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Acanthosis nigricans (AN), with an estimated prevalence of 19.4% in the U.S., presents as hyperpigmented, velvety plaques in intertriginous regions. Acanthosis Nigricans negatively affects psychological well-being and particularly impacts skin of color individuals. Addressing the underlying cause of acanthosis nigricans, as current guidelines recommend, is often challenging. This highlights the importance of skin directed treatment for acanthosis nigricans. This systematic review evaluated topical, laser, and oral treatments for acanthosis nigricans and provides evidence-based recommendations for clinical use. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we evaluated 19 clinical trials investigating topical, oral, and laser interventions for acanthosis nigricans. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines were used to make clinical recommendations. We strongly recommend topical tretinoin (grade A) and endorse the appropriate use of adapalene gel, urea cream, and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy (grade B). Further research is essential to enhance our understanding of alternative treatments to determine additional evidence-based recommendations. This review aims to guide clinicians in managing acanthosis nigricans, especially when direct treatment of underlying conditions is impractical.

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Introduction: Onychomycosis is a common nail disorders. Antifungal resistance, interactions, and side effects limit treatment options. Fractional CO2 (FCO2) laser along with topical antifungal is effective in multiple monthly sessions. A modification reducing repeated visits and hence better compliance is preferable. Single-session FCO2 laser following urea occlusion is reported to be effective. Thus, we conducted a study to determine the efficacy of single-session FCO2 laser with 1% terbinafine cream with and without "urea cream occlusion" in managing onychomycosis. Methods: A prospective, randomized, parallel-group study was conducted at a tertiary centre. Onychomycosis was confirmed by positive fungal mount and culture. Patients were randomized into 2 groups and administered single-session FCO2 laser. Group A was treated after overnight urea cream occlusion and group B without occlusion. Both groups applied 1% terbinafine cream twice daily for 3 months. Response was assessed by improvement in Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI) at 6 months. Results: Group A had 10 patients, 14 nails. Clinical improvement was seen in 12/14 (85.7%) nails. Average reduction in OSI was 10.78. Group B had 10 patients, 11 nails. Clinical improvement was seen in 5/11 (45.5%) nails. Average reduction in OSI was 1.73. "Reduction in OSI" was statistically significant (p < 0.05) only in group A. Conclusion: Single-session FCO2 laser following overnight urea cream occlusion, followed by 1% terbinafine cream, is effective for management of onychomycosis.

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PURPOSE: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) and hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) are common toxicities of several systemic cancer treatments. Multikinase inhibitor-induced HFSR is distinguished from chemotherapy-induced HFS in terms of pathogenesis, symptomatology, and treatment. Multiple trials have investigated the efficacy of preventive strategies such as COX-inhibitors, pyridoxine, and urea cream; however, no consensus has been made. This meta-analysis evaluated data from high-quality trials to provide strong evidence in forming recommendations to prevent systemic cancer therapy-induced HFS/HFSR. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, clinical trials databases, and hand searching were utilized to identify randomized trials (RCTs) investigating prophylactic strategies for HFS/HFSR in cancer patients receiving systemic treatment. Trials published until August 2021 were included. Using the random effects model, pooled odds ratios were calculated for rates of all-grade and severe HFS/HFSR. Subgroup analysis based on type of cancer treatment given was done. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs were included (N=2814). For all-grade HFS/HFSR, celecoxib (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.32-0.85, p=0.009) and urea cream (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.39-0.60, p<0.00001) both showed statistically significant risk reduction. Celecoxib was effective in preventing HFS in patients who received capecitabine (50.5% vs 65%, p=0.05), while urea cream was effective in both capecitabine HFS (22.3% vs 39.5%, p=0.02) and sorafenib-induced HFSR (54.9% vs 71.4%, p<0.00001). Pyridoxine at higher doses showed a trend towards benefit in preventing all grade HFS (69.6% vs 74.1%, p=0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Urea cream and celecoxib are both effective in preventing HFS/HFSR in patients receiving systemic cancer treatment. Particularly, celecoxib is more effective in preventing all-grade capecitabine-induced HFS, while urea cream shows more benefit in preventing moderate to severe sorafenib-induced HFSR. Studies investigating optimal dosing for celecoxib and urea cream are recommended. There is inadequate evidence to make recommendations regarding pyridoxine.

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BACKGROUND: Moisturizers represent the mainstay of treatment of xerosis and related pruritus in elderly patients. AIM: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a 10% urea cream in patients with senile xerosis. METHODS: Twenty patients affected by moderate-to-severe xerosis of the upper or lower extremities were enrolled and instructed to apply twice daily for 2 weeks a cream containing 10% urea. Evaluation was performed at baseline and after 7 and 14 days by: clinical examination, itch assessment using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and dermoscopy. RESULTS: After 7 and 14 days of treatment, the tested urea-based cream resulted in a significant, progressive clinical improvement of xerosis and related pruritus in all patients. The clinical results were supported by dermoscopy that showed the reduction/disappearance of scales. The cream, that had a good cosmetological acceptability, was well tolerated with no report of stinging or burning and/or other side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Urea confirms to represent a key molecule for the treatment of senile xerosis.

