial turkey carcass elements (fillet, loin, wing) using an alternative device (AD) for the electrical stunning of animals in comparison to the quality effects obtained using the conventional device (CD) in plant X. The factors differentiating the experiment were the electrical current frequency (AD: 125, 400, 800, and 1600 Hz; CD: 50 Hz) and process time (9 and 18 s). The increase in electrical current frequency used in the alternative device stunner (own construction) resulted in changing the percentage share of defective turkey meat production. The greatest reduction of minor and severe meat defects and improvement of its quality were obtained for the alternative device at f = 800 Hz and t = 9 s-considered optimal for specific industrial conditions. Extending the time of stunning turkeys to 18 s had a positive effect on visible quality defects in the evaluated commercial elements of the carcass; however, its application in practice will depend on the efficiency of the slaughter line of the plant. A comparative analysis of the results of the impact of the frequency of electric current in the alternative device and plant X on the improvement of meat quality showed a justified need to commercialize the research results and replace the device currently used in the plant with an alternative one.

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As a novel protein resource, the low digestibility of Spirulina platensis protein (SPP) limits its large-scale application. From the perspective of food processing methods, different heating treatments were explored to improve the structure and digestibility of SPP. In this study, SPP was heated by water bath and microwave at the same heating rate and heating temperature. Microwave accelerated protein denaturation and structure unfolded as the heating intensity increases, causing more exposed hydrophobic residues and enhancing surface hydrophobicity. The data of free sulfhydryl group, particle size, and gel electrophoresis, showed that microwave treatment promoted the formation of protein aggregates. The structural changes can potentially improve the accessibility of digestive enzymes, promote the in vitro digestibility rate, and further accelerate the production of small molecular peptides and the release of free amino acids. This study provided an innovative approach to improve the digestibility and therefore the utilization efficiency of SPP.

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Introduction: Cellblock (CB) with immunohistochemistry (IHC) is practically indispensable in the diagnostic workup of serous effusions; however, CB requires a minimum of 15-20 h for routine histopathological processing. A reduction in processing time can expedite a faster diagnosis. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of the heat-induced CB (HICB) technique. Material and Methods: Two sets of agar-embedded CBs were processed from 50 effusion samples. CBs were further processed by conventional and rapid methods. Conventional CBs (CCB) were processed in a histoprocessor, whereas rapid CB was processed in a heated water bath with an agitation facility. For HICB processing, dehydration and clearing were performed at 50°C followed by paraffin wax impregnation at 65°C temperature. From both CBs, sections of 5 um thickness were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Cell morphology, cost, and time were compared between the two methods. The feasibility of IHC was attempted in a few cases. Results: HICB was completed within 4.30 h compared with CCB. Diagnoses on both CBs were concordant in all the cases. Incomplete dehydration was noted in six (12%) cases, but the diagnosis was not compromised. No additional cost was involved in HICB. On IHC, both HICB and CCB exhibited equivalent expression. Conclusions: HICB is a rapid, innovative, simple, and cost-effective technique and expedites faster diagnosis. It does not require any advanced equipment.

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Multi-needle water bath electrospinning is one of the most efficient methods used to prepare micro/nanofiber composite yarns. The nanofiber structure can be targeted and regulated to obtain high-performance composite yarns. To explore the effect of the receiving distance on the structure and properties of micro/nanofiber composite yarns, polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were uniformly coated on silver-coated nylon yarn via a four-needle continuous water bath electrospinning method. The electric field distribution at different receiving distances was simulated by ANSYS finite element analysis software, and the effects of electric field distribution on the structure and properties of the micro/nanofiber composite yarns were studied. The results indicated that the peak electric field intensity appeared at the tip of the needles and decreased with the increase in the receiving distance. The receiving distance was constant, and the field intensity was lower when the direction of the centerline of the needle tip was farther away from the tip; however, the field intensity at the conductive core yarn was higher than that in the surrounding area (small spikes). The average field intensity of the small spikes at 180 mm was only 1/4 of that at 80 mm. When the receiving distance increased within a certain range (100∼140 mm), the nanofibers had a smooth surface and good separation, their diameters decreased continuously and the porosity changed inversely. With a further increase in the receiving distance, the nanofibers gradually bonded, their diameter increased and the porosity showed the opposite trend. The coating rate of the nanofibers showed a decreasing trend, and the mechanical properties of the micro/nano composite yarns were improved. When the receiving distance was 100 mm, the porosity reached 38.94%, and the breaking force, breaking elongation and breaking strength were 13.71 ± 1.36 cN, 22.76 ± 6.62% and 0.15 ± 0.02 cN·dtex-1, respectively. Upon consideration of all the above factors, the receiving distance of 100 mm is appropriate.

