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Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth associated with white matter injury (WMI) and reduced neurogenesis. IVH commonly arises from the germinal matrix, a highly cellular, transient structure, where all precursor cells are born, proliferate, and migrate during brain development. IVH leads to reduced progenitor cell proliferation and maturation and contributes to WMI. Interruption of oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) proliferation and maturation after IVH will prevent myelination. We evaluated whether unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) could recover OL lineage, as USSC release multiple relevant growth factors and cytokines. The effects of USSC infusion at 24 hours after IVH were assessed in the periventricular zone by analysis of OL lineage-specific progression (PDGFR+, OLIG2+, NKX2.2+ with Ki67), and this was correlated with growth factors TGFß1, FGF2 expression. The early OL cell lineage by immunofluorescence and cell density quantitation showed significant reduction after IVH (P < .05 both PDGFR+, OLIG2+ at day 3); with significant recovery after injection of USSCs (P < .05 both PDGFR+, OLIG2+ at day 3). CSF protein and tissue mRNA levels of TGFß1 were reduced by IVH and recovered after USSC (P < .05 for all changes). FGF2 showed an increased mRNA after USSC on day3 (P < .05). Cell cyclin genes were unaffected except for the cycle inhibitor P27Kip1 which increased after IVH but returned to normal after USSC on day 3. Our findings demonstrated a plausible mechanism through which USSCs can aid in developmental myelination by recovery of OL proliferation and maturation along with correlative changes in growth factors during brain development.

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Alloplastic and xenogeneic bone grafting materials are frequently used for bone augmentation. The effect of these materials on precursor cells for bone augmentation is yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to ascertain, in vitro, how augmentation materials influence the growth rates and viability of human unrestricted somatic stem cells. The biocompatibility of two xenogeneic and one alloplastic bone graft was tested using human unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs). Proliferation, growth, survival and attachment of unrestricted somatic stem cells were monitored after 24 h, 48 h and 7 days. Furthermore, cell shape and morphology were evaluated by SEM. Scaffolds were assessed for their physical properties by Micro-CT imaging. USSCs showed distinct proliferation on the different carriers. Greatest proliferation was observed on the xenogeneic carriers along with improved viability of the cells. Pore sizes of the scaffolds varied significantly, with the xenogeneic materials providing greater pore sizes than the synthetic inorganic material. Unrestricted somatic stem cells in combination with a bovine collagenous bone block seem to be very compatible. A scaffold's surface morphology, pore size and bioactive characteristics influence the proliferation, attachment and viability of USSCs.

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Osteoporosis is a common disease in post-menopausal women. The increased risk of breast cancer and malignancy with hormone replacement, hampers its wide-usage. Phytoestrogens are known to have selective estrogen receptor modulator activity. The present study aims to determine how ferutinin affects unrestricted human Somatic Stem Cells (USSCs) osteogenic differentiation. The effect of ferutinin on USSCs proliferation was assessed by MTT assay while osteogenesis was evaluated using Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (ALP), calcium deposition and Alizarin Red Staining. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to examine the expression of bone specific genes such as osteocalcin, Runx2, and BMP-2. Ferutinin (5-15 µg/mL) could positively impact on the proliferation of cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, ALP enzyme activity and calcium deposition were enhanced in the presence of ferutinin. Based on real-time PCR results, ferutinin could increase the expression of bone marker genes. The pattern of ferutinin effect on gene expression is similar to standard synthetic estrogen, 17-ß-estradiol. In the presence of the estrogen activity inhibitor (ICI), the effect of ferutinin on ALP and gene level was diminished. In conclusion, ferutinin may be considered as a potential candidate for the stem cell therapy in osteoporosis.

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Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth associated with cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and commonly, accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Histologically, IVH leads to subependymal gliosis, fibrosis, and disruption of the ependymal wall. Importantly, expression of aquaporin channels 1 and 4 (AQP1 and AQP4) regulating respectively, secretion and absorption of cerebrospinal fluids is altered with IVH and are associated with development of post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Human cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), which we previously demonstrated to reduce the magnitude of hydrocephalus, as having anti-inflammatory, and beneficial behavioral effects, were injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbit pups 18 h after glycerol-induced IVH. USSC treated IVH pups showed a reduction in ventricular size when compared to control pups at 7 and 14 days (both, P < 0.05). Histologically, USSC treatment reduced cellular infiltration and ependymal wall disruption. In the region of the choroid plexus, immuno-reactivity for AQP1 and ependymal wall AQP4 expression were suppressed after IVH but were restored following USSC administration. Effects were confirmed by analysis of mRNA from dissected choroid plexus and ependymal tissue. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) isoforms, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) mRNA, as well as protein levels, were significantly increased following IVH and restored towards normal with USSC treatment (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA was reduced in IVH, but significantly recovered after USSC injection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, USSCs exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing both TGF-ß specific isoforms, CTGF and MMP-9, recovered IL-10, restored aquaporins expression towards baseline, and reduced hydrocephalus. These results support the possibility of the use of USSCs to reduce IVH consequences in prematurity.