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BACKGROUND: Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is the most common adverse event during sorafenib treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of urea cream in the prevention of HFSR or amelioration of HFSR severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with HCC were treated with either placebo cream or urea cream for 12 weeks concomitantly with sorafenib treatment. HFSR development, the Hand-Foot Skin Reaction and Quality of Life (HF-QoL) questionnaire score, and adverse events were assessed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 288 patients, 247 patients, with 117 patients in the placebo control group and 130 patients in the urea cream group, were analysed. The urea cream group showed a trend towards a lower cumulative incidence of any-grade HFSR (log-rank, P = 0.247) and severe HFSR of grade II or higher (log-rank, P = 0.394) without statistical significance. In the incidence by time point, the incidence of severe HFSR of grade II or higher was significantly lower in the urea cream group than in the placebo control group at 2 weeks (13.8% versus 23.9%, P = 0.042). The urea cream group showed a significantly better HF-QoL questionnaire score than the placebo control group (11.8 versus 19.7, P = 0.014) at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with urea cream showed a lower incidence of severe sorafenib-induced HFSR at 2 weeks and reduced the tendency of HFSR development in HCC patients. Therefore, treatment with urea cream may be considered for prophylaxis or improvement of HFSR grade in HCC patients treated with sorafenib. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03212625).

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OBJECTIVE:To observe therapeutic efficacy and safety of NB-UVB combined with Total glucosides of white paeony(TGP)capsules and Urea cream in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS:A total of 75 patients with psoriasis vulgaris in dermatology department of our hospital during Jan. 2015-Dec. 2016 were divided into control group(37 cases)and observation group(38 cases)according to random number table. Control group was given TGP capsules 0.6 g orally,3 times a day,reducing to 0.3 g,3 times a day if diarrhea or stool increased significantly after taking the medicine+Urea cream,smearing on the skin,day and evening,for consecutive 12 weeks. Observation group was additionally given NB-UVB irradiation with initial dose of 0.36 J/cm2,2 min/time,every other day,adjusted according to skin reaction for consecutive 8 weeks,on the basis of control group. Clinical efficacies of 2 groups were observed,and PASI scores before and after treatment and the occurrence of ADR were observed. RESULTS:One patient of observation group withdrew from therapy after suffering from obvious edematous erythema with pain due to irradiation. All patients of control group completed treatment. Total response rate of observation group (86.49%)was significantly higher than that of control group(56.76%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistical significance in PASI scores between 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment,PASI scores of 2 groups were significantly lower than before treatment,and observation group was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in total incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:NB-UVB combined with TGP capsules and Urea cream show good therapeutic efficacy and safety for psoriasis vulgaris,and can significantly decrease PASI score of patients.

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Objective:To eliminate the interference of matrix in urea cream on the microbial limit test. Methods: A certain a-mount of magnesium sulfate was added to the test solution followed by stirring and placing sometime to make the cream layering, and the water layer was used for the microbial limit detection. Results:After magnesium sulfate was added to urea cream, microbial limit test was not affected by the matrix. The average recovery of Escherichia oli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was 96. 00%, 97. 00%, 100. 00%, 99. 00% and 101. 00%, respectively. The negative and positive results of Psudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus auress were reliable. Conclusion:In the detection of microbial limit for urea cream, mag-nesium sulfate can be used as a good auxiliary agent to make the detection method more convenient and reliable.

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The objective of this study is to establish a centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) method for determination of the urea ingredient in urea cream. The mechanism of this method is that urea is determined by UV detector at 430 nm after being extracted from the cream and derivatized on line via Ehrlich reaction in rotor of CPC, where the reaction products dissolve in the mobile phase and the cream matrix retains in the stationary phase. The mixed solvent consisting of n-hexane, methanol, hydrochloric acid and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde with a ratio of 1000 mL:1000 mL:18 mL:2.0 g is used for solvent system of CPC. The CPC method proposed offers good precision and convenience without complex sample pretreatment processes.

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BACKGROUND: Amorolfine nail lacquer was mentioned as an effective treatment for non-dermatophyte nail infection. Onychomycosis that caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is considered recalcitrant onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to demonstrate efficacy and treatment outcomes of amorolfine nail lacquer in N. dimidiatum onychomycosis, compared with topical urea treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients daiagnosed as N. dimidiatum onychomycosis at dermatologic clinic between April 2010 and August 2014. Clinical manifestations and laboratory results were collected. The evaluation included 50% improvement, which meant 50% decrease in subungual hyperkeratosis thickness from original untreated nails. Mycological cure is defined by negative result of both KOH and fungal culture. Moreover, complete cure means infected nails return to its normal condition as well as KOH and fungal culture yield negative results. RESULTS: Among 53 outpatients of N. dimidiatum infection, 28 (52.8%) were treated by amorolfine nail lacquer and other 26 (47.2%) by conventional topical urea cream with occlusion. Comparison between amorolfine and topical urea groups, mycological cure rate was significantly shown in amorolfine group (89.3% vs. 32%; p < 0.0001). Moreover, 50% clinical improvement and complete cure rate of amorolfine group were significantly higher than those of topical urea group (85.7% vs. 48%; p = 0.003 and 50% vs. 20%; p = 0.023, respectively). Median time to mycological cure and complete cure in amorolfine group was significantly shorter than that of topical urea group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study supported that amorolfine nail lacquer provided promising efficacy in the treatment of Neoscytalidium onychomycosis as a novel monotherapy regimen which were superior to topical urea cream with occlusion in every aspect.

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OBJECTIVE:To improve the formula of urea cream and establish its quality control methods.METHODS:The matrix component of formula was adjusted to prepare O/W matrix.Prednisone was added into matrix to prepare urea cream;UV spectrophotometry was applied to determine the content of urea and evaluate the quality of preparation and the stability of 3 batches of samples setting for 40 days under different conditions.RESULTS:The preparation was white cream and its inspection results were in line with the standards stated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2005 edition).The linear range of urea was 30.5～180.2 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 0) with an average recovery of 99.68%(RSD=0.49%).The quality of 3 batches of samples kept stable during observation.CONCLUSION:Improved formula is reasonable,simple in preparation technology and quality control.