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This study aimed to evaluate temperature changes in titanium and ceramic implants after using a 445-nm diode laser under different in vitro conditions. Titanium (Ti) and ceramic (Zr) dental implants were placed into a bone analog, and an intrabony defect was created at each implant. A 445-nm diode laser was used to irradiate the defects for 30 seconds, noncontact, at 2 W in continuous wave (c.w.) and pulsed mode. The experiment was done at room temperature (21.0 ± 1°C) and in a water bath (37.0 ± 1°C). Two thermocouple probes were used to record real-time temperature changes (°C) at the coronal part of the implant (Tc) and the apex (Ta). The temperature was recorded at time 0 (To) and after 30 seconds of irradiation (Tf). The average temperature change was calculated, and a descriptive analysis was conducted (P < .05). The Ti implant resulted in the highest ΔT values coronally (29.6°C) and apically (6.7°C) using continuous wave at 21°C. The Zr implant increased to 26.4°C coronally and 5.2°C apically. In the water bath, the coronal portion of the Ti and Zr implants rose to 14.2°C and 14.01°C, respectively, using continuous waves. The ΔT values for Ti were 11.9°C coronally and 1.7°C apically when placed in a water bath using pulsed mode. The lowest ΔT occurred on the Zr implant with ΔTc and ΔTa of 4.8°C and 0.78°C, respectively. Under in vitro conditions, the 445-nm diode laser in pulsed mode seems to be safe for use on ceramic implants and should be used with caution on titanium implants.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hydrogen-rich bath has therapeutic effect on psoriasis and its molecular mechanism. Mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis were established and divided into groups. The mice were respectively treated with hydrogen-rich water bath and distilled water bath. The changes of skin lesions and PSI scores of mice were compared after their treatments. HE staining was used to observe the pathological feature. The changes of inflammatory indexes and immune factors were analysed by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by the thiobarbituric assay (TBA) method. By naked eye, the severity of skin lesions in hydrogen-rich water bath group was lower than that in distilled water bath group, and the psoriasis severity index (PSI) was lower (p < 0.01). The results of HE staining showed that the mice with distilled water bath had more abnormal keratosis, thickening of the spinous layer and prolongation of the dermal process, and more Munro abscess than the mice with hydrogen-rich water bath. During the course of disease, the overall levels and peaks of IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, CD3+ and MDA in mice with hydrogen-rich bath were lower than those in mice with distilled water bath (p < 0.05). In the skin, the mice treated with the hydrogen-rich water bath also had lower peak of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels. It is concluded that hydrogen-rich water bath can inhibit psoriasis inflammation and oxidative stress, relieve psoriasis skin lesions and accelerate the end of abnormal skin proliferation state, which shows a therapeutic and improving effect on psoriasis.

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ZnO is a wide band gap semiconductor metal oxide that not only has excellent electrical properties but also shows excellent gas-sensitive properties and is a promising material for the development of NO2 sensors. However, the current ZnO-based gas sensors usually operate at high temperatures, which greatly increases the energy consumption of the sensors and is not conducive to practical applications. Therefore, there is a need to improve the gas sensitivity and practicality of ZnO-based gas sensors. In this study, three-dimensional sheet-flower ZnO was successfully synthesized at 60 °C by a simple water bath method and modulated by different malic acid concentrations. The phase formation, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the prepared samples were studied by various characterization techniques. The gas sensor based on sheet-flower ZnO has a high response value to NO2 without any modification. The optimal operating temperature is 125 °C, and the response value to 1 ppm NO2 is 125. At the same time, the sensor also has a lower detection limit (100 ppb), good selectivity, and good stability, showing excellent sensing performance. In the future, water bath-based methods are expected to prepare other metal oxide materials with unique structures.