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One of the major challenges in cardiac cell therapy is cell death and low rate of cardiac differentiation. In this regard, a series of thermosensitive and injectable hydrogels with similar physicomechanical properties of cardiac tissue can be an ideal candidate for delivering human unrestricted somatic stem cells (hUSSCs) and improve the quality of cell therapy. Here, we designed N-isopropylacrylamide/acrylic acid/N-acryloxysuccinimide/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-poly lactide (NIPAAm/AAc/NAS/HEMAPLA) hydrogel via ring-opening polymerization for encapsulation of the cells. To improve biological activities, biomaterials like hyaluronic acid (HA), Aloe vera (AV), and silk fibroin (SF) were added with pure hydrogel (Pgel). The modulus of hydrogels was estimated between 68.1 and 74.63 kPa that was similar to the normal cardiac modulus. Moreover, the elastic region increased by adding biomaterials to Pgel. The results of RT-PCR and ICC demonstrated that the most expression of early genes (GATA4, NKX2.5) was related to Pgel/AV/SF group. In contrast, the highest expression of other genes (GJA1, TNNI3, MYH6) was observed in Pgel/HA/SF. The presence of biomaterials in the structure of hydrogel can play a key role in cell fate and the induction of cell differentiation as a factor influencing mechanotransduction. These hydrogels hold an excellent promise to deliver hUSSCs into damaged tissue for cardiac regeneration.

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So far no evidence is available as to whether TGFß and Wnt signaling pathways cooperatively modulate dopaminergic differentiation of the adult stem cells. To investigate the interaction between the two pathways in early dopaminergic differentiation, we cultured the newly introduced unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) in neuron differentiation media followed by treatments with inducers and inhibitors of Wnt and TGF beta pathways either alone or in combinations. Our results showed that the level of Nurr-1 as a marker for dopaminergic neuron precursors and that of the nuclear ß-catenin as the key effector of the active Wnt pathway were significantly elevated following the treatment with either TGFß or BIO (the Wnt pathway inducer). Conversely, Nurr-1 expression was significantly reduced following the combined treatments with SB431542 (the TGFß inhibitor) plus BIO or with TGFß plus Dkk1 (the specific Wnt inhibitor). Nuclear ß-catenin was also significantly reduced following combined treatments with SB431542 plus either BIO or TGFß. Altogether, our results imply that Wnt and TGFß signaling pathways cooperatively ensure the early dopaminergic differentiation of the USSC adult stem cells.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Results of Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) primarily depend on the membrane used. The aim of this study was to compare biocompatibility of different absorbable and non-absorbable membranes by using unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) as an indicator for biocompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five absorbable membranes (Bio-Gide®, RESODONT®, GENTA-FOIL resorb®, BioMend® and BioMend® Extend™) and one non-absorbable alternative (GORE-TEX®) were colonized with USSCs. After 24 h, 3 days and 7 days, cell proliferation, cell viability, and cytotoxicity were assessed. Moreover, cell morphology was evaluated by electron microscopy. RESULTS: Significantly higher cell proliferation and cell viability rates were observed in Bio-Gide® and RESODONT® membranes. Cell toxicity was highest on GENTA-FOIL resorb® membranes. The electron microscopical assessment showed a better cell attachment on porous surfaced membranes. CONCLUSION: This study shows that USSCs can be used for assessments of biocompatibility, and that absorbable membranes with collagenous composition and porous structure tend to positively impact biocompatibility and enhance cell proliferation.

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Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth, which leads to hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. There are no available therapies to cure IVH, and standard treatment is supportive care. Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) from human cord blood have reparative effects in animal models of brain and spinal cord injuries. USSCs were administered to premature rabbit pups with IVH and their effects on white matter integrity and neurobehavioral performance were evaluated. USSCs were injected either via intracerebroventricular (ICV) or via intravenous (IV) routes in 3 days premature (term 32d) rabbit pups, 24 hours after glycerol-induced IVH. The pups were sacrificed at postnatal days 3, 7, and 14 and effects were compared to glycerol-treated but unaffected or nontreated control. Using in vivo live bioluminescence imaging and immunohistochemical analysis, injected cells were found in the injured parenchyma on day 3 when using the IV route compared to ICV where cells were found adjacent to the ventricle wall forming aggregates; we did not observe any adverse events from either route of administration. The injected USSCs were functionally associated with attenuated microglial infiltration, less apoptotic cell death, fewer reactive astrocytes, and diminished levels of key inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL1ß). In addition, we observed better preservation of myelin fibers, increased myelin gene expression, and altered reactive astrocyte distribution in treated animals, and this was associated with improved locomotor function. Overall, our findings support the possibility that USSCs exert anti-inflammatory effects in the injured brain mitigating many detrimental consequences associated with IVH. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:1157-1169.