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Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera: Arecaceae) is rich in essential nutrients and possesses several pharmacological and medicinal activities. The current study aimed to optimize a water bath-assisted extraction method for two cultivars of date palm fruits, Anbara (An) and Reziz (Rz), and investigated the protective effect of the optimized date palm fruit extract against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in relation to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA integrity. The optimization process of two date palm fruit cultivars was applied, using response surface methodology through adjusting three "factors"; time, temperature, and rotation, to allow maximum contents of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), reducing power (FRAP) and scavenging activity (ABTS) of the extract "responses". Extraction factors' application significantly enhanced TPC, TFC, FRAP, and ABTS responses by 1.30, 1.23, 3.03, and 2.06-fold, respectively in An and 2.18, 1.71, 1.11, and 2.62-fold, respectively in Rz, in relation to the convectional water extraction. Furthermore, co-administered CCl4 with An or Rz optimized extracts enhanced body weight gain, amended hepatic architecture, and diminished collagen fiber accumulation. Furthermore, An or Rz extracts reduced liver enzymes, hydroxyproline, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), MDA, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, NF-κB) levels, and DNA fragmentation, while increasing deteriorated adiponectin (ADP) and antioxidant enzyme (GSH, GPX, NO, and IFN-γ) levels, relative to CCl4-administered animals. The protective effects of An or Rz-optimized extracts were also evidenced by suppressing hepatic fibrosis and improving liver function and structure via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, in CCl4-induced hepatic damage. Hence, the optimized extraction process for the two date palm fruits resulted in extracts which are rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents and with an elevated antioxidant power. The presence of these rich extracts could help to explain their proven hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver toxicity.

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Introduction: Neonatal burn injuries are rare in clinical practice. This explains the many case reports of such injuries. This is a report of our experience in the management of neonatal burn injuries in our centre. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of neonatal burn injuries that were managed over an eight year period (2014-2022). The information that was retrieved from the case notes included the socio-demographic data, birth weight, weight at admission, type of injury, total burn surface area (TBSA), depth of burn injury, type of treatment, length of hospital stay and outcome of care. The data were then entered into the SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp., United States) software and analysed. Results: We managed 11 neonates, five males and six females with a male: female (M: F) ratio of 1:1.2. Their age ranged from zero to 25 days with a median (IQR) of 2 (1 -15) days. Eight (72.7%) of them were one to two days old and eight (72.7%) were admitted as out born. Majority (81.8%) of the mothers were primiparous women. Nine (81.8%) of the injuries were as a result of hot water bath. Most (66.6%) of these baths were done by the grandmothers or mothers of the babies. The total burn surface area (TBSA) ranged from 1% to 62%, with a median (IQR) of 11 (7.5 - 19.0). None of the babies had skin grafting. The length of stay (LOS) ranged from six days to 25 days with a median (IQR) of 11.0 (7.0 - 16.0) days. Only one baby died giving a hospital mortality rate of 9.1%. Conclusions: The commonest cause of neonatal burn injury in this series is scald injuries from hot water bath. Providing education about safe bathing to caregivers should be included in routine antenatal and postnatal instructions in order to prevent burns.

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BACKGROUND: The protein-polyphenol interaction mechanism has always been a research hotspot, but their interaction is affected by heat treatment, which is widely applied in food processing. Moreover, the effects of microwave or water-bath heating on the protein-polyphenol interaction mechanism have been not clarified. The pasteurization condition (65 °C, 30 min) was selected to compare the effects of microwave or water bath on binding behavior, structure, and cell proliferation between α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and safflower yellow (SY), thus providing a guide for the selection of functional dairy processing conditions. RESULTS: Microwave heat treatment of α-LA-SY resulted in stronger fluorescence quenching than that of conventional heat treatment. Moreover, the binding constant Ka of all α-LA-SY samples was augmented significantly after microwave or water bath treatment, and microwave-heated α-LA-SY showed the maximum Ka . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that microwave heating resulted in more ordered structures of α-LA into its disordered structures than water bath heating. However, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and chroma value of α-LA-SY were more reduced by microwave heating than by water bath heating. Moreover, microwave heating facilitated the cell proliferation of α-LA-SY compared with water bath treatment. CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that microwave heating promoted interaction between α-LA and SY more than water bath heating did. Microwave heat treatment was a safe and effective way to enhance the binding affinity of α-LA to SY, being a potential application in food industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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We studied the intra- and inter-rater reliability of muscle thickness and cross-sectional area measurements of thenar muscles with a water bath ultrasonography technique in eight healthy volunteers and 16 patients with trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Thickness and cross-sectional area of the opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseous and adductor pollicis muscle were measured. The results showed changes in the morphometric properties of the thenar muscles in patients with trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA) compared with the healthy volunteers. In the dominant-sided patients (n = 14), there were lower cross-sectional area values for the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis muscles. In the non-dominant-sided patients (n = 10), there were lower cross-sectional area values for the abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis and lower muscle thickness of the abductor pollicis brevis. The water bath ultrasonography technique could be used to diagnose and treat diseases where changes in thenar muscle thickness and cross-sectional area can be expected.Level of evidence: III.

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BACKGROUND: A starch-lipid complex is a new type of resistant starch, which is of great importance for the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Most starch-lipid complexes usually need to be treated by heating to make them suitable for a variety of applications, and starch-based foods are generally not edible without a heat-treatment process. However, the digestion and structural properties of the starch-lipid complex will be changed after heating. In this study, microwave and conventional heating were used to treat debranched quinoa starch-oleic acid complexes (DQS-OA) with different water addition conditions, and the effects of the two methods on the physicochemical, digestive, and structural properties of DQS-OA were compared. RESULTS: The results of in vitro digestibility showed that the resistant starch content (235.34-269.55 g kg-1 ) of the conventional heating-treated samples was significantly higher than that the microwave-treated samples (141.51-157.99 g kg-1 ). Moreover, after microwave treatment, the short-range molecular order and crystalline structure of DQS-OA were destroyed and the particle size became smaller. In contrast, the thermal stability, enthalpy, and crystallinity of the complexes after conventional heating were improved. The ratio at 1047/1022 cm-1 of complexes has also been increased. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that conventional water-bath heating was better than microwave heating in increasing digestion resistance, improving the short-range and long-range molecular order, and promoting the formation of DQS-OA. With an increase in water addition, the influence of microwave or water-bath treatment on the properties of DQS-OA became greater. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The aim of this study was to verify various extraction methods: shaking water bath extraction (SWA), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and their parameters to optimize the extraction yield as well as maximize the concentration of polyphenols in Plectranthus barbatus extracts. Extracts were obtained from dried roots of P. barbatus in various degrees of fragmentation and analyzed for content of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and flavonoids. Additionally, phenolic compounds in extracts were analyzed using the UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method. The conducted research showed that roots of P. barbatus are rich in polyphenolic compounds. A total of 15 phenolic compounds, belonging to the group of phenolic acids and their derivatives, were identified. The extraction yield was similar for all extraction methods and averaged 31%. Irrespective of the extraction method, the yield was the lowest in the case of using 80% ethanol as the solvent. The extracts obtained from the finer fraction were characterized by a higher antioxidant capacity as well as a higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids. UAE seems to be the most effective method for extraction of polyphenols from P. barbatus roots. Regardless of the extraction method, ethanol was a better extractant than distilled water. All ethanolic extracts were characterized by a high antioxidant capacity. The 80% ethanol solution was considered the best solvent for the extraction of flavonoids, while the 40% and 60% ethanol solutions were sufficient for the effective extraction of polyphenolic compounds in general.

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Advancements in medical technology and clinician education have significantly improved ambulatory clinicians' access to bedside ultrasound. The presence of a foreign body can be identified on ultrasound as a hyperechoic disruption of soft tissue accompanied by posterior shadowing, reverberation artifact, and/or an anechoic halo. Although the literature discusses the utility of point-of-care ultrasound for foreign body identification and removal techniques, there is a gap in current literature advancing detection techniques for foreign bodies in small structures. This technical report highlights the role of the water bath technique while incorporating the focal zone to aid in the discovery of small objects in hands and feet.