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Stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources. To compare the effect of cell source on the osteogenic differentiation potential, buccal fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BFP-MSCs), bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) with different accessibility in time and region, were cultured on bioceramic (Bio-Oss®) coated electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold (PCL-Bio). After scaffold characterization, stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were investigated by MTT and Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content and gene expression assays. Proliferation rate of the stem cells was not significantly different with each other, only USSCs showed significantly lower proliferation rate while cultured on PCL-Bio; although, PCL-Bio showed better proliferation support in comparison with tissue culture plate and PCL. Mineralization of the BM-MSCs was significantly higher than others, while BFP-MSCs were close to it. Highest ALP activity was detected in BFP-MSCs cultured on PCL-Bio. USSCs demonstrated higher gene expression level in three genes, although differences were not huge compared to others. According to the results and due to the availability, facilitated preparation procedure and less patients suffering, BFP-MSCs have a better choice than BM-MSCs and USSCs for use in bone tissue engineering.

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BACKGROUND AIMS: Sepsis and related disorders, especially acute lung injury (ALI), are the most challenging life-threatening diseases in the hospital intensive care unit. Complex pathophysiology, unbalanced immune condition, and high rate of mortality complicate the treatment of sepsis. Recently, cell therapy has been introduced as a promising option to recover the sepsis symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of human unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) isolated from human umbilical cord blood in the mouse model of ALI. USSCs significantly enhanced the survival rate of mice suffering from ALI and suppressed concentrations of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. ALI mice injected by USSCs showed notable reduction in lung and liver injury, pulmonary edema, and hepatic enzymes, compared with the control group. These results determined the in vivo immunomodulatory effect of USSCs for recovery of immune balance and reduction of tissue injury in the mouse model of ALI. Therefore, USSCs can be a suitable therapeutic approach to manage sepsis disease through the anti-inflammatory potential.

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Motor and sensory recovery following critical size peripheral nerve defects is often incomplete. Although nerve grafting has been proposed as the gold standard, it is associated with several disadvantages. Here we report a novel approach to peripheral nerve repair using Human Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells (USSC) delivered through an electrospun neural guidance conduit. Conduits were produced from PCL and gelatin blend. Several in vitro methods were utilized to investigate the conduit's physicochemical and biological characteristics. Nerve regeneration was studied across a 10-mm sciatic nerve gap in Wistar rats. For functional analysis, the conduits were seeded with 3 × 104 USSCs and implanted into a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect. After 14 weeks, the results of functional recovery analysis and histopathological examinations showed that animals implanted with USSC containing conduits exhibited improved functional and histopathological recovery which was more close to the autograft group compared to other groups. Our results support the potential applicability of USSCs to treat peripheral nerve injury in the clinic.

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In recent years, extensive studies have been performed to enhance stem cell-based therapies for bone and cartilage repair. Among various sources of stem cells, cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) seem to be the most appropriate option for an autologous transplantation. Among different signaling pathways, the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) pathway is shown as an important regulator of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in osteoblast progenitors as well as mesenchymal stem cells. Due to its contradictory and temporally variable effects on different cell types, we sought to investigate whether and how the TGF-ß signaling pathway regulates the osteogenic differentiation of the USSCs. Therefore, in the current study, we treated USSCs with the recombinant protein TGF-ß1 (1 ng/mL) and showed that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9, a well-known effector in this pathway, was significantly induced, indicating that the TGF-ß signaling pathway is active in USSCs. Then we applied a TGF-ß receptor antagonist (SB431542; 10 µM) to the osteogenic media cultured USSCs for single periods of 3.5 days within the 21-day differentiation period starting at day 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5, 14, and 17.5. The expression analysis results of the of the osteogenic marker runt-related transcription factor 2 as well as the production of bone matrix showed that SB431542 induced the osteogenic differentiation of USSCs more significantly during the early stage of differentiation, suggesting that the TGF-ß pathway temporally regulates the osteogenic differentiation of USSCs.

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Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) loaded in nanofibrous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds can be used for skin regeneration when grafted onto full-thickness skin defects of rats. Nanofibrous PCL scaffolds were designed by the electrospinning method and crosslinked with laminin protein. Afterwards, the scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and physical and mechanical assays. In this study, nanofibrous PCL scaffolds loaded with USSCs were grafted onto the skin defects. The wounds were subsequently investigated 21 days after grafting. Results of mechanical and physical analyses showed good resilience and compliance to movement as a skin graft. In animal models; study samples exhibited the most pronounced effect on wound closure, with statistically significant improvement in wound healing being seen at 21 days post-operatively. Histological examinations of healed wounds from all samples showed a thin epidermis plus recovered skin appendages in the dermal layer for samples with cell. Thus, the graft of nanofibrous PCL scaffolds loaded with USSC showed better results during the healing process of skin defects in rat models.

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BACKGROUND AIMS: Perinatal tissues are considered an attractive source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and have unique characteristics depending on their origin. In this study, we compared the basic characteristics of unrestricted somatic stem cells isolated from cord blood (CB-USSCs) and MSCs isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords (WJ-MSCs). We also evaluated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation on the growth and differentiation of these cells. METHODS: CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs were isolated from the same individual (n = 6), and their morphology, cell surface antigens, proliferation, expression of stemness markers and adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potentials were evaluated. Their morphology, proliferation and differentiation potentials were then also compared in the presence of bFGF supplementation (10 ng/mL). RESULTS: Overall, CB-USSCs expressed DLK-1 and negative for all the HOX gene markers. The expression of cell surface antigen CD90, growth capacity and adipogenic differential potential of CB-USSCs were lower than those of WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs showed higher growth capacity, but the expression of CD73 and CD105 and their osteogenic differentiation potential were lower than those of CB-USSCs. The spindle morphology of both CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs and the growth and adipogenic differentiation of CB-USSCs were improved by bFGF supplementation. However, the bFGF supplement did not have any positive effect on the tri-lineage differentiation potentials of WJ-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS: CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs each had distinct characteristics including different growth capacity, distinguishable cell surface markers and distinct adipogenic and osteogenic potentials. bFGF supplementation improved the growth capacity and adipogenic differentiation of CB-USSCs.

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Calcium phosphates are one of the biomaterials that are used for bone regeneration. In this study, Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles with chitosan gel filled with unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) were used for healing calvarial bone in rat model. The healing effects of these injectable scaffolds with and without stem cells for bone regeneration were investigated by computed tomography (CT) analysis and pathology assays after 28 days of grafting. The results of CT analysis showing bone regeneration on the scaffolds, also the amounts of regenerated new bone for USSC scaffold was significantly greater than the scaffold without cell and untreated controls. Therefore, the combination of scaffold especially with USSC is considered as a useful method for bone regeneration.

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Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) loaded in nanofibrous PHBV scaffold can be used for skin regeneration when grafted into full-thickness skin defects of rats. Nanofibrous PHBV scaffolds were designed using electrospinning method and then, modified with the immobilized collagen via the plasma method. Afterward, the scaffolds were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, physical and mechanical assays. In this study; nanofibrous PHBV scaffolds loaded with and without USSCs were grafted into the skin defects. The wounds were subsequently investigated at 21 days after grafting. Results of mechanical and physical analyses showed good resilience and compliance to movement as a skin graft. In animal models; all study groups excluding the control group exhibited the most pronounced effect on wound closure, with the statistically significant improvement in wound healing being seen on post-operative Day 21. Histological and immunostaining examinations of healed wounds from all groups, especially the groups treated with stem cells, showed a thin epidermis plus recovered skin appendages in the dermal layer. Thus, the graft of collagen-coated nanofibrous PHBV scaffold loaded with USSC showed better results during the healing process of skin defects in rat model.

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BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNAs with important regulatory and cell fate functions. Many studies have shown that several microRNAs are obviously up-regulated during stem cell differentiation. The question rises here is weather inhibiting differentiation will affect the stemness and self renewal status of stem cells. METHODS: miRCURY ™LNA microRNA inhibitor (anti-miR-145 and anti-let7g) are a sequence-specific and chemically modified oligonucleotide that specifically target and knockdown miR-145 and let7g miRNA molecules. Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) were isolated from umbilical cord blood and treated with LNAs. The effect of anti-miRNA transfection was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: Real-time PCR showed that LNA was efficiently introduced into the cells and reduced miR145 and Let7g expression levels to 40% and 10% in relation to corresponding scramble control, respectively. Gene expression analysis as to self renewal and expansion showed more than 3.5 fold up regulation in Oct4 in cells treated with mir145 inhibition. Similarly a significant up to 2.5 fold up-regulation in Oct4 and cMyc expression was observed in samples treated with anti-let7g. CONCLUSION: Suppression in differentiation inducing microRNAs (miR-145 and let7g) can enhance the self renewal and stemness status of USSCs at transcriptional